NguDavid Vine, Patterson Deppen, kunye noLeah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Septemba 20, 2021
Isishwankathelo sebhunga
Ngaphandle kokurhoxiswa kweziseko zomkhosi wase-US kunye nemikhosi evela e-Afghanistan, i-United States iyaqhubeka nokugcina malunga ne-750 yeziseko zomkhosi phesheya kwi-80 yamazwe angaphandle nakwiikholoni (imimandla). Ezi ziseko zibiza ngeendlela ezininzi: ngokwezezimali, kwezopolitiko, kwezentlalo nakwezendalo. Iziseko zase-US kumazwe aphesheya zihlala ziphakamisa ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko, ukuxhasa ulawulo lwentando yesininzi, kunye nokusebenza njengesixhobo sokugaya amaqela omlo aphikisana nobukho be-US kunye noorhulumente ubukho bayo buqinisa. Ngamanye amaxesha, iziseko zamanye amazwe ziyasetyenziswa kwaye zenze kwalula e-United States ukumilisela nokwenza iimfazwe eziyintlekele, kubandakanya ne-Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia ne Libya. Kuyo yonke imeko yezopolitiko nakwimikhosi yase-US kukho ukukhula okukhulayo ukuba uninzi lweziseko zaphesheya kwezilwandle bekufanele ukuba zavalwa kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa inertia yezobupolitika kunye nemidla yezopolitiko elahlekisiweyo ibagcine bevulekile.
Phakathi "koPhononongo lokuHamba kweSithuba seHlabathi", ulawulo lweBiden lunethuba eliyimbali lokuvala amakhulukhulu amaziko ezomkhosi angafunekiyo phesheya kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwesizwe nolwamanye amazwe kwinkqubo.
IPentagon, ukusukela kunyaka-mali u-2018, isilele ukupapasha uluhlu lwayo lwangaphambili lwaminyaka yonke lweziseko zase-US phesheya. Ngokwazi kwethu, esi sishwankathelo sibonisa ubalo olupheleleyo loluntu kwiziseko zase-US nakwizikhundla zomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela. Uluhlu nemephu ezibandakanyiweyo kule ngxelo zibonisa iingxaki ezininzi ezinxulunyaniswa nezi siseko zaphesheya, zinika isixhobo esinokunceda abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba bacwangcise ukuvalwa kwesiseko ngokungxamisekileyo.
Iinyani ezikufutshane kwimikhosi yezomkhosi yaphesheya yaseMelika
• Zimalunga nama-750 iindawo zasemkhosini zaseMelika phesheya kumazwe angama-80 angaphandle nakwikholoni.
• I-United States iphantse iphindaphindwe kathathu iziseko zaphesheya (i-750) njengoonozakuzaku base-US, oonozakuzaku kunye nemishini kwilizwe liphela (276).
• Ngelixa kukho malunga nesiqingatha sofakelo oluninzi njengokuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo, iziseko zase-US zisasazeke kumazwe nakumakoloni aphindwe kabini (ukusuka kuma-40 ukuya kwangama-80) ngaxeshanye, kugxilwe kakhulu kwizibonelelo kuMbindi Mpuma, eMpuma Asia , iinxalenye ezithile zeYurophu neAfrika.
• I-United States inezihlandlo eziphindwe kathathu kwiziseko zaphesheya njengamanye amazwe adityanisiwe.
• Iziseko zase-US phesheya zibiza abarhafi eqikelelwa kwi-55 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka.
• Ulwakhiwo lwezixhobo zomkhosi phesheya kuxabise abahlawuli berhafu ubuncinci i-70 yezigidigidi ukusukela ngo-2000, kwaye ingangaphezulu kwe-100 yezigidigidi.
• Iisiseko ezingaphandle ziye zanceda i-United States ukuba isungule iimfazwe kunye neminye imisebenzi yokulwa ubuncinci kumazwe angama-25 ukusukela ngo-2001.
• Ukufakwa kwe-US kufunyanwa ubuncinci kumazwe angama-38 angenademokhrasi kunye neekoloni.
Ingxaki yeziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya
Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kunye neentsuku zokuqala zoMlo obandayo, iUnited States yakha inkqubo engazange ibonwe yeziseko zomkhosi kumazwe aphesheya. Kumashumi amathathu eminyaka emva kokuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo, kusekho iindawo ezingama-119 eJamani kunye ne-119 eJapan, ngokwePentagon. EMzantsi Korea zingama-73. Ezinye iziseko zase-US zichaze iplanethi ukusuka eAruba ukuya e-Australia, eKenya ukuya eQatar, eRomania ukuya eSingapore, nangaphaya.
