NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UEpreli 25, 2022
"Iintaka aziyonyani" - ithiyori yokuba zonke iintaka ziyi-drones - yiprank eyenzelwe ukuhleka, ekucingelwa ukuba inabantu abambalwa abaphazamiseke engqondweni abayikholelwayo. “ICosta Rica Ayiyonyani” ayizange ithethwe kwaphela, ukanti iphathwa nzulu ngabaninzi. Ndiyathetha, wonke umntu uya kuvuma ukuba iCosta Rica ihleli apho kwimephu, kwaye ngokwenene, phakathi kweNicaragua nePanama, iPacific kunye neCaribbean. Nangona kunjalo, imfuno yesizwe yomkhosi othe gqolo ukuba mkhulu (ekubhekiswa kuwo nangabalweli boxolo abangahlawulwanga dime kule nkonzo “njengezokhuselo”) ihlala ibalelwa kwinto engaqondakaliyo ebizwa ngokuba “yindalo yomntu” nangona iCosta Rica - kucingwa ngayo. ikhona kwaye iqulethe abantu - yabhangisa imikhosi yayo eyi-74 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye zonke ezinye izizwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kokukhetha zichitha kufutshane neCosta Rica's $ 0 emkhosini wayo kunokuba iUnited States ichitha emkhosini oxhaswa yi-4% yoluntu emisela ukuba yintoni na. "Indalo yomntu" yi.
Ithuba lokuba iCosta Rica yenze into ebalulekileyo kwaye inenzuzo enkulu ngokuphelisa umkhosi wayo ngokuqhelekileyo kujongwana nayo ngokungayinaki, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ngokwenza izizathu zayo - ngokubanga ukuba iCosta Rica ngasese inomkhosi, okanye ibango lokuba umkhosi wase-US ukhusela. ICosta Rica, okanye ibango lokuba umzekelo weCosta Rica awufani kwaye awuloncedo kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe. Sonke siya kuzuza ngokufunda incwadi kaJudith Eve Lipton kunye noDavid P. Barash, Ukomelela ngoXolo: Indlela ukugxothwa komkhosi okwakhokelela ngayo kuXolo nolonwabo eCosta Rica, kunye nento enokufundwa lihlabathi liphela kwiSizwe esiNcinci seTropiki.. Apha sifunda ukuba singayihoyi into ethethwa yiCosta Rica, kwaye sifunda ukuba iCosta Rica ayinamkhosi ngasese, kwaye umkhosi wase-United States awusebenzi nawuphi na umsebenzi weCosta Rica, kwaye uninzi lwezinto eziye zaba negalelo eCosta. Ukupheliswa kweRica komkhosi wayo, kunye neenzuzo ezininzi eziye zaphumela, mhlawumbi zixhomekeke ekuphindaphindweni kwenye indawo, nangona kungekho mazwe mabini afanayo, imicimbi yabantu inzima kakhulu, kunye nezizwe ezenze kanye oko iCosta Rica iye yakwenza. yenziwe yenza iseti yedatha ye-1.
ICosta Rica ihleli kwindawo ehlwempuzekileyo kwezoqoqosho kwaye yona ngokwayo ihlwempuzekile, kodwa xa kufikwa kumanqanaba entlalontle, ulonwabo, ukulindela ubomi, impilo, imfundo, ayikhe ibekwe naphi na kufuphi nayo nayiphi na abamelwane bayo, kwaye idla ngokubekwa kwindawo ephezulu yehlabathi kwiitshathi phakathi kwamazwe atyebileyo. I-Ticos, njengoko abahlali baseCosta Rica bebizwa, babandakanyeka kwizinto ezikhethekileyo, eneneni, bazingca ngokupheliswa kwabo komkhosi, kwizithethe zabo zedemokhrasi kunye neenkqubo zentlalo, kumanqanaba abo aphezulu emfundo kunye nempilo, ekunokwenzeka kwabo. inkulu-yepesenti-yomhlaba-kwihlabathi ukhuseleko lwemimandla yasendle kwiipaki kunye noovimba, kunye ne-99% yabo yombane ohlaziywayo. Ngo-2012 iCosta Rica yavala lonke ukuzingela ngenjongo yokuzonwabisa. Ngo-2017, ummeli we-UN waseCosta Rica wakhokela ibhunga elithethathethane ngeSivumelwano sokuVinjelwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya. Xa ndibhala incwadi malunga Ukuphulukisa ngaphandle, yayingeyiyo le nto ndandiyicinga. Ndandibhala ngelizwe elihamba phambili ekutshabalaliseni imekobume, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukulwa nomkhosi, nokugculelwa ngokuzigwagwisa kwamanye amazwe. Andigxeki ngokuzingca ngokwenza izinto ezilungileyo.
