Izivumelwano, imiGaqo-siseko, kunye neMithetho eNxamnye neMfazwe

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UJanuwari 10, 2022

Awunakuyiqikelela kuyo yonke into ethe cwaka yokwamkelwa kwemfazwe njengeshishini elisemthethweni kunye nayo yonke incoko malunga neendlela zokwenza ukuba imfazwe igcinwe ngokusemthethweni ngohlaziyo lwezenzo zenkohlakalo ezithile, kodwa kukho izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezenza iimfazwe kunye nosongelo lwemfazwe olungekho mthethweni. , imigaqo-siseko yesizwe eyenza iimfazwe kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eququzelela iimfazwe ezingekho mthethweni, kunye nemithetho eyenza ukubulala ngokungekho mthethweni ngaphandle kokukhetha ukusetyenziswa kwemijukujelwa okanye umlinganiselo wokubulala.

Ewe, into ebalulekileyo njengesemthethweni ayipheleli nje ekubhalweni, kodwa ikwayinto ephathwa njengomthetho, into engazange itshutshiswe njengolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa loo nto kanye ingongoma yokwazi kunye nokwenza ukuba kwaziwe ngokubanzi imeko engekho mthethweni yemfazwe: ukuqhubela phambili isizathu sokuphatha imfazwe njengolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokomthetho obhaliweyo. Ukuphatha into njengolwaphulo-mthetho kuthetha okungakumbi kunokusuka nje uyigwebe. Kusenokubakho amaziko angcono kwezinye iimeko kuneenkundla zomthetho ukuze kufezwe uxolelwaniso okanye imbuyekezo, kodwa ezo zicwangciso azincedi ngokugcina inkangeleko yokuba semthethweni kwemfazwe, ukwamkeleka kwemfazwe.

IZIVUMELWANO

ukusukela 1899, onke amaqela kwi INkomfa yePasifiki yokuHlaliswa kweeMbango zeHlabathi bazibophelele ekubeni “bayavuma ukusebenzisa eyona migudu yabo ilungileyo ukuze baqinisekise ukusonjululwa ngoxolo kweeyantlukwano zamazwe ngamazwe.” Ukwaphulwa kwesi sivumelwano kwaba nguCharge I ngowe-1945 eNuremberg Ukubekwa ityala yamaNazi. Amaqela kwindibano ziquka izizwe ezaneleyo zokuphelisa imfazwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba kuthotyelwe.

ukusukela 1907, onke amaqela kwi IHague Convention ye1907 baye banyanzeliswa ukuba “basebenzise eyona migudu yabo ilungileyo ukuqinisekisa ukusonjululwa ngoxolo kweeyantlukwano zamazwe ngamazwe,” ukubhenela kwezinye iintlanga ukuba zilamle, zamkele izibonelelo zolamlo ezivela kwezinye iintlanga, ukudala ukuba kuyimfuneko “iKomishoni yeZizwe ngezizwe yoPhando, ukuququzelela ukuxolelaniswa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukucombulula ezi ngxabano ngokucacisa izibakala ngophando olungakhethi buso nangolwezazela” nokufaka isibheno kwinkundla esisigxina yaseHague xa kuyimfuneko. Ukwaphulwa kwesi sivumelwano kwakuyiCharge II ngowe-1945 eNuremberg Ukubekwa ityala yamaNazi. Amaqela kwindibano ziquka izizwe ezaneleyo zokuphelisa imfazwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba kuthotyelwe.

ukusukela 1928, onke amaqela kwi Kellogg-Briand Pact (KBP) baye bafunwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba "bagwebe ukubhenela emfazweni ngesisombululo seengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye bayilahle, njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kubudlelwane babo omnye nomnye," kunye "nokuvuma ukuba ukulungiswa okanye isisombululo sazo zonke iingxabano." okanye iingxabano zalo naluphi na uhlobo okanye nayiphi na imvelaphi enokuthi ivele phakathi kwabo, ayinakuze ifunwe ngaphandle kweendlela zoxolo. Ukwaphulwa kwesi sivumelwano kwakuyiCharge XIII ngo-1945 eNuremberg Ukubekwa ityala yamaNazi. Isityholo esifanayo asizange senziwe kwabo baphumeleleyo. Isimangalo savelisa olu lwaphulo-mthetho lwalungabhalwanga ngaphambili: “IZOLWAPHULO-MTHETHO NGOXOLWENI: oko kukuthi, ukucwangcisa, ukulungiselela, ukuqalisa okanye ukulwa imfazwe yogonyamelo, okanye imfazwe eyaphula izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano okanye iziqinisekiso, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwisicwangciso esifanayo okanye iyelenqe lokulwela amalungelo abantu. ukufezwa kwayo nayiphi na kwezi zingasentla.” Oku kuqanjwa komeleza okuqhelekileyo ukungaqondi ye-Kellogg-Briand Pact njengesithintelo kwimfazwe enobundlongondlongo kodwa engeyiyo yokuzikhusela. Nangona kunjalo, isivumelwano se-Kellogg-Briand sivaliwe ngokucacileyo kungekuphela nje imfazwe enobudlova kodwa kunye nemfazwe yokuzikhusela - ngamanye amagama, yonke imfazwe. Amaqela kwiSivumelwano ziquka iintlanga ezaneleyo zokuphelisa imfazwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokuthobela.

