(Eli candelo le-27 le World Beyond War iphepha elimhlophe Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe. Qhubeka phambili | okulandelayo icandelo.)
Ihlabathi lijonge kwiimpahla, zonke izinto ezivela kwizixhobo ezizenzekelayo ukulwa namathangi kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla. Umkhukula weengalo uncedisa kokubili ukunyuka kobundlobongela kwiimfazwe kunye nezingozi zobundlobongela nobutshaba. Unceda oorhulumente abenzile ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo oluntu, kudala ukungazinzi kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokuqhubela phambili inkolelo yokuba uxolo luya kufumaneka ngeemfutho.
UkuLawulwa kweeArms Trade
Abavelisi beempahla baneenkontileka zoorhulumente ezixhasayo kwaye bancedwa yibo kwaye bathengisa emakethe evulekileyo. I-US kunye nabanye bathengise iibhiliyoni kwiingalo kwi-Middle East enobudlova kunye nobudlova. Ngamanye amaxesha iingalo zithengiswa kumabini omabini kwimpikiswano, njengoko kwimeko ye-Iraq ne-Iran kunye nemfazwe eyabulala phakathi kwe-600,000 kunye ne-1,250,000 ngokusekelwe kwiingqikelelo zabafundi.note29 Ngamanye amaxesha aphelisa ukuba asetyenziswe ngokuchasene nomdayisi okanye abambisene naye, njengokuba kukho izixhobo ezilungiselelwe i-US e-Mujahedeen ephelile ezandleni ze-al Qaeda, kunye neengalo ezithengiswa yi-US okanye ezinike i-Iraq eziphelile izandla ze-ISIS ngexesha lokuhlasela kwe-2014 yase-Iraq.
Urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwizixhobo ezibulalayo lukhulu, ngaphezu kwe-$ 70 billion ngonyaka. Abathengi abaziintloko beengalo kwihlabathi ngamagunya alwa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II; : US, Russia, Germany, France, naseUnited Kingdom.
I-UN yamkele I-Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) Ngo-Apreli 2, 2013. Ayibhubhisi ukuhweba kweengalo zomhlaba wonke. Umnqophiso "isixhobo esisungula imigangatho eqhelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe okungenisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle nokuhanjiswa kweengalo eziqhelekileyo." Kwacwangciselwe ukuba kusebenze ngoDisemba 2014. Eyona nto, ithi abazithumelayo baya kuzibeka esweni ukuze bathengise iingalo "kwiziglogongela okanye kwiindawo ezibucayi." I-US yenza into yokuba i-veto isicatshulwa ngokubhaliweyo ukuba ivumelanise ukulawula ingxoxo. I-US ifuna ukuba umnqophiso ushiye iindawo ezininzi ukuze umnqophiso ungayi "ukuphazamisa ngokungathinteli ukukwazi kwethu ukungenisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle, okanye ukudlulisela iingalo ekuxhaseni ukhuseleko lwethu lwesizwe kunye nomdla welizwe". Umsebenzi wokurhweba ngokusemthethweni "[kwaye]" ngaphandle kokuba urhwebi lorhwebo oluvumelekileyo kwiingalo akufanele liphazamiseke ngokungapheliyo. "Ngaphezu koko," Akukho mfuneko yokunika ingxelo okanye ukumakisha kweempahla okanye iziqhuqhuma [kwaye] akukho myalelo wolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe umzimba ukunyanzelisa i-ATT. "
INkqubo yokuKhusela iNkqubo yokuKhusela iCandelo elongezelelweyo lokuKhuseleka lifuna inqanaba elikhulu lokungabikho nkunkuma ukuze zonke iintlanga zizive zikhuselekile kwiintlungu. I-UN ichaza ukutshabalalisa ngokubanzi kunye nokugqiba ngokupheleleyo "... njengokuba kupheliswe yonke i-WMD, kunye nokunciphisa ukulinganiswa kwemikhosi kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo, ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokukhuseleka okungekho phantsi kwamaqela ngenjongo yokukhuthaza okanye ukuphucula ukuzinza kwinqanaba eliphantsi umgangatho wemikhosi, ngokuqwalasela imfuno yazo zonke i-States ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwabo "(UN General Assembly, Document Document Final of Session Special Session on Disarmament, para. 22.) Le nkcazo yokukhubazeka ibonakala inemingxobo enkulu ngokwaneleyo yokuqhuba itanki kuhamba. Umnqophiso ogqithisileyo kunye namazinga okunciphisa amaxesha kuyadingeka, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho.