Ewe iCosta Rica njenge-utopia egqibeleleyo ayiyonyani. Asiyonto enjalo, nokuba isondele. Ngapha koko, ukuba uhlala e-United States kwaye uphephe iindawo ezirhabaxa kunye neziseko zomkhosi kunye nezixhobo zezixhobo kunye neengcinga zezinto ezenziwa ngurhulumente kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye ukuba ukudutyulwa kwabantu abaninzi kukuphosile, uya kuyithatha njengento enoxolo, ukuthembela, kunye nendawo engenabundlobongela kuneCosta Rica. Ngelishwa, iCosta Rica ayinayo inqanaba eliphantsi lobundlobongela phakathi kwabantu okanye ukukhuthuza okanye ukubiwa kweemoto. Le paradesi yoxolo izaliswe lucingo oluhlabayo kunye nezixhobo zokulumkisa. I-Global Peace Index uluhlu I-Costa Rica 39th kunye ne-United States ye-122nd, kunokuba i-1st kunye ne-163rd, ngokufakela ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, kungekhona nje ukulwa. I-Costa Rica nayo inengxaki yokungcola, inertia ye-bureaucratic, urhwaphilizo, ukulibaziseka okungapheliyo - kubandakanywa nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, ukuthengiswa kwabantu, ubundlobongela bemigulukudu, kunye nenqanaba lesibini labafuduki "abangekho mthethweni" abasuka eNicaragua.
Kodwa abantu baseCosta Rica abathumeli namnye kubantwana babo ukuba babulale kwaye bafe okanye babuye bonakele kwiimfazwe. Abayi koyika nambuyekezo kwiimfazwe zabo ezingezizo. Azoyiki ukuba zihlaselwe ziintshaba zomkhosi ezijoliswe ekuthabatheni izixhobo zazo ezingekhoyo. Bahlala benenzondo encinci yokungabikho kokusesikweni kwenkqubo okanye ukungalingani okukhulu kobutyebi okanye ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. Ngelixa i-indices yehlabathi ibeka iCosta Rica njengobulungisa kwaye ikhula ngokungalingani, inkcubeko yayo ibonakala igcina ukhetho lokulingana kunye nehlazo lokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo.
ICosta Rica yaba nethamsanqa elikhulu lokuswela igolide okanye isilivere okanye ioli okanye amazibuko aluncedo okanye owona mhlaba ubalaseleyo wokulima amakhoboka okanye indawo efanelekileyo yomjelo okanye indlela esuka elwandle isiya elwandle. Iye yathwaxwa ziimfazwe ezimbalwa kakhulu, kodwa ubhukuqo-mbuso olwaneleyo lokujonga umkhosi njengesisongelo.
Ngo-1824, iCosta Rica yabhangisa ubukhoboka - kunokuba lihlazo ngokwembono yase-US kuba yenze njalo ngaphandle kwemfazwe yokuzingca ngayo. Ngomnyaka we-1825, uMongameli waseCosta Rica waxoxa ukuba imikhosi yabemi ekhoyo ayinasidingo sawo nawuphi na umkhosi. Ngowe-1831 iCosta Rica yagqiba ekubeni inike amahlwempu imihlaba engaselunxwemeni ize inyanzelise abemi baseYurophu ukuba balime izityalo eziyimfuneko, njengekofu, iswekile, nekoko. Oku kwanceda ukuseka isithethe seefama zeentsapho ezincinci.
