NguDavid Swanson
UColumbus wayengengomntu okhohlakeleyo. Wayengumbulali, umphangi, ikhoboka, nomthuthumbisi, olwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe lwakhokelela ekusenokwenzeka ukuba luninzi lwengxubakaxaka yolwaphulo-mthetho neengozi ezoyikekayo ezirekhodiweyo. Kodwa uColumbus wayeyimveliso yexesha lakhe, ixesha elingekapheli ncam. Ukuba uColumbus ebethetha isiNgesi sanamhlanje ebenokuthi “ulandela nje imiyalelo.” Loo miyalelo, ephuma “kwimfundiso yokufunyanwa” yamaKatolika, iyafana nembali yaseNtshona ukuya kuthi ga “kwimbopheleleko yokukhusela” yanamhlanje, eyamiselwa ngababingeleli abakhulu beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
Imvakalelo yokuba uColumbus wayevela phi inokufunyanwa kuluhlu, olubizwa ngokufanelekileyo, (iinkunzi) zikapopu. Le mithetho ikwenza kucace ukuba umhlaba ungumnikazi wecawa, inika amaKristu amalungelo athile, inethemba lokuphanga ubutyebi, inethemba lokuguqula abangengomaKristu, yaye ibagqala abantu abangengomaKristu abangenawo nawaphi na amalungelo afanelwe yimbeko—kuquka nabangengomaKristu abasafanele bahlonelwe. aqubisana nawo kumazwe angaziwa ngokupheleleyo yicawa. AmaMerika Omthonyama ayegwetywe ngokoqobo ngaphambi kokuba ibandla (kunye nookumkani balo nabaphathi balo) bazi ukuba likho.
IDum Diveras Bull yowe-1452 inika uKumkani wasePortugal imvume yokuhlasela amaSilamsi kuMntla Afrika kwaye iqala ngokuwabhengeza ukuba azele “yingqumbo yeentshaba zegama likaKristu, esoloko enobundlongondlongo ngokudelela inkolo yobuorthodox,” yaye. unethemba lokuba “anokuthintelwa ngabathembekileyo bakaKristu aze athotyelwe kunqulo lobuKristu.” Ukuhlasela kuMntla Afrika ‘kwakukukhusela’ kwanangelo xesha, njengoko ukumkani wayeya “kululwela ngentumekelelo ukholo ngokwalo yaye ngengalo enamandla alwe neentshaba zalo. Sikwajonge ngononophelo ekusebenzeni ekukhuseleni nasekukhuliseni le Nkolo ixeliweyo.”
UPopu wongeza abanye abantu abangachazwanga ngamagama bangahlaselwa kakhulu: “[W] e ukunika amandla apheleleyo nakhululekileyo, ngegunya lobuPostile ngalo myalelo, ukuba bahlasele, boyise, balwe, boyise iSaracens kunye nabahedeni, kunye nabanye abangakholwayo kunye nabanye. iintshaba zikaKristu, . . . nokukhokela abantu babo kubukhoboka obungenasiphelo.”
Ngo-2011, iSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US langenisa kwiNkomfa ukhuselo olubhaliweyo lokuhlasela uMntla Afrika libanga ukuba imfazwe yaseLibya yakhonza umdla welizwe lase-US kuzinzo lwengingqi kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka kweZizwe eziManyeneyo. Kodwa ngaba iLibya ne-United States zikummandla omnye? Ngowuphi ummandla lowo, mhlabeni? Kwaye akukho revolution isichasi uzinzo? Yaye ngaba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zithembeke xa kusiliwa iimfazwe egameni lazo?
IRomanus Pontifex Bull ka-1455, ukuba kukho nantoni na, yayizele kakhulu yinkunzi yenkomo, njengoko yayibonisa iindawo ezingekaziwa kodwa zifaneleke ngokupheleleyo ukugwetywa nokugwetywa. Usukelo lwecawa “yayikukwenza ukuba elona gama lizukileyo lalo Mdali kuthethwayo lipapashwe, lizukiswe, yaye lihlonelwe ehlabathini lonke, kwanakwezona ndawo zikude nezingekabhencwa, kwanokuzisa esifubeni sakhe iintshaba ezikhohlakeleyo. yakhe kunye noMnqamlezo onika ubomi esiye sakhululwa ngawo, ooSaracens kunye nabo bonke abanye abangakholwayo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba umntu ongaziwayo abe lutshaba? Kulula! Abantu abangaziwayo yicawa, ngokwengcaciso, babengabantu abangayaziyo icawa. Babeziintshaba ezikhohlakeleyo zoMnqamlezo onika ubomi.
Xa uColumbus wahamba ngomkhumbi, wayesazi kwangaphambili ukuba wayengenakukwazi ukuvelisa nabaphi na abantu abafanelwe nayiphi na intlonipho. I-Inter Caetera Bull yowe-1493 isixelela ukuba uColumbus “wafumanisa iziqithi ezithile ezikude kakhulu kwanemimandla emikhulu eyayingekafunyanwa ngabanye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku; apho kuhleli khona izizwe ezininzi kakhulu ezihleli eluxolweni; Abo bantu baninzi kakhulu abazange bayifumane indawo ababehlala kuyo, kuba babengabalelwa njengaye nabani na onokufumana nantoni na yobuKristu. Upopu wabhala: “Nani ninenjongo, njengokuba ingumsebenzi wenu, ukukhokela abantu abahlala kwezo ziqithi namazwe ukuba bamkele unqulo lobuKristu.”
Kwenye indawo.