ukusukela 1945, onke amaqela kwi Charter UN baye banyanzelwa ukuba “bazinzise iingxabano zabo zezizwe ngezizwe ngeendlela zoxolo ngendlela yokuba uxolo nonqabiseko, nonqabiseko lwezizwe ngezizwe, nokusesikweni, zingabi semngciphekweni,” yaye “baluyeke ubudlelane babo bezizwe ngezizwe kwisisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo nxamnye nengqibelelo yommandla okanye Ukuzimela kwezopolitiko kulo naliphi na ilizwe, "nangona izithuba zongezwa kwiimfazwe ezigunyazisiweyo ze-UN kunye neemfazwe "zokuzikhusela," (kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yokoyikiswa kwemfazwe) - izithuba ezingasebenzi kuzo naziphi na iimfazwe zamva nje, kodwa ziphazamisa ubukho bemfazwe. nto leyo eyenza ezingqondweni ezininzi ingcamango engacacanga yokuba iimfazwe zisemthethweni. Imfuneko yoxolo kunye nokuvalwa kwemfazwe iye yacaciswa kule minyaka kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ze-UN, ezifana 2625 kwaye 3314. The amaqela kuMqulu yayiza kuphelisa imfazwe ngokuthobela.

ukusukela 1949, onke amaqela ukuba NATO, baye bavuma ukubuyiswa kokuvalwa kokusongela okanye ukusebenzisa amandla afunyenwe kwi-Charter ye-UN, nangona bevuma ukulungiselela iimfazwe kunye nokuzibandakanya kwiimfazwe ezikhuselayo ezenziwa ngamanye amalungu e-NATO. Uninzi lwezixhobo zomhlaba ezisebenza kunye nenkcitho yasemkhosini, kunye nenxalenye enkulu yemfazwe yayo, yenziwa Amalungu eNATO.

ukusukela 1949, amaqela kwi Isibano sesine seGeneva baye banqatshelwe ukuba babandakanyeke kulo naluphi na ubundlobongela kubantu abangabandakanyekanga emfazweni, kwaye bavalwe kuyo yonke into yokusebenzisa "[c] izohlwayo zokhetho kunye ngokunjalo nayo yonke imilinganiselo yokugrogrisa okanye ubugrogrisi," ngelixa uninzi lwababulewe emfazweni bebengengabo amajoni. Bonke abenzi bemfazwe abakhulu iqela kwiiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva.

ukusukela 1952, i-US, i-Australia, kunye ne-New Zealand ibe ngamaqela kwiSivumelwano se-ANZUS, apho "Amaqela athatha, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-Charter yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ukulungisa naziphi na iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ezinokubandakanyeka kuzo ngeendlela zoxolo ngendlela yokuba uxolo nonqabiseko nokusesikweni kwezizwe ngezizwe zingabi sengozini yaye zipheliswe kulwalamano lwazo lwezizwe ngezizwe kwisisongelo okanye ekusebenziseni izigalo nangayiphi na indlela engavisisaniyo neenjongo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.”

ukusukela 1970, i Isivumelwano malunga nokungahambelani kwezixhobo zenyukliya ifune ukuba amaqela ayo “alandele uthethathethwano ngentembeko malunga namanyathelo asebenzayo anxulumene nokupheliswa kogqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya kwangethuba kwangethuba kunye nokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nesivumelwano ngokubanzi kunye ukuthotywa kwezixhobo ngokupheleleyo [!!] phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo nolusebenzayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.” Amaqela kwisivumelwano baquka aba-5 bakhulu (kodwa hayi abalandelayo aba-4) abanezixhobo zenyukliya.

ukusukela 1976, i Umnqophiso wamanye amazwe wamaLungelo oLuntu nawezopolitiko (ICCPR) kunye ne UMnqophiso wamaZwe ngamaLungelo ezoQoqosho, iNtlalo, kunye neNkcubeko baye babophelela amaqela abo kula mazwi okuvula eSiqendu I sayo yomibini izivumelwano: “Bonke abantu banelungelo lokuzikhethela.” Igama elithi "zonke" liya kubonakala lingaqukanga kuphela iKosovo kunye neendawo zangaphambili zeYugoslavia, iSouth Sudan, iBalkans, iCzechia neSlovakia, kodwa kunye neCrimea, iOkinawa, iSkotlani, iDiego Garcia, iNagorno Karabagh, iWestern Sahara, iPalestine, iSouthern Ossetia. , Abkhazia, Kurdistan, njl. Amaqela kwiMinqophiso zibandakanya uninzi lwehlabathi.