Ngowe-1838 iCosta Rica yahlukana neNicaragua. Abantu bala mazwe mabini ababonakali kakuhle ngokwemfuza. Ukanti omnye uye waphila phantse akukho mfazwe, kwaye enye ineemfazwe ezingayekiyo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Umahluko ngowenkcubeko, kwaye wandulela ukupheliswa komkhosi waseCosta Rica ngowe-1948. ICosta Rica ayizange ibekho ngemfazwe ezukileyo ebhiyozelwa ngokungapheliyo, kodwa ngokusayina amaphepha athile.
ICosta Rica yasiphelisa isigwebo sentambo ngowe-1877. Ngowe-1880, urhulumente waseCosta Rica waqhayisa ngokuba namalungu akhutheleyo omkhosi angama-358 kuphela. Ngo-1890, ingxelo yoMphathiswa weMfazwe waseCosta Rica yafumanisa ukuba iTicos phantse yayingakhathali ngokupheleleyo kwaye ubukhulu becala yayingazi ukuba inomkhosi, kwaye xa iyazi loo nto yayiyijonga “ngokudelela okuthile.”
(Psst: Abanye bethu bacinga ngendlela efanayo e-United States kodwa unokucinga ukuba usitsho ngokuvakalayo? - Ssshh!)
Ngomnyaka we-1948, uMongameli waseCosta Rica wabhangisa umkhosi - wabhiyozelwa ngoDisemba 1 njengoSuku lokuBhalwa koMkhosi - emva kokuba uMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko (nge-akhawunti yakhe yamva) ephikisana ngokwenza oko ukuze athethelele inkcitho yemfundo ephakamileyo.
Kwisithuba esingangeveki enesiqingatha, iCosta Rica yahlaselwa yiNicaragua. ICosta Rica yabhenela kuMbutho waseMelika waseMelika owanyanzela abahlaseli ukuba bahlehle. Ngoku ka ifilimu Uxolo Lolwazi, iCosta Rica nayo yavelisa amajoni okwexeshana. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngowe-1955, yaba nemiphumo efanayo. Ngokucacileyo, urhulumente wase-US ubonakala ecinga ukuba kuya kujongeka kubi ngokungamkelekanga kulandela ubhukuqo-mbuso eGuatemala ukuba asilele ukuchasa uhlaselo lwelizwe kuphela elingaxhobanga nelilawulwa yidemokhrasi kuMbindi Merika.
Ewe kunjalo, iUnited States ngekhe iququzelele ubhukuqo-mbuso eGuatemala ukuba iGuatemala yayingenamkhosi.
ICosta Rica yasinda kwiMfazwe ebandayo yase-US-Soviet kunye noRonald Reagan iminyaka ngokugcina ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuvalwa okuxeliweyo “kubukomanisi” ngelixa usungula imigaqo-nkqubo esekhohlo. Ukungathabathi cala kwayo kwade kwayivumela ukuba yale ukuxhasa i-Iran-Contra kunye nokuthethathethana ngoxolo eNicaragua, nto leyo eyaba buhlungu kakhulu kurhulumente wase-US.
Ngeminyaka yee-1980, ubutshantliziyo obungenabugebenga bubuyisele umva izinga lombane. Ndicinga ukuba oku kuphela kokukhankanywa kobutshantliziyo Ukomelela Ngoxolo, nto leyo eshiya umfundi ezibuza ngesithethe esingenamathandabuzo sokusebenza ngamandla phambi nasemva kwelo xesha, nokuba yeyiphi indima ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayidlalile kwaye isadlalayo ekudaleni nasekugcineni ilizwe elingenamkhosi. Kukho olunye uhlobo lobutshantliziyo oluchaphazelekileyo: Ngo-2003, urhulumente waseCosta Rican wazama ukujoyina i-US “Coalition of the Willing” yase-US ukuhlasela i-Iraq, kodwa umfundi wezomthetho wamangalela waza wavala isenzo eso njengesichasene nomgaqo-siseko.