Siqikelela ukuba i-United States okwangoku igcina malunga neendawo ezingama-750 ezisisiseko kumazwe angama-80 angaphandle nakwikholoni (imimandla). Olu qikelelo luvela kwinto esikholelwa ukuba lolona luluhlu lubanzi lweziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya ezikhoyo (jonga Isihlomelo). Phakathi konyaka-mali 1976 kunye ne-2018, iPentagon yapapasha uluhlu lonyaka lweziseko ezazisaziwa ngeempazamo kunye nokushiya; okoko i-2018, iPentagon isilele ukukhupha uluhlu. Sakhe uluhlu lwethu malunga nengxelo ye-2018, uDavid Vine's 2021 uluhlu olufumanekayo esidlangalaleni lweziseko zaphesheya, kunye neendaba ezinokuthenjwa kunye nezinye iingxelo. 1
Kuyo yonke imeko yezopolitiko kwaye nangaphakathi emkhosini wase-US kukho ukukhula kokuqonda ukuba uninzi lweziseko zase-US phesheya bekufanele ukuba zivaliwe kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo. "Ndicinga ukuba sineziseko zophuhliso ezininzi kakhulu phesheya kolwandle," elona gosa liphezulu emkhosini wase-US, uSihlalo weeNtloko zaBasebenzi u-Mark Milley, uvumile ngexesha lentetho kawonke-wonke ngo-Disemba ka-2020. Ukukhusela iUnited States? ” UMilley ufuna "ukujongwa okunzima,"
Ukubeka iziseko zomkhosi ezingama-750 zaseMelika phesheya ngokwembono, ziphantse zaphindeka kathathu iindawo ezisisiseko sezomkhosi njengoko kukho oonozakuzaku base-US, oonozakuzaku, kunye nemishini kwilizwe liphela-276.3 Kwaye baqulathe ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu inani leziseko zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezigcinwe zizo zonke ezinye imikhosi idityanisiwe. I-United Kingdom ixelwe ukuba ineziza ezili-145 zamazwe angaphandle.4 Amanye amajoni ehlabathi adityanisiwe anokulawula i-50-75 ngaphezulu, kubandakanya iRussia ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu isiseko samazwe angaphandle kunye ne-China ezintlanu (kunye neziseko ezise Tibet) .5
Iindleko zokwakha, ukusebenza kunye nokugcina iziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya ziqikelelwa kwi-55 yeebhiliyoni zeedola rhoqo ngonyaka (unyaka-mali wama-2021). umntu ngonyaka ngokomyinge.
Ngokumalunga nenkcitho yokwakha emkhosini iyodwa- imali eyabelwe ukwakha nokwandisa iziseko zaphesheya- urhulumente wase-US uchithe phakathi kwe- $ 70 yezigidigidi kunye ne-182 yezigidigidi zeedola phakathi konyaka-mali ka-2000 kunye no-2021. ulwakhiwo “kwiindawo ezingachazwanga” kwihlabathi liphela, ukongeza kwi-132 yezigidigidi zeedola ezichithwe phesheya kolwandle. Olu qheliselo lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuvavanya ukuba ingakanani le nkcitho yahluliweyo iye ekwakheni nasekwandiseni iziseko zaphesheya. Uqikelelo lwe-34 yepesenti luza kuvelisa i-15 yezigidigidi zeedola, nangona uninzi lweendawo "ezingachazwanga" zisenokuba phesheya kolwandle. Iibhiliyoni ezili-20 zeedola zavela kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwemfazwe "olungxamisekileyo"
Ngaphandle kweendleko zabo zemali, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, iziseko zaphesheya zithintela ukhuseleko ngeendlela ezininzi. Ubukho beziseko zase-US phesheya kwezilwandle zihlala ziphakamisa ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko, zikhuthaza ukungathandi abantu e-United States, kwaye zisebenza njengesixhobo sokugaya amaqela alwayo anjenge-al Qaeda.