Kwale ICCPR ifuna ukuba “Nakuphi na ukusasazwa kwemfazwe kuya kwalelwa ngumthetho.” (Nangona kunjalo iintolongo azikhutshelwanga ukuze kuvuleleke indawo kubaphathi beendaba. Enyanisweni, abahlebi bavalelwa ukubhengeza ubuxoki bemfazwe.)

ukusukela 1976 (okanye ixesha lokujoyina kwiqela ngalinye) i ISivumelwano se-Amity kunye neNtsebenziswano kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia (apho iTshayina kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo iintlanga ngaphandle kwe-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, njenge-United States, i-Russia, ne-Iran, i-party) ifune ukuba:

“Kubudlelwane bawo omnye nomnye, amaQela aKhontraktha aPhakamileyo aya kukhokelwa yile migaqo isisiseko ilandelayo:
a. Ukuhloniphana ngokuzimeleyo, ulongamo, ukulingana, imfezeko yomhlaba kunye nobuni besizwe sazo zonke izizwe;
b. Ilungelo loMbuso ngamnye lokukhokela ubukho bawo besizwe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ukubhukuqa okanye ukunyanzelwa;
c. Ukungaphazamisi kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yomnye nomnye;
d. Ukusonjululwa kweeyantlukwano okanye ukungavisisani ngeendlela zoxolo;
e. Ukulahlwa kwesoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla;
f. Intsebenziswano esebenzayo phakathi kwabo. . . .
“IQela ngalinye elikwiKhontrakthi eliPhezulu aliyi nangayiphi na indlela okanye lithathe inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na into eya kuba sisoyikiso kuzinzo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho, ulongamo, okanye isidima somhlaba selinye iQela eliKhontraktha eliPhezulu. . . .

“AmaQela aKhontraktha aPhakamileyo aya kuba nokuzimisela kunye nokholo olulungileyo ukuthintela iingxabano ukuba zivele. Kwimeko apho iimbambano malunga nemiba ebachaphazela ngqo zinokuvela, ingakumbi iimbambano ezinokuphazamisa uxolo lwengingqi kunye nemvisiswano, baya kurhoxa kwisigrogriso okanye ekusebenziseni izigalo kwaye ngawo onke amaxesha baya kuzilungisa ezo ngxabano phakathi kwabo ngothethathethwano olunobuhlobo. . . .

“Ukusombulula iingxabano ngeenkqubo zengingqi, amaQela aKhontraktha aPhakamileyo aya kuthi enze, njengequmrhu eliqhubekayo, iBhunga eliPhezulu eliquka uMmeli okwinqanaba lomphathiswa osuka kwelinye lamaQela eeKhontraktha aPhakamileyo ukuze athathele ingqalelo ubukho beengxabano okanye iimeko ezinokuthi ziphazamise ummandla. uxolo nemvisiswano. . . .

“Kwimeko apho kungekho sisombululo sifikelelwayo ngothethathethwano oluthe ngqo, iBhunga eliPhezulu liya kuthathela ingqalelo impikiswano okanye imeko kwaye liya kucebisa amaqela akwimbambano ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokusombulula ezinje ngeeofisi ezilungileyo, ulamlo, ukubuza okanye uxolelwaniso. Nangona kunjalo iBhunga eliPhezulu linokunikezela ngee-ofisi zalo ezilungileyo, okanye emva kwesivumelwano samaqela akwimbambano, lizihlanganise libe yikomiti yolamlo, yophando okanye yoxolelwaniso. Xa kubonwa kuyimfuneko, iBhunga eliPhezulu liya kucebisa amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuthintela ukuwohloka kwempikiswano okanye imeko. . . .”

ukusukela 2014, i IArhwe Treatment Trade ifune ukuba amaqela ayo “angagunyazisi naluphi na ukudluliselwa kwezixhobo zesiqhelo phantsi kweSiqendu 2 (1) okanye izinto ezichazwe phantsi kweSiqendu 3 okanye iSiqendu 4, ukuba inolwazi ngexesha lokugunyazisa ukuba iingalo okanye izinto ziya kusetyenziswa kwiSiqendu 1949 okanye XNUMX. ikhomishini yokubulawa kwabantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, ukophulwa kweNgqungquthela yaseGeneva yowe-XNUMX, uhlaselo olujoliswe kwizinto zasekuhlaleni okanye abemi abakhuselwe ngolo hlobo, okanye olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe njengoko luchazwa zizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe eliQeqeshe kuzo.” Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samazwe ehlabathi anjalo Maqela.

Ukusukela ngo-2014, ngaphezulu kwe-30 yamazwe angamalungu oLuntu lweLatin America kunye neCaribbean States (CELAC) abotshelelwe koku. Isibhengezo soMmandla woXolo:

“1. I-Latin America kunye neCaribbean njengoMmandla woXolo osekwe kwintlonipho yemithetho-siseko nemigaqo yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe, kubandakanywa nezixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe apho amaZwe angamaLungu ayinxalenye yawo, iMimiselo neNjongo zoMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo;

“2. Ukuzibophelela kwethu ngokusisigxina ekusombululeni iingxabano ngeendlela zoxolo ngenjongo yokuncothula unaphakade isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo kwingingqi yethu;

“3. Ukuzibophelela kwamaZwe alo mmandla kunye nezibophelelo zabo ezingqongqo zokungangeneleli, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yalo naliphi na elinye iLizwe kwaye bagcine imigaqo yolongamo lwesizwe, amalungelo alinganayo kunye nokuzimisela kwabantu;