UMnqophiso ubonakala ungenzi nto ngaphezu kokuba afune amazwe aMaqela ukuba enze i-arhente ekujongeni iipropathi zangaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuchonga ukuba ngaba bacinga ukuba iingalo ziza kusetshenziselwa kakubi imisebenzi enjenge-genocide okanye ubuqhetseba kunye nokunika ingxelo ngorhwebo lwabo ngonyaka. Akubonakali ukwenza lo msebenzi kuba ushiya ulawulo lwezorhwebo kubantu abafuna ukuthumela nokuthumela. Ukuvinjelwa kwamandla kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamanye amazwe kuyimfuneko. Ukuthengiswa kweengalo kufuneka kudibaniswe uluhlu lweeNkundla zoLwaphulo-mthetho lwaMazwe ngamazwe "ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu" kwaye luqhutyelwe kwimeko yabavelisi ngabanye kunye nabathengisi kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko kwigunya layo lokujongana nokuphulwa "koxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokhuseleko" Kwimeko yelizwe elizimeleyo njengabarhwebi bokuthengisa.note30
Izixhobo ezingaphandle kweeNdawo zangaphandle
Amazwe amaningana aphuhlise izicwangciso kunye ne-hardware yemfazwe engaphandle kwendawo kuquka indawo yokuhlala kunye neendawo zokubeka izixhobo ukuhlasela ama-satellites, kunye nezixhobo eziza kuhlaselwa (kubandakanywa nezixhobo eziphantsi komhlaba) ukuhlasela umhlaba wokufakela endaweni. Ubungozi bokubeka izixhobo kwindawo yangaphandle kubonakala, ngakumbi xa kukho izixhobo zenukliya okanye izixhobo zobuchwepheshe zobugcisa. Iintlanga ze-130 zineenkqubo zendawo kwaye zikhona ii-satellites ze-3000 zokusebenza kwindawo. Ingozi iquka ukuphazamisa iindibano zezixhobo ezikhoyo kunye nokuqala uhlanga olutsha. Ukuba loo nto imfazwe esekelwe kwendawo yayiza kwenzeka iziganeko eziza kuthusa abantu basehlabathini kunye nokubeka ingozi Isifo sikaKessler, imeko apho ubuninzi bezinto ezisemhlabeni ojikelezayo bephakamileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwamanye kuza kuqala ukuhlaselwa kweentlanzi ezenza iindawo zokungcola ngokwaneleyo ukunikezela ukuhlola indawo okanye nokuba kusetyenziswe i-satellites ezingenakwenzeka kwiminyaka emininzi, mhlawumbi izizukulwana.
Ukukholelwa ekubeni ikhokele kolu hlobo lwezixhobo i-R & D, “UNobhala oNcedisayo woMkhosi woMoya wase-United States, u-Keith R. Hall, uthe, 'Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lwendawo, sinalo, siyalithanda kwaye siyahamba ukuyigcina. '”
1967 Isivumelwano sendawo yangaphandle yaqiniswa kwakhona kwi-1999 ngeentlanga ze-138 ezine-US kunye ne-Israel kuphela. Iyakwenqabela i-WMD kwindawo kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko zemikhosi kwenyanga kodwa ishiya i-loop for conventional, laser kunye nezixhobo zamandla eziphezulu zamathambo. IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuKhathatywa kweNtambo sele ilukhuni kwiminyaka ukuze ivumelane ngokumelene nomnqophiso ovalwe kwezi zixhobo kodwa ihlale ivalwe yi-United States. Kuye kucetyiswa i-Code of Conduct yokuThutyana, engenakubophayo, ngaphandle kokubophezela kodwa "i-US ibambelela kumalungiselelo kule ngqungquthela yesithathu yoMgaqo wokuziphatha owenzayo, ngelixa wenza isithembiso sokuzithandela 'ukuphepha nasiphi na isenzo esenza ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungachanekanga, umonakalo, okanye ukutshabalalisa, izinto zendawo ", ufanelekela ukuba umyalelo ngolwimi" ngaphandle kokuba isenzo esilungileyo ". "Ukulungiswa" kusekelwe ilungelo lokuzikhusela elenziwe kwi-Charter ye-UN. Isiqinisekiso esinjalo senza isivumelwano sokuzithandela singenanto. Umnqophiso ogqithisileyo wokunqabela zonke izixhobo endaweni yangaphandle yinkalo ebalulekileyo yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko loNcedo.note31
(Qhubeka phambili | okulandelayo icandelo.)
Sifuna ukuva kuwe! (Nceda wabelane ngeengxelo ezingezantsi)
Oku kukhokelela njani nina ukucinga ngendlela eyahlukileyo malunga neendlela zokulwa nemfazwe?
Yintoni ongayongeza, okanye utshintshe okanye umbuzo malunga nalo?
Yintoni ongayenza ukuze uncede abantu abaninzi baqonde malunga nale ndlela yokulwa nemfazwe?
Ungathatha njani inyathelo ukwenza le nto ibe yimfazwe inyaniso?
Nceda wabelane ngokubanzi kweli nqaku!
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khangela Itafile epheleleyo ephakathi Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe
amaNqaku:
29. Ulwazi olubanzi kunye nedatha libone iwebhusayithi ye-Organisation for the Prohibition of Arms Weapons, eyayifumana i-2013 Nobel Peace Prize ngemigudu yayo enkulu yokuphelisa izixhobo zamachiza. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
30. Uqikelelo luvela kwi-600,000 (i-Battle Deaths Dataset) kwi-1,250,000 (i-Correlates yeProjekthi yeMfazwe). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukulingana kwemfazwe yinto ephikisanayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukufa ngokungekho ngqo kwemfazwe akungqinisiseki ngokuchanekileyo. Ukutshatyalaliswa okungaqondakaliyo kunokulandelwa kule ndlela: ukutshatyalaliswa kwezibonelelo; komhlaba; ukusetyenziswa kwe-uranium ephelile; ababaleki kunye nabantu abafudukela ngaphakathi; ukungondleki; izifo; ukungabi namthetho; ukubulawa kwamanye amazwe; amaxhoba okudlwengulwa kunye nezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela ngokwesondo; ukungabi nabulungisa. Funda oku ngakumbi kwi: Iindleko zomntu zemfazwe - ingqiqo kunye neendlela zokwenza izinto ezimbi (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
31. Inqaku le-7 yeSigqeba saseRoma seNkundla yeziLwaphulo lwaMazwe ngamazwe ichaza ubugebengu obunxamnye noluntu. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