Iziseko zamanye amazwe zikwenze kwalula e-United States ukuba ibandakanyeke kwiimfazwe ezininzi ezikhethiweyo, ukusuka kwiimfazwe zaseVietnam nase-Southeast Asia ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20 "yemfazwe engapheliyo" ukusukela oko kwahlasela i-Afghanistan e2001. Ukusukela nge1980, iziseko zase-US kwi-Middle East enkulu zisetyenziswe ubuncinci amaxesha e-25 ukumilisela iimfazwe okanye ezinye izinto zokulwa ubuncinci kumazwe e-15 kuloo mmandla wedwa. Ukusukela ngo-2001, umkhosi wase-US ubebandakanyeka kumlo ubuncinci kumazwe angama-25 kwihlabathi liphela
Ngelixa abanye bebanga ukuba kususela kwimfazwe ebandayo yokuba iziseko zaphesheya zinceda ekusasazeni idemokhrasi, ngokuchaseneyo kuhlala kubonakala kunjalo. Ukufakwa kwe-US kufunyenwe ubuncinci kumazwe angama-19 amagunya, amazwe asibhozo olawulo, kunye neekoloni ezili-11 (jonga Isihlomelo). Kwezi meko, iziseko zase-US zibonelela ngenkxaso ye-facto kulawulo olungenademokhrasi kwaye oluhlala lucinezela njengaleyo ilawula eTurkey, eNiger, eHonduras, nakwimimandla yasePersian Gulf. Ngokunxulumene, iziseko kwiikholoni zaseMelika ezishiyekileyo - i "mimandla" yase-US ePuerto Rico, eGuam, kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiZiqithi zaseMantla Mariana, eAmerican Samoa, nakwiiVirgin Islands zase-US-ziye zanceda ukuqhubela phambili ubudlelwane bazo bobukoloniyali namanye amazwe aseMelika kunye nabemi beklasi yabo yesibini ukuba ngabemi baseMelika
Njengokuba ikholamu ethi "Umonakalo obalulekileyo kokusingqongileyo" kwiTheyibhile yoku-1 yesiHlomelo ibonisa, uninzi lweendawo ezisisiseko phesheya zinerekhodi lokonakalisa imeko yendawo ngokuvuza okunetyhefu, iingozi, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi, ukwakhiwa kwesiseko, kunye noqeqesho olubandakanya izinto eziyingozi. Kwezi ziseko zaphesheya kolwandle, iPentagon ngokubanzi ayithobeli imigangatho yokusingqongileyo yase-US kwaye isebenza rhoqo phantsi kweMeko yeziVumelwano zoMkhosi ezivumela umkhosi ukuba uphephe imithetho yokusingqongileyo yesizwe nayo.13
Ngenxa yomonakalo wokusingqongileyo uwedwa kunye nenyani elula yomkhosi wasemzini ohleli kumhlaba ozimeleyo, ayothusi into yokuba iziseko zakwamanye amazwe zivelisa inkcaso phantse naphina apho zifumaneka khona (jonga kwikholamu “yoQhankqalazo” kwiTheyibhile 1). Iingozi ezibulalayo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe ngabasebenzi basemkhosini base-US kufakelo lwangaphandle, kubandakanya ukudlwengula nokubulala, kuhlala ngaphandle kobulungisa bendawo okanye ukuphendula, nako kuvelisa uqhankqalazo oluqondakalayo kwaye lonakalise igama laseMelika.
Dwelisa iziseko
IPentagon kudala isilele ukubonelela ngolwazi olwaneleyo kwiCongress kunye noluntu ukuvavanya iziseko zaphesheya kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamajoni-eyona nto iphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US. Iinkqubo zangoku zokongamela azonelanga kwiCongress kunye noluntu ukuba isebenzise ulawulo olululo lwabemi kulwakhiwo lomkhosi kunye nemisebenzi phesheya kwezilwandle. Umzekelo, xa amajoni amane asweleka kumlo owawuseNiger ngo-2017, amalungu amaninzi eCongress othuka akuva ukuba malunga namajoni ali-1,000 14 kwelo lizwe. Isikhundla esingagqibekanga ngamagosa omkhosi kubonakala ngathi ukuba kukho isiseko saphesheya, kufuneka sibe luncedo. ICongress inqabile ukuba inyanzele umkhosi ukuba uhlalutye okanye ubonise izibonelelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe kwiziseko zaphesheya.
Ukuqala ubuncinci kwi-1976, iCongress yaqala ukufuna ukuba iPentagon ivelise ingxelo yonyaka "yeziseko zomkhosi, ufakelo, kunye nezixhobo", kubandakanya nenani kunye nobukhulu.16 Kude kube ngunyaka-mali 2018, iPentagon ivelise yapapasha ingxelo yonyaka ngokuhambelana nomthetho wase-US. . Kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba ngoku kukho ukufakwa okungama-17 kobukhulu obahlukeneyo kwilizwekazi; Igosa lomkhosi elinye lavuma ukufakwa okungama-18 ngowama-40
Kungenzeka ukuba iPentagon ayilazi elona nyani lofakelo phesheya. Ukuxela, uphando lwamva nje oluxhaswa ngemali ngumkhosi wase-US kwiziseko zase-US luxhomekeke kuDavid Vine uluhlu luka-2015 lweziseko, endaweni yoluhlu lwePentagon. 20
Esi sishwankathelo yinxalenye yomzamo wokunyusa ukungafihli kunye nokwenza ukuba ukubek'esweni okungcono kwimisebenzi yePentagon kunye nenkcitho, ukufaka isandla kwimizamo ebalulekileyo yokuphelisa inkcitho yomkhosi kunye nokususa ukungahambi kakuhle kweziseko zaseMelika phesheya. Inani elipheleleyo leziseko kunye nemfihlo kunye nokungabikho kokucaca kwenethiwekhi yesiseko yenza uluhlu olupheleleyo lungenakwenzeka; Ukusilela kwePentagon kutshanje ukukhupha iNgxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko kwenza uluhlu oluchanekileyo lube nzima ngakumbi kunakwiminyaka engaphambili. Njengoko sele kutshiwo apha ngasentla, indlela yethu yokusebenza ixhomekeke kwiNgxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko se2018 kunye nemithombo ethembekileyo neyokuqala kunye nemithombo yolwazi; Ezi zidityaniswe kuDavid Vine's 2021 iseti yedatha “KwiZiseko zoMkhosi zaseMelika phesheya, 1776-2021.”