“4. Ukuzinikela kwabantu baseLatin America kunye neCaribbean ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano kunye nobudlelwane bobuhlobo phakathi kwabo kunye nezinye izizwe ngaphandle kokujonga iyantlukwano kwiinkqubo zabo zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, nezentlalo okanye amanqanaba ophuhliso; ukuze sinyamezelane, sihlalisane ngoxolo, ngokwabamelwane abalungileyo;

“5. Ukuzinikela kwamazwe aseLatin America kunye neCaribbean ukuhlonipha ngokupheleleyo ilungelo elingenakohluthwa likaRhulumente ngalinye lokukhetha inkqubo yalo yezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nezenkcubeko, njengeemeko ezibalulekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuhlalisana ngoxolo phakathi kwezizwe;

“6. Ukukhuthazwa kummandla wenkcubeko yoxolo esekelwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwimigaqo yeSibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngeNkcubeko yoXolo;

“7. Ukuzibophelela kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kummandla ekuzikhokeleni kwesi siBhengezo kwindlela yokuziphatha kwamazwe ngamazwe;

“8. Ukuzibophelela kweZizwe zommandla ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya njengeyona njongo iphambili kunye nokuba negalelo ngokuthotywa kwezixhobo ngokubanzi nangokupheleleyo, ukukhuthaza ukomelezwa kokuzithemba phakathi kwezizwe. ”

ukusukela 2017, apho inegunya khona, i INkundla yezoPhulo (I-ICC) ibe namandla okutshutshisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lobundlobongela, inzala yokuguqulwa kweNuremberg ye-KBP. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samazwe ehlabathi anjalo Maqela.

ukusukela 2021, amaqela kwi ISivumelwano kwiNqabana yeZixhobo zeNyukliya bavumile ukuba

"Iqela ngalinye likarhulumente alize naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko ukuba:

“(a) Ukuphuhlisa, ukuvavanya, ukuvelisa, ukwenza, ukufumana, ukufumana okanye ukugcina izixhobo zenyukliya okanye ezinye izixhobo ezidubulayo zenyukliya;

“(b) Ukutshintshela kuye nawuphi na umamkeli nokuba zeziphi na izixhobo zenyukliya okanye ezinye izixhobo ezidubulayo zenyukliya okanye ulawulo kwezo zixhobo okanye izixhobo ezidubulayo ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo;

“(c) Ukufumana ukhutshelo okanye ulawulo kwizixhobo zenyukliya okanye ezinye iziqhushumbisi zenyukliya ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo;

(d) Ukusebenzisa okanye ukugrogrisa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya okanye ezinye iziqhushumbisi zenyukliya;

(e) Ukuncedisa, ukukhuthaza okanye ukuphembelela, nangayiphi na indlela, nabani na ukuba abandakanyeke kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi othintelweyo kwiQela likaRhulumente phantsi kwesi siVumelwano;

“(f) Afune okanye afumane naluphi na uncedo, nangayiphi na indlela, kuye nabani na ukuba abandakanyeke kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi ongavumelekanga kwiQela likaRhulumente phantsi kwesi siVumelwano;

(g) Ukuvumela nakuphi na ukumiswa, ufakelo okanye ukusasazwa kwaso nasiphi na isixhobo senyukliya okanye ezinye izixhobo ezidubulayo zenyukliya kummandla walo okanye kuyo nayiphi na indawo ephantsi kolawulo lwaso.

Amaqela kwiSivumelwano zongezwa ngokukhawuleza.

IMIGAQO-SISEKO

Uninzi lwemigaqo-siseko yesizwe ekhoyo inokufundwa ngokupheleleyo apha https://constituteproject.org

Uninzi lwazo luyichaza ngokucacileyo inkxaso yalo kwizivumelwano ezibandakanyeke kuzo iintlanga. Abaninzi bawuxhasa ngokucacileyo uMqulu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nokuba bayawuchasa. Imithetho-siseko eliqela yaseYurophu iwanciphisa ngokucacileyo amandla elizwe ekuthotyelweni kulawulo lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Abaninzi bathabatha amanyathelo angakumbi oxolo nokuchasa imfazwe.

Umgaqo-siseko waseCosta Rica awuyaleli imfazwe, kodwa uyavala ukugcinwa komkhosi omileyo: "Umkhosi njengeziko elisisigxina liyapheliswa." I-US kunye neminye imigaqo-siseko ibhalwe ngokungathi, okanye ubuncinci ihambelana nombono wokuba, umkhosi uya kudalwa okwethutyana xa kukho imfazwe, njengeCosta Rica kodwa ngaphandle kokupheliswa okucacileyo komkhosi omileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le migaqo-siseko inciphisa ixesha (ukuya kunyaka omnye okanye iminyaka emibini) apho umkhosi unokuxhaswa ngemali. Ngokwesiqhelo, aba rhulumente baye bakwenza nje isiqhelo ukuqhubeka nokuxhasa imikhosi yabo ngokutsha ngonyaka.

Umgaqo-siseko wakwiiPhilippines uphinda iSivumelwano sikaKellogg-Briand ngokulahla “imfazwe njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo welizwe.”