Kutheni umzekelo weCosta Rica ungasasazeki? Iimpendulo ezicacileyo ziinzuzo zemfazwe kunye nenkcubeko yemfazwe, ukungazi ezinye iindlela, kunye nomjikelo okhohlakeleyo wezisongelo zemfazwe noloyiko. Kodwa mhlawumbi iyanwenwa. Ummelwane waseMazantsi ePanama, ngelixa unopopi wase-US, akanawo umkhosi ongowawo nje kuphela kodwa wanyanzela i-US ukuba inikezele ngomjelo kwaye isuse umkhosi wayo.
Inyathelo nenyathelo . . . kodwa kungcono siqale ukunyathela ngokukhawuleza!
Ukomelela Ngoxolo yincwadi enika ulwazi, exoxwe kakuhle, nebhalwe kakuhle. Ngelixa isilela ukuxoxa ngokupheliswa komkhosi kuyo yonke indawo, iyasilela ukuxoxa ngenye indlela yokuzikhusela ngaphandle kwezixhobo, kwaye ide ithi iUnited States "inesidingo sokwenyani sobuncinci amandla athile omkhosi," nangona kunjalo ndiyongeza kolu luhlu lulandelayo ngenxa oko isixelela kona ngeCosta Rica njengokukhanya okukhokelayo kwihlabathi elivaleleke kubumnyama bokucinga kwemfazwe.
UKUBHALA KWEMPAHLA YOKUBHALA:
Ukuziphatha, uKhuseleko, kunye noMtshini weMfazwe: Iindleko eziyiNyaniso zoMkhosi nguNed Dobos, 2020.
Ukuqonda iMveliso yeMfazwe nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Akukho Mfazwe nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
Ukomelela ngoXolo: Indlela iDemilitarization eyakhokelela ngayo kuXolo kunye noLonwabo eCosta Rica, kunye nento enokufundwa lihlabathi liphela kwiSizwe esiNcinci seTropiki, nguJudith Eve Lipton kunye noDavid P. Barash, ngo-2019.
UKhuseleko loLuntu nguJørgen Johansen kunye noBrian Martin, 2019.
Ukuxhatshazwa okubandakanya: Incwadi yesiBini: Ixesha leNtshonkotha yeMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal noStephen Vittoria, i-2018.
Abenzi beendlela zoxolo: Abasindileyo bakaHiroshima nabakwaNagasaki bathetha ngu Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Ukuthintela iMfazwe nokukhuthaza uxolo: Isikhokelo sabasebenzi bezeMpilo luhlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
Isicwangciso soShishino soxolo: Ukwakha ihlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe nguScilla Elworthy, 2017.
Imfazwe ayisoze yaphela nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icandelo elinamandla malunga neMfazwe: Yiyiphi iMelika elahlekile kwiklasi ye-US History kunye nento thina (sonke) esinokuyenza ngoku nguKathy Beckwith, 2015.
Imfazwe: Ulwaphulo-mthetho loLuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubuyiselwa kwamaKatolika kunye nokuPhelelwa kweMfazwe nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Imfazwe kunye nokuxhamla: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Ukuqala kweMfazwe, ukuphela kweMfazwe nguJudith Hand, 2013.
Akukho Mfazwe: I-Case for Abolition nguDavid Swanson, 2013.
Isiphelo War nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Utshintsho kuxolo nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ukususela kwiMfazwe kuya kuXolo: Isikhokelo KuMinyaka Eminyaka Ezayo nguKent Shifferd, 2011.
Imfazwe Lixoki nguDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ngaphaya kweMfazwe: Ubungakanani Bokuba Ubuntu Bokuthula nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwemfazwe nguWinslow Myers, 2009.
Ukuchithwa kwegazi eligcweleyo: Izixazululo ezili-101 zoBundlobongela, uloyiko, kunye neMfazwe nguMary-Wynne Ashford noGuy Dauncey, ka-2006.
Isijikelezi-langa soMhlaba: Isixhobo semfazwe sakutshanje nguRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Amakhwenkwe aya kuba ngamakhwenkwe: Ukwaphula ikhonkco phakathi koBudoda kunye Ubundlobongela nguMyriam Miedzian, ngo-1991.
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