Yintoni “isiseko”?
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza uluhlu lweziseko zangaphandle zichaza ukuba yintoni eyenza "isiseko." Iinkcazo ekugqibeleni zezopolitiko kwaye zihlala zinobuzaza kwezopolitiko. Rhoqo i-Pentagon kunye ne-US urhulumente, kunye namazwe abamba iindwendwe, bafuna ukubonisa ubukho base-US njenge "hayi isiseko sase-US" ukunqanda umbono wokuba i-United States iyaphula umthetho wobukhosi obubambe ilizwe (leyo, enyanisweni, yiyo) . Ukuthintela ezi mpikiswano kangangoko kunokwenzeka, sisebenzisa ingxelo yePentagon yoNyaka wama-2018 weSiseko seNgxelo (i-BSR) kunye negama layo "indawo yesiseko" njengendawo yokuqala kuluhlu lwethu. Ukusetyenziswa kweli gama kuthetha ukuba kwezinye iimeko ukufakelwa ngokubanzi kubhekiswa njengesiseko esinye, njengeAviano Air Base e-Itali, eneneni ineendawo ezininzi ezisisiseko-kwimeko ka-Aviano, ubuncinci besibhozo. Ukubala indawo nganye yesiseko kuyavakala kuba iisayithi ezinegama elifanayo zihlala zikwindawo ezingafaniyo ngokwejografi. Umzekelo, iindawo ezisibhozo zika-Aviano zikwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zikamasipala wase-Aviano. Ngokubanzi, kwisiza ngasinye sibonisa ulwabiwo mali lwenkomfa yomrhafi. Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni amagama asisiseko okanye indawo zibonakala amatyeli aliqela kuluhlu oluneenkcukacha oludityaniswe kwisiHlomelo.
Amanqanaba asezantsi ngokobungakanani ukusuka kufakelo lobungakanani besixeko kunye namashumi amawaka amajoni kunye namalungu osapho ukuya kufakelo oluncinci lwe-radar kunye nokujonga, amabala eenqwelomoya, kwanamangcwaba omkhosi ambalwa. I-BSR yePentagon ithi inezinto nje ezingama-30 “zokufaka ezinkulu” phesheya. Abanye banokucebisa ukuba inani lethu leziza ezisisiseko ezingama-750 kumazwe aphesheya ke kukuzibaxa kobungakanani beziseko zophuhliso zaphesheya kwe-US. Nangona kunjalo, ushicilelo oluhle lwe-BSR lubonisa ukuba iPentagon ichaza “encinci” njenge inexabiso elichaziweyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.015 yezigidigidi. phesheya. Yiyo loo nto sichaza itotali yethu “emalunga nama-21” njengolona qikelelo lubalaseleyo.
Sifaka iziseko kwiikholoni zase-US (imimandla) kwinani leziseko zaphesheya kuba ezi ndawo azinako ukubandakanywa ngokupheleleyo ngokwentando yesininzi e-United States. IPentagon ikwahlula ezi ndawo njenge “phesheya kolwandle.” (IWashington, DC ayinamalungelo apheleleyo edemokhrasi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ikomkhulu lesizwe, sijonga iziseko zasekhaya zaseWashington.)
Qaphela: Le mephu ye-2020 ibonisa malunga neziseko ezingama-800 zase-US kwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwakutshanje, kubandakanya ne-Afghanistan, siphinde saphinda sazihlaziya siqikelela ingqikelelo yethu ezantsi ukuya kuma-750 kwesi sishwankathelo.