Ulwimi olufanayo lunokufumaneka kuMgaqo-siseko waseJapan. Intshayelelo ithi, “Thina, bantu baseJapan, sisebenza ngabameli bethu abanyulwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiSidlo seSizwe, sazimisela ukuba siya kuzigcinela thina nenzala yethu iziqhamo zentsebenziswano enoxolo nazo zonke iintlanga neentsikelelo zenkululeko kulo lonke eli lizwe, yaye sigqibe kwelokuba asisayi kuphinda sityelelwe ngamasikizi emfazwe ngesenzo sikarhulumente.” Yaye iGatya lesi-9 lifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Benqwenela ngokunyanisekileyo uxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe olusekelwe kokusesikweni nocwangco, abantu baseJapan bayayilahla ngonaphakade imfazwe njengelungelo elongamileyo lesizwe nesisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo njengeendlela zokuzinzisa iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yomhlathi owandulelayo, umhlaba, ulwandle, kunye nemikhosi yomoya, kunye namanye amandla emfazwe, awasayi kuze agcinwe. Ilungelo lemfazwe likarhulumente alinakwamkelwa.”

Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-diplomat yaseJapan ixesha elide kunye nomlweli woxolo kunye nenkulumbuso entsha uKijuro Shidehara wacela u-General Douglas MacArthur waseMelika ukuba akhuphe imfazwe kumgaqo-siseko omtsha waseJapan. Ngo-1950, urhulumente waseUnited States wacela iJapan ukuba yaphule iGatya lesi-9 ize ingenelele imfazwe entsha nxamnye noMntla Korea. IJapan yala. Eso sicelo sinye nokwaliwa kwaphinda kwaphindwa kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. IJapan, nangona kunjalo, yavumela i-US ukuba isebenzise iziseko eJapan, ngaphandle koqhanqalazo olukhulu lwabantu baseJapan. Ukhukuliseko lweNqaku le-9 lwaluqalile. IJapan ayizange ivume ukujoyina iMfazwe yokuQala yeGulf, kodwa yanikezela ngenkxaso yomqondiso, i-refueling iinqanawa, kwimfazwe yase-Afghanistan (eyathi inkulumbuso yaseJapan yathi ngokuphandle ngumcimbi wokubeka abantu baseJapan kwimfazwe yexesha elizayo). IJapan yalungisa iinqanawa zase-US kunye neenqwelomoya eJapan ngexesha lemfazwe ye-2003 e-Iraq, nangona kutheni inqanawa okanye inqwelomoya enokuthi isuke e-Iraq iye eJapan kwaye ibuye ifune ukulungiswa ayizange ichazwe. Kutshanje, iNkulumbuso yaseJapan uShinzo Abe ukhokele "ukutolikwa kwakhona" kweNqaku le-9 ukuba lithethe ngokuchaseneyo noko likuthethayo. Ngaphandle kokutolikwa kwakhona okunjalo, kukho intshukumo eyenzeka eJapan yokutshintsha ngokwenene amagama oMgaqo-siseko ukuvumela imfazwe.

Imigaqo-siseko yaseJamani kunye ne-Italiya isukela kwangexesha elinye lasemva kweWWII njengeyaseJapan. IJamani ibandakanya oku:

(1) Imisebenzi ethanda ukuphazamisa okanye eyenziwe ngenjongo yokuphazamisa ubudlelwane obunoxolo phakathi kwezizwe, ngakumbi ukulungiselela imfazwe enobundlobongela, iya kuba ichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Bohlwaywa;

(2) Izixhobo ezenzelwe imfazwe zinokwenziwa, zithuthwe okanye zithengiswe kuphela ngemvume yoRhulumente weSizwe. Iinkcukacha ziya kulawulwa ngumthetho wobumbano. "

Kwaye, ngaphezu koko:

(1) IManyano inokuthi, ngomthetho, idlulisele amagunya awongamileyo kumaziko ezizwe ngezizwe.

“(2 ) Ukuze kulondolozwe uxolo, uManyano lweManyano lunokuthelela inkqubo yokhuseleko oluhlangeneyo; ngokwenjenjalo iya kuvumelana naloo mida yamagunya awongamileyo eya kuzisa ize iqinisekise ucwangco olunoxolo noluhlala luhleli eYurophu naphakathi kwezizwe zehlabathi.

"(3) Ukuze kulungiswe iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, i-Federation iya kujoyina inkqubo eqhelekileyo, ebanzi, enyanzelekileyo yolamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe."

Ukuchasa ngenxa yesazela kuMgaqo-siseko waseJamani:

“Akukho mntu uya kunyanzelwa ngokuchasene nesazela sakhe ukuba enze inkonzo yasemkhosini ebandakanya ukusebenzisa izixhobo. Iinkcukacha ziya kulawulwa ngumthetho wobumbano. "

Umgaqo-siseko waseItali uquka ulwimi oluqhelekileyo: “I-Itali iyayikhaba imfazwe njengesixhobo sogonyamelo nxamnye nenkululeko yabanye abantu nanjengendlela yokuzinzisa iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. I-Italiya iyavuma, kwiimeko zokulingana namanye aMazwe, imida yolawulo olunokuba yimfuneko kumyalelo wehlabathi oqinisekisa uxolo nobulungisa phakathi kweZizwe. I-Itali ikhuthaza yaye ikhuthaza imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ehambisela phambili iinjongo ezinjalo.”