Okanye yintoni na? IRequerimiento yowe-1514 eyayifundelwa abo bathi “babhaqile” yabaxelela ukuba “bamkele iCawa noMbutho Owongamileyo wehlabathi lilonke baze baqonde uPontifi oPhakamileyo, obizwa ngokuba nguPopu, nokuba egameni lakhe, uvuma uKumkani noKumkanikazi. , njengeenkosi namagunya awongamileyo ezi ziqithi nakuma-Mainland ngenxa yomnikelo oxeliweyo. Ukuba awukwenzi oku, nangona kunjalo, okanye ubhenela ngobubi ukulibazisa, siyakulumkisa ukuba, ngoncedo lukaThixo, siya kungena kwilizwe lakho ngokunamandla kwaye siya kulwa imfazwe kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ngazo zonke iindlela esinokuthi sizenze kwaye siphumelele. sinako, kwaye ke siya kukuthobela edyokhweni negunya leBandla nobuPhakamileyo Babo. Siya kukuthabatha wena nabafazi bakho nabantwana sibenze amakhoboka, kwaye siya kubathengisa, kwaye siya kukulahla wena kunye nabo njengomyalelo Wabo oPhezulu. Ke thina soyithabatha impahla yenu, senze kuni konke okubi, ububi, ububi, njengoko benziwa kubakhonzi abangayi kuyiphulaphula inkosi yabo, nabangayifuniyo iNkosi yabo, nabangamchasiyo, abamchasayo; Siyavuma ukuba ukufa nokwenzakala eniya kukufumana ngako kuya kuba lityala lenu, ingabi lelo labaPhakamileyo, okanye elethu, okanye lamadoda ahamba nathi.”
Kodwa ngenye indlela kumnandi ukukubona, mhlaba mhle onawo apha, kwaye sinethemba lokuba akuyi kuba nzima kakhulu!
Bonke abantu ekufuneka bekwenzile ukuze bazisindise kukuqubuda, bathobele, kwaye bavumele ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo ebangqongileyo. Ukuba abakwenzi oko, kutheni, ngoko imfazwe kubo lityala labo. Hayi wethu. Sikhululwe kwangaphambili, sinoGunyaziso lokuSebenzisa uMkhosi woMkhosi, sipakisha izigqibo ze-UN.
Ngowe-1823 iNkundla ePhakamileyo iJaji uJohn Marshall wacaphula “imfundiso yokufunyanwa” ukuze kuthetheleleke ukubiwa komhlaba kumaMerika Omthonyama kwelo tyala. Johnson v. M'Intosh oko kuye kwabonwa njengesiseko somthetho wobunini bomhlaba kunye nepropathi eMelika. UMarshall wagweba inkundla evumelanayo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukuba abantu bomthonyama baseMelika babengenakukwazi ukuthengisa okanye ukuthengisa umhlaba, ngaphandle kwaxa bewuthengisa kurhulumente wobumbano owawuthathe indima yokuba ngumnqobi waseBritani. Abantu bomthonyama babengenakukwazi ukuba nobukhosi.
"Uxanduva lokukhusela (i-R2P okanye i-RtoP) lisiko elicetywayo lokuba ulongamo alulolungelo lipheleleyo," ngokutsho kweWikipedia, enegunya njengomthombo njengawo nawuphi na, kuba i-R2P ayingomthetho konke konke, ngaphezulu kwenkunzi yenkomo. Iyaqhubeka: “. . . kwaye ithi baphulukana nemiba yolongamo lwabo xa besilela ukukhusela abantu babo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwenkohlakalo kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu (oku kukubulawa kwabantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kunye nokucocwa kohlanga). . . . [T]uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lunoxanduva lokungenelela ngokunyanzeliswa kwamanyathelo afana nesohlwayo sezoqoqosho. Ukungenelela komkhosi kuthathwa njengenyathelo lokugqibela. ”
Ukuba siqonda ukuba “ulongamo” luthetha ilungelo lokungahlaselwa ngabantu basemzini, icawa ephakamileyo kuMlambo waseMpuma ayiliqapheli phakathi kwabahedeni. ISaudi Arabia inokubulala abaninzi abamsulwa, kodwa icawe ikhetha ukuhambisa ubabalo kunye nezixhobo. Kukwanjalo nakwiBahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, njl. EIraq, eLibya, eIran, eSyria, ePalestina, eAfghanistan, ePakistan, eYemen, eUkraine, eHonduras nakwamanye amazwe anenkathazo aseSaracens nabangakholwayo, azizisela ukudlwengulwa nokuphanga ngobulungisa. Ayilotyala lemikhosi eyenza umsebenzi wayo wokuhlasela nokukhanyisa.
Emva phaya ngeminyaka yoo-1980 ndandihlala eItali kwaye kwakukho imuvi ehlekisayo eyayibizwa ngokuba yiNon resta che piangere (Akukho nto iseleyo yokuyenza ngaphandle kokukhala) malunga neqela leebhafu ezathunyelwa ngomlingo emva ko-1492. Ngoko nangoko bagqiba kwelokuba bazame ukumisa uColumbus ukuze ukusindisa abantu bomthonyama baseMelika (kwaye uphephe inkcubeko yase-US). Njengoko ndikhumbula, bacotha kakhulu baza basilela ukunqanda ukuhamba kukaColumbus. Kwakungekho nto yakwenza ngaphandle kokukhala. Basenokuba, nangona kunjalo, basebenze ekuguquleni abantu abaza kuphinda bamkele uColumbus ngeengcinga ezidibeneyo zoluntu. Ngenxa yoko, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babuyele kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kwaye basebenza kwimishini yemfundo efanayo.
Akukashiywa lixesha ukuba siyeke ukubhiyozela uSuku lweColumbus kunye nazo zonke ezinye iiholide zemfazwe, kwaye endaweni yoko sigxile ekubandakanyeni phakathi kwamalungelo oluntu esiwakhathaleleyo, ilungelo lokungaqhunyiswa okanye loyiswe.