Iziseko zokuvala
Ukuvala iziseko zaphesheya kulula kwezopolitiko xa kuthelekiswa nokuvala ukufakwa kwasekhaya. Ngokungafaniyo nolungelelwaniso olusisiseko kunye nenkqubo yokuvalwa kwamaziko e-United States, iCongress ayifuni kubandakanyeka ekuvalweni kwezilwandle. Abongameli uGeorge HW Bush, uBill Clinton, kunye noGeorge W. Bush bavala amakhulukhulu eziseko ezingeyomfuneko eYurophu naseAsia ngoo-1990 no-2000. Ulawulo lukaTrump luvale iziseko ezithile eAfghanistan, Iraq naseSyria. UMongameli Biden wenze isiqalo esihle ngokurhoxisa imikhosi yase-US kwiziseko ezise-Afghanistan. Uqikelelo lwethu lwangaphambili, kutshanje njenge-2020, yayikukuba iUnited States ibambe iziseko ezingama-800 phesheya (jonga Imephu 1). Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwakutshanje, siphinde saphinda sazihlaziya saze sazihlaziya kwakhona ukuya kuma-750.
UMongameli Biden ubhengeze "UkuPhononongwa kweSithuba seHlabathi" okuqhubekayo kwaye wazibophelela kulawulo lwakhe ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi yezomkhosi yase-US kwihlabathi liphela "kulungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo nomgaqo-nkqubo wethu wezangaphandle kunye nezinto eziphambili kwezokhuseleko kuzwelonke." 22 Ke ngoko, ulawulo lweBiden lunembali Ithuba lokuvala amakhulukhulu eziseko ezingafunekiyo zomkhosi phesheya kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwesizwe nolwamanye amazwe kwinkqubo. Ngokuchasene noko kwakusakuba nguMongameli uDonald Trump wokurhoxa ngokukhawuleza kweziseko kunye nemikhosi eSyria kunye neenzame zakhe zokohlwaya iJamani ngokususa ufakelo apho, uMongameli Biden unokuvala iziseko ngononophelo nangokuthembekileyo, eqinisekisa amahlakani ngelixa egcina imali eninzi yomrhafi.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezizodwa, amalungu eCongress kufuneka axhase ukufakwa kokuvalwa phesheya ukubuyisela amawaka abasebenzi kunye namalungu osapho- kunye nentlawulo yabo- kwizithili nakwimimandla yabo. Kukho ubungqina obuninzi obubhaliweyo bokubuya kwemikhosi kunye neentsapho kwiziseko zasekhaya. 23
Ulawulo lweBiden kufuneka luqwalasele iimfuno ezandayo kuwo onke amaqela ezopolitiko ukuvala iziseko zaphesheya kolwandle kunye nokulandela isicwangciso-qhinga sokwehla kwezomkhosi wase-US phesheya, ukuzisa imikhosi ekhaya, kunye nokwakha ukuma kozakuzo kunye nemanyano.
isihlomelo
| Itheyibhile 1. Amazwe aneziseko zaseMelika zoMkhosi (idathasethi epheleleyo Apha) | ||||||
| Igama lelizwe | Itotali # yeeSayithi eziSisiseko | Uhlobo lukarhulumente | Abasebenzi Est. | Uncedo-mali Lokwakha Komkhosi (FY2000-19) | Ukukhusela | Umonakalo obalulekileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 309 | $ 19.5 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| ARUBHA | 1 | Ikholoni yaseDatshi | 225 | $ 27.1 yezigidi24 | Ewe | Hayi |
| ISLAND Island | 1 | Ikholoni yaseBritane | 800 | $ 2.2 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| OSTRELIYA | 7 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 1,736 | $ 116 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| BAHAMS, THE | 6 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 56 | $ 31.1 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| BHAREYINI | 12 | Igunya | 4,603 | $ 732.3 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| BHELJIYAM | 11 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 1,869 | $ 430.1 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| BOTSWANA | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 16 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| BHULGARIYA | 4 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 2,500 | $ 80.2 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| BHEKINA FASO | 1 | Igunya | 16 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| KHAMBODIYA | 1 | Igunya | 15 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| KHAMERUNI | 2 | Igunya | 10 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| KHANADA | 3 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 161 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Ewe |
| TSHAD | 1 | Igunya | 20 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| TSHILE | 1 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 35 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| KHOLAMBIYA | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 84 | $ 43 yezigidi | Ewe | Hayi |
| ICOSTA RICA | 1 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 16 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| TYHUBHA | 1 | Igunya25 | 1,004 | $ 538 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo26 | 225 | $ 27.1 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| SAYIPRASI | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 10 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| UDIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Ikholoni yaseBritane | 3,000 | $ 210.4 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| JIBHUTI | 2 | Igunya | 126 | $ 480.5 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| JIPHETHE | 1 | Igunya | 259 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| EL SALVADO | 1 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 70 | $ 22.7 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| ESTONIYA | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 17 | $ 60.8 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| GABHON | 1 | Igunya | 10 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| JOJIYA | 1 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 29 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| JEMANI | 119 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 46,562 | $ 5.8 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| GANA | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 19 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| GRISI | 8 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 446 | $ 179.1 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| GRINLEND | 1 | Ikholoni yaseDenmark | 147 | $ 168.9 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| GUWAM | 54 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 11,295 | $ 2 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| HONDURAS | 2 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 371 | $ 39.1 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| HANGARI | 2 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 82 | $ 55.4 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| AYISILEND | 2 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 3 | $ 51.5 yezigidi | Ewe | Hayi |