Oku kubonakala kunamandla ngakumbi, kodwa kujongwe ukuba kungabi nantsingiselo, kuba kwa lo mgaqo-siseko ukwamnye uthi, “IPalamente inegunya lokubhengeza imeko yemfazwe kwaye inike amagunya ayimfuneko kuRhulumente. . . . UMongameli yiNkumanda yomkhosi oxhobileyo, uya kuchophela iBhunga eliPhezulu lezoKhuselo elisekwe ngumthetho, kwaye uya kwenza izibhengezo zemfazwe njengoko kuvunyelwene yiPalamente. . . . Iinkundla zomkhosi ngamaxesha emfazwe zinegunya elimiselwe ngumthetho. Ngamaxesha oxolo anegunya kuphela kulwaphulo-mthetho lwasemkhosini olwenziwa ngamalungu omkhosi oxhobileyo.” Sonke siqhelene noosopolitiki “abangayifuniyo” okanye “bayichasa” ngokungenanjongo into abasebenza nzima ukuyamkela kwaye bayixhase. Imigaqo-siseko inokwenza into enye.

Ulwimi kwimigaqo-siseko ye-Italian kunye neJamani malunga nokunikezela amandla kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo (ezingachazwanga) ziyihlazo kwiindlebe zase-US, kodwa azifani. Ulwimi olufanayo lufumaneka kumgaqo-siseko waseDenmark, eNorway, eFransi nakwamanye aseYurophu.

Ukushiya iYurophu sisiya eTurkmenistan, sifumana umgaqo-siseko ozinikele eluxolweni ngeendlela zoxolo: “ITurkmenistan, ekubeni ingumxholo opheleleyo wehlabathi jikelele, iya kubambelela kumgaqo-nkqubo wayo welizwe langaphandle kwimigaqo yokungathathi cala ngokusisigxina, ukungangeneleli kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yezinye iintlanga. amazwe, ayakuphepha ukusebenzisa izigalo nokuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yasemkhosini nakwiimanyano, akhuthaze uxolo, ubuhlobo nobudlelwane obuyingenelo phakathi kwamazwe akulo mmandla nawo onke amazwe ehlabathi.”

Ukuya ngaphaya kweMelika, sifumana e-Ecuador umgaqo-siseko ozibophelele ekuziphatheni ngoxolo yi-Ecuador kunye nokuvalwa kwemfazwe nguye nabani na e-Ecuador: "I-Ecuador ngummandla woxolo. Ukusekwa kweziseko zomkhosi zamazwe angaphandle okanye amaziko angaphandle ngeenjongo zomkhosi akusayi kuvunyelwa. Akuvumelekanga ukuhambisa iziseko zomkhosi welizwe ukuya kwimikhosi yangaphandle exhobileyo okanye yokhuseleko. . . . Ikhuthaza uxolo kunye nokuthotywa kwezixhobo jikelele; iyakugxeka ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezitshabalalisayo kunye nokumiselwa kweziseko okanye izakhiwo ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo zomkhosi ngamaZwe athile kummandla wabanye.”

Eminye imigaqo-siseko evala iziseko zomkhosi wamazwe angaphandle, kunye ne-Ecuador, iquka leyo yaseAngola, iBolivia, iCape Verde, iLithuania, iMalta, iNicaragua, iRwanda, iUkraine, neVenezuela.

Iqela lemigaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke lisebenzisa igama elithi “ukungathathi cala” ukubonisa ukuzibophelela ekuzikhwebuleni emfazweni. Ngokomzekelo, eBelarus, icandelo lomgaqo-siseko ngoku elisemngciphekweni wokutshintshwa ukuze kuhlaliswe izixhobo zenyukliya zaseRashiya lifundeka ngolu hlobo, “IRiphabhlikhi yaseBelarus ijolise ekwenzeni ummandla wayo ube yindawo engenanyukliya, kwaye ilizwe lingathathi cala.”

EKhambodiya, umgaqo-siseko uthi, “UBukumkani baseKhambodiya bamkela [u]mgaqo-nkqubo wokungathabathi cala ngokusisigxina nokungangqinelani. UBukumkani baseCambodia bulandela umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlalisana ngoxolo nabamelwane babo kunye nawo onke amanye amazwe kwihlabathi liphela. . . . UBukumkani baseKhambodiya abuyi kujoyina kuyo nayiphi na intlangano yomkhosi okanye isivumelwano somkhosi esingahambelani nomgaqo-nkqubo wokungathathi hlangothi. . . . Nasiphi na isivumelwano kunye nesivumelwano esingahambelani nokuzimela, ulongamo, ingqibelelo yomhlaba, ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nobunye besizwe boBukumkani baseCambodia, kuya kupheliswa. . . . UBukumkani baseKhambodiya buya kuba lilizwe elizimeleyo, elinobukhosi, elinoxolo, elingathathi hlangothi ngokusisigxina nelingathathi hlangothi. "

I-Malta: "I-Malta lilizwe elingathathi hlangothi elifuna uxolo, ukhuseleko kunye nenkqubela phambili yentlalontle phakathi kwezizwe zonke ngokuthobela umgaqo-nkqubo wokungahambelani kunye nokwala ukuthabatha inxaxheba kulo naluphi na umanyano lomkhosi."