| IRAKH | 6 | Igunya | 2,500 | $ 895.4 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| AYALEND | 1 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 8 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| SIRAYELI | 6 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 127 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| ELAMATALIYANE | 44 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 14,756 | $ 1.7 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| JAPHAN | 119 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 63,690 | $ 2.1 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| UJOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 0 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Ewe |
| JORDAN | 2 | Igunya | 211 | $ 255 yezigidi | Ewe | Hayi |
| KHENYA | 3 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 59 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| IKOREA, IRIPHABHLIKI YENKQUBO | 76 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 28,503 | $ 2.3 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| KHOSOVO | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphako | 18 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Ewe |
| KHUWEYITHI | 10 | Igunya | 2,054 | $ 156 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| LATHVIYA | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 14 | $ 14.6 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| LAKSEMBHEG | 1 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 21 | $ 67.4 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| MALI | 1 | Igunya | 20 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| ISIQITHI SASEMASHAL | 12 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo * | 96 | $ 230.3 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| ELAMADATSHI | 6 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 641 | $ 11.4 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| NAYIJA | 8 | Igunya | 21 | $ 50 yezigidi | Ewe | Hayi |
| N. IZIMI ZE-MARIANA | 5 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 45 | $ 2.1 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| NOROWE | 7 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 167 | $ 24.1 yezigidi | Ewe | Hayi |
| OMAN | 6 | Igunya | 25 | $ 39.2 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| IPALAU, IRIPHABHLIKI | 3 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo * | 12 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| PHANAMA | 11 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 35 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| PERU | 2 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 51 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| FILIPAYINZI | 8 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 155 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| PHOLEND | 4 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 226 | $ 395.4 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| PHOTSHUGO | 21 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 256 | $ 87.2 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| IPUERTO RICO | 34 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 13,571 | $ 788.8 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| KHWATHA | 3 | Igunya | 501 | $ 559.5 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| ROMANIYA | 6 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 165 | $ 363.7 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| ISAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Igunya | 693 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Ewe |
| SENEGO | 1 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 15 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| SINGAPHO | 2 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 374 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| SLOVAKIYA | 2 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 12 | $ 118.7 yezigidi | Hayi | Hayi |
| SOMALIYA | 5 | Ulawulo lweHybrid * | 71 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| SPEYIN | 4 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 3,353 | $ 292.2 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| SURINAME | 2 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 2 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| SIRIYA | 4 | Igunya | 900 | AKUVALIWE | Ewe | Hayi |
| THAYILENDI | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 115 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| THUNISHIYA | 1 | Idemokhrasi enesiphene | 26 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| IKARIKUNI | 13 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 1,758 | $ 63.8 yezigidi | Ewe | Ewe |
| YUGANDA | 1 | Ulawulo lweHybrid | 14 | AKUVALIWE | Hayi | Hayi |
| IUNITED ARAB EMIRATES | 3 | Igunya | 215 | $ 35.4 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| IUNITED KINGDOM | 25 | Idemokhrasi epheleleyo | 10,770 | $ 1.9 billion | Ewe | Ewe |
| IINTOMBI ZEZINTO, US | 6 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 787 | $ 72.3 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
| Isiqithi SOKUVUKA | 1 | Ikholoni yaseMelika | 5 | $ 70.1 yezigidi | Hayi | Ewe |
Amanqaku kwiTheyibhile 1
Iindawo ezisisiseko: Ingxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko sePentagon sika-2018 sichaza isiseko “sayo” njengayo nayiphi na “indawo ethile eneepasile zomhlaba okanye izibonelelo ezabelwe yona […] oko kukuthi, okanye ibiphethwe, iqeshiswe kuyo, okanye ngenye indlela iphantsi kolawulo lwe-DoD Icandelo egameni le-United States. ”27
Uhlobo lukarhulumente: Iindidi zorhulumente welizwe zichazwa njenge "idemokhrasi epheleleyo," "idemokhrasi enesiphene," "ulawulo lwebribri," okanye "igunya." Ezi zinto ziqulunqwe zivela kwiYunithi yezoQoqosho yezoQoqosho ye2020 "iDemokhrasi Isalathiso" ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngenye indlela ngeenkwenkwezi (izicatshulwa ezinokufumaneka kwidathasethi epheleleyo).