UMoldova: “IRiphabliki yaseMoldova ivakalisa ubundilele bayo obusisigxina.”

ISwitzerland: ISwitzerland "ithatha amanyathelo okukhusela ukhuseleko lwangaphandle, ukuzimela kunye nokungathathi cala kweSwitzerland."

ETurkmenistan: “IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zisebenzisa iziGqibo zeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ‘Zokungathath’ icala Ngokusisigxina kweTurkmenistan’ zomhla we-12 kuDisemba 1995 nowe-3 kaJuni 2015: Iyalivuma yaye iyayixhasa into yokuba iTurkmenistan ingathathi cala ngokusisigxina; Ihlaba ikhwelo kumazwe angamalungu eZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba ayihloniphe kwaye ayixhase le meko yeTurkmenistan kwaye ayihloniphe nokuzimela kwayo, ulongamo kunye nemfezeko yommandla wayo. . . . Ukungathathi hlangothi okusisigxina kweTurkmenistan, kuya kuba sisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo welizwe kunye nangaphandle. . . .”

Amanye amazwe, anjengeIreland, anezithethe zokungathabathi cala nokungafezeki, namaphulo abemi okongezelela ubundilele kwimigaqo-siseko.

Iqela lemigaqo-siseko yezizwe ithi iyayivumela imfazwe, nangona izibanga ixhasa izivumelwano ezivunywe ngoorhulumente babo, kodwa ifuna ukuba nayiphi na imfazwe ibe yimpendulo “kugonyamelo” okanye “ugonyamelo oluyinyani okanye oluzayo.” Kwezinye iimeko, le migaqo-siseko ivumela kuphela “imfazwe yokuzikhusela,” okanye ivalele “iimfazwe ezinogonyamelo” okanye “iimfazwe zoloyiso.” Oku kuquka imigaqo-siseko yaseAlgeria, Bahrain, Brazil, France, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Qatar, kunye neUAE.

Imigaqo-siseko evala imfazwe endlongondlongo ngamakoloniyali kodwa izibophelele isizwe sayo ekuxhaseni iimfazwe “zenkululeko yesizwe” ibandakanya ezo zaseBangladesh naseCuba.

Eminye imigaqo-siseko ifuna ukuba imfazwe ibe yimpendulo "kubundlobongela" okanye "ubundlobongela obuyinyani okanye obuzayo" okanye "imfanelo yokukhusela eqhelekileyo" (njengembopheleleko yamalungu e-NATO ukujoyina iimfazwe namanye amalungu e-NATO). Le migaqo-siseko iquka owaseAlbania, eTshayina, eCzechia, ePoland naseUzbekistan.

Umgaqo-siseko waseHaiti ufuna imfazwe apho "zonke iinzame zoxolelwaniso ziye zasilela."

Eminye imigaqo-siseko yezizwe ezingenamkhosi omiyo okanye akukho nanye, kwaye akukho mfazwe yamva nje, ayithethi ngemfazwe okanye uxolo nokuba yintoni na: I-Iceland, iMonaco, iNauru. Umgaqo-siseko waseAndorra ukhankanya nje umnqweno woxolo, ngokungafaniyo noko kunokufumaneka kwimigaqo-siseko yabanye babafuduki abakhulu.

Ngelixa oorhulumente abaninzi behlabathi bengamalungu kwizivumelwano zokuvalwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, abanye bavala izixhobo zenyukliya kwimigaqo-siseko yabo: Belarus, Bolivia, Cambodia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Iraq, Lithuania, Nicaragua, Palau, Paraguay, Philippines, kunye neVenezuela. Umgaqo-siseko waseMozambique uyakuxhasa ukuyilwa kwendawo engenanyukliya.

I-Chile ikwinkqubo yokuphinda ibhale umgaqo-siseko wayo, kwaye abanye baseChile banjalo kufuna ukuba kubekho ukuvalwa kwemfazwe kubandakanywa.

Imithetho-siseko emininzi ibandakanya iimbekiselo ezingacacanga zoxolo, kodwa ukwamkelwa okucacileyo kwemfazwe. Abanye, njenge-Ukraine, bade bavale amaqela ezopolitiko akhuthaza imfazwe (ukuvalwa okucacileyo akuvunyelwanga).

Kumgaqo-siseko waseBangladesh, sinokufunda kokubini oku:

“URhulumente uya kubuseka ubudlelwane bawo bezizwe ngezizwe kwimigaqo yokuhlonipha ulongamo lwesizwe kunye nokulingana, ukungaphazamisi imicimbi yangaphakathi yamanye amazwe, ukusonjululwa ngoxolo kweengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, nokuhlonela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigaqo echazwe kuMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo. , kwaye ngokwesiseko saloo migaqo iya - a. sizame ukuyekwa ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuthotywa kwezixhobo ngokubanzi nangokupheleleyo.”

Kwaye oku: "Imfazwe ayisayi kubhengezwa kwaye iRiphabhlikhi ayisayi kuthatha nxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente."