Uncedo-mali Lokwakha Komkhosi: La manani kufuneka athathwe njengobuncinci. Idatha ivela kumaxwebhu asemthethweni ohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwePentagon angeniswe kwiCongress yolwakhiwo lomkhosi. Itotali ayibandakanyi inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo emfazweni ("imisebenzi ephuthiweyo yelizwe liphela"), uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, kunye neminye imithombo yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali, ngamanye amaxesha, engachazwanga kwiCongress (umzekelo, xa umkhosi usebenzisa imali eyabelwe injongo enye yokwakha emkhosini Inani eliphambili lenkxaso-mali yokwakha emkhosini yonyaka iya "kwiindawo ezingachazwanga," isenza ukuba kubenzima nangakumbi ukwazi ukuba urhulumente wase-US utyala malini kwiziseko zomkhosi phesheya.
Uqikelelo lwabasebenzi: Olu qikelelo lubandakanya imikhosi esebenzayo, umlindi wesizwe kunye nemikhosi egciniweyo, kunye nabantu basePentagon. Uqikelelo lufunyenwe kwiZiko loLwazi loLwazi lokuSebenza (lihlaziywa ngo-Matshi 31, 2021; kunye noJuni 30, 2021 e-Australia), ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela nge-asterisk (izicatshulwa ezinokufumaneka kwi-dataset epheleleyo). Abafundi mabaqaphele ukuba umkhosi uhlala unikezela ngedatha engachanekanga yabasebenzi ukufihla ubungakanani kunye nobungakanani bokuthunyelwa.
Uqikelelo lomhlaba (luyafumaneka kugcino lwedatha epheleleyo): Oku kuvela kwiNgxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko sePentagon sika-2018 (BSR) kwaye zidweliswe kwiihektare. I-BSR ibonelela ngoqikelelo olungaphelelanga kwaye ezo ndawo zisisiseko zingafakwanga ziphawulwe "ezingachazwanga."
Uqhanqalazo lwakutsha nje / oluqhubekayo: Oku kubhekisa kwinto eyenzeka kulo naluphi na uqhankqalazo olukhulu, nokuba ngurhulumente, ngabantu, okanye ngumbutho. Kuphela kuqhankqalazo oluchasene nemikhosi yase-US okanye umkhosi wase-US ngokubanzi uphawulwe "ewe." Ilizwe ngalinye liphawulwe "ewe" liyangqinwa kwaye lixhaswe ziingxelo ezimbini zosasazo ukusukela ngo-2018. La mazwe kungakhange kufunyanwe uqhankqalazo lwamva nje okanye oluqhubekayo lubhalwe "hayi".
Umonakalo obonakalayo kwindalo esingqongileyo: Olu didi lubhekisa kungcoliseko lomoya, ungcoliseko lomhlaba, ungcoliseko lwamanzi, ungcoliseko lwengxolo, kunye / okanye i-flora okanye ingozi yezilwanyana eboshwe kubukho bezomkhosi wase-US. Iziseko zomkhosi, ngaphandle kwezinto ezinqabileyo, zonakalisa imeko-bume enikezwe ukugcinwa kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezinto eziyingozi, iikhemikhali eziyityhefu, izixhobo eziyingozi, kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi.29 Iziseko ezikhulu zihlala zonakalisa ngakumbi; ke, sicinga ukuba nasiphi na isiseko esikhulu sibangele ukonakaliswa kwendalo. Indawo ephawulwe “hayi” ayithethi ukuba isiseko asibanga monakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo kodwa endaweni yoko akukho maxwebhu afumanekayo okanye loo monakalo ucinga ukuba umncinci.
Imibulelo
La maqela kunye nabantu abalandelayo, abayinxalenye yoLungelelwaniso lweSiseko saMazwe ngaManye amazwe kunye noManyano lokuVala, bancedisiwe ekucingeni, kuphando, nasekubhalweni kwale ngxelo: Umkhankaso woXolo, ukuXhotyiswa kweziXhobo kunye noKhuseleko oluqhelekileyo; Codepink; IBhunga leLizwe eliPhilayo; Umgaqo-nkqubo Wezangaphandle; Iziko leMfundo yoMgaqo-nkqubo / Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle ekugxilwe kuwo; UAndrew Bacevich; IMedea uBenjamin; UJohn Feffer; Sam Fraser; UJoseph Gerson; UBarry Klein; UJessica Rosenblum; ULora Lumpe; UCatherine Lutz; UDavid Swanson; UJohn Tierney; UAllan Vogel; kunye noLawrence Wilkerson.