Imithetho-siseko emininzi ithi ivumela imfazwe nangaphandle kwemida ekhankanywe ngasentla (ukuba ikhuseleke okanye isiphumo sesibophelelo sesivumelwano [nangona kukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano]). Ngamnye kubo uchaza ukuba yeyiphi iofisi okanye umzimba ekufuneka uqalise imfazwe. Abanye ke benza ukuba iimfazwe zibe nzima ukuziqalisa kunabanye. Akukho nanye efuna ivoti yoluntu. I-Australia yayidla ngokukwalela ukuthumela naliphi na ilungu lomkhosi phesheya "ngaphandle kokuba bavuma ngokuzithandela ukwenjenjalo." Ngokokwazi kwam azikho nezizwe ezikhala kakhulu ngokulwela idemokhrasi ezenza oko ngoku. Ezinye zezizwe ezivumela iimfazwe ezinobundlobongela, zithintele imvume yazo kwiimfazwe ezikhuselayo ukuba iqela elithile (elifana nomongameli kunokuba ipalamente) liqalise imfazwe. Imithetho-siseko evumela imfazwe yeyala mazwe: Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, DRC, Congo. , Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia , Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malawi, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, IMyanmar, iNetherlands, iNiger, iNigeria, iNorth Macedonia, iOman, iPapua New Guinea, iPeru, iPhilippines, iPortugal, iRomania, iRwanda, iSao Tome kunye nePrincipe, iSaudi Arabia, iSenegal, iSerbia, iSierra Leone, iSlovakia, iSlovenia, iSomalia, EMzantsi Sudan, eSpain, eSri Lanka, eSudan, eSuriname, eSweden, eSyria, eTaiwan, eTanzan ia, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

IMITHETHO

Njengoko kufunwa yizivumelwano ezininzi, izizwe ziye zafaka uninzi lwezivumelwano eziyinxalenye yazo kwimithetho yelizwe. Kodwa kukho eminye imithetho engasekelwanga kwisivumelwano enokuthi ibhekiselele emfazweni, ngakumbi imithetho echasene nokubulala.

Unjingalwazi wezomthetho wakha waxelela iNkongolo yase-US ukuba ukuvuthela umntu ngomjukujelwa kwilizwe lasemzini sisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho sokubulala ngaphandle kokuba kwakuyinxalenye yemfazwe, apho kwakusemthethweni ngokugqibeleleyo. Akukho mntu wabuza ukuba yintoni eya kwenza imfazwe ibe semthethweni. Unjingalwazi wavuma ke ukuba akazi ukuba ezo zenzo zibulala okanye zamkelekile na, kuba impendulo yombuzo wokuba ngaba babeyinxalenye yemfazwe yayifihlwe kwimemo eyimfihlo nguMongameli welo xesha uBarack Obama. Akukho mntu wabuza ukuba kutheni into eyinxalenye yemfazwe okanye ayibalulekanga ukuba akukho mntu ujonga isenzo unokugqiba ukuba ngaba yayiyimfazwe okanye yayingeyomfazwe. Kodwa makhe sicinge, ngenxa yengxabano, ukuba umntu uchaze ukuba yintoni imfazwe kwaye wayenza yacaca ngokucacileyo kwaye ingenakuphikiswa ukuba zeziphi izenzo kwaye aziyiyo inxalenye yeemfazwe. Ngaba awukahlali umbuzo wokuba kutheni ukubulala kungaqhubeki nokuba lityala lokubulala? Kukho isivumelwano esiqhelekileyo sokuba ukuthuthunjiswa kuyaqhubeka kube lulwaphulo-mthetho lokungcungcuthekisa xa kuyinxalenye yemfazwe, nokuba ezinye iindawo ezininzi zeemfazwe zigcina ubume bazo bolwaphulo-mthetho. IiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva zidala intaphane yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiziganeko zesiqhelo kwiimfazwe. Zonke iintlobo zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu, ipropathi, kunye nehlabathi lendalo ubuncinci ngamanye amaxesha zihlala zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho naxa zithathwa njengenxalenye yeemfazwe. Ezinye izenzo ezivumelekileyo ngaphandle kweemfazwe, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwegesi yokukrazula, ziba lulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuba yinxalenye yeemfazwe. Iimfazwe aziboneleli ngelayisenisi jikelele yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kutheni le nto kufuneka siyamkele into yokuba ukubulala kukhethekile? Imithetho enxamnye nokubulawa kwabantu kumazwe asehlabathini lonke ayinikeli mida yemfazwe. Amaxhoba ePakistan afuna ukutshutshisa ukubulala iidrone zase-US njengokubulala. Akukho ngxoxo ilungileyo yomthetho enikezelweyo yokuba kutheni mabangafuneki.

Imithetho inokubonelela ngeendlela ezizezinye endaweni yemfazwe. I-Lithuania idale isicwangciso sochaso oluninzi ngokuchasene nokuthathwa kwamanye amazwe. Lo ngumbono onokuthi uphuhliswe kwaye usasazwe.

Uhlaziyo kolu xwebhu luya kwenziwa apha https://worldbeyondwar.org/constitutions

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