Ulungelelwaniso lweSiseko saMazwe ngaMazwe kunye nokuDityaniswa kokuValwa (i-OBRACC) liqela elibanzi labahlalutyi bezomkhosi, izifundiswa, amagqwetha, kunye nezinye iingcali ezomkhosi ezivela kwezopolitiko ezixhasa ukuvala iziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya kwezilwandle. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, bona www.overseasbases.net.
UDavid Vine nguNjingalwazi we-Anthropology kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington, DC. UDavid ngumbhali weencwadi ezintathu malunga neziseko zomkhosi kunye nemfazwe, kubandakanya esandula ukukhutshwa I-United States of War: Imbali yeHlabathi yeembambano ezingapheliyo zaseMelika, ukusuka eColumbus ukuya kwi-Islamic State (IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, 2020), owayengowokugqibela ngeBhaso leNcwadi leXesha leXesha le-LA le-2020 leMbali. Iincwadi zangaphambili zikaDavid sisiZwe esiSisiseko: Iindlela zaseMelika zaseMelika ezikwelinye ilizwe ezonzakalisa iMelika kunye neHlabathi (Iincwadi zeMetropolitan / uHenry Holt, 2015) kunye neSiqithi seShame: Imbali eFihlakeleyo yoMkhosi wase-US ku-Diego Garcia (IYunivesithi yasePrinceton Press, 2009). UDavid ulilungu loLungelelwaniso lweSiseko saPhesheya kweLwandle kunye noMdibaniso wokuVala.
UPatterson Deppen ngumphandi we World BEYOND War, apho waqokelela khona le ngxelo uluhlu olupheleleyo lweziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya kolwandle. Usebenza kwibhodi yokuhlela kwi-E-International Relations apho angumhleli-mququzeleli wezincoko zabafundi. Ukubhala kwakhe kubonakala kwi-E-International Relations, uTom Dispatch, kunye neNkqubela phambili. Inqaku lakhe lakutshanje kuTomDispatch, "iMelika njengeLizwe eliSisiseko liphinde laTyelelwa," inikezela jonga kwiziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya kolwandle kunye nobukho babo bomkhosi wehlabathi namhlanje. Wafumana iinkosi zakhe kuphuhliso nakukhuseleko kwiYunivesithi yaseBristol. Ulilungu loLungelelwaniso lweSiseko saNgaphandle kunye noManyano lokuVala.
Leah Bolger uthathe umhlala-phantsi ngo-2000 kuMkhosi wamanzi wase-US kwinqanaba loMlawuli emva kweminyaka engama-20 yenkonzo yomsebenzi. Wanyulwa njengowokuqala ukuba nguMongameli weVeterans for Peace (VFP) ngo-2012, kwaye ngo-2013 wanyulwa ukuba abonise i-Ava Helen kunye neLinus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture kwiYunivesithi yaseOregon State. Usebenza njengoMongameli World BEYOND War, umbutho wezizwe ngezizwe ozinikele ekuphelisweni kwemfazwe. U-Leah ulilungu loLungelelwaniso lweSiseko saPhesheya kweLwandle kunye noManyano lokuVala.
World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engenabundlobongela yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuseka uxolo olunobulungisa noluzinzileyo. World BEYOND War yasekwa ngoJanuwari 1st, 2014, xa ababambisene kunye noDavid Hartsough noDavid Swanson bazimisele ukwenza umbutho wehlabathi ukuphelisa iziko lemfazwe uqobo, hayi nje "imfazwe yosuku." Ukuba imfazwe iyakuze ipheliswe, kufuneka isuswe etafileni njengokhetho olufanelekileyo. Njengokuba kungekho nto ithi "kulungile" okanye ubukhoboka obuyimfuneko, akukho nto kuthiwa "ilungile" okanye imfazwe eyimfuneko. Omabini la maziko ayenyanyeka kwaye awamkeleki kwaphela, nokuba iimeko zithini na. Ke, ukuba asinakho ukusebenzisa imfazwe ukusombulula iingxabano zamanye amazwe, yintoni esinokuyenza? Ukufumana indlela yokutshintshela kwinkqubo yezokhuseleko kwilizwe liphela exhaswa ngumthetho wamazwe aphesheya, idiploma, ukusebenzisana, kunye namalungelo oluntu, kunye nokukhusela ezo zinto ngezenzo ezingenabundlobongela endaweni yokoyikisa ubundlobongela, yintliziyo yeWBW. Umsebenzi wethu ubandakanya imfundo egxotha iintsomi, ezinje "Imfazwe yinto yendalo" okanye "Besisoloko sinemfazwe," kwaye ibonisa abantu kungekuphela nje ukuba imfazwe kufuneka ipheliswe, kodwa nokuba inokuba njalo. Umsebenzi wethu ubandakanya zonke iintlobo zobundlobongela obungenabundlobongela obuhambisa umhlaba kwicala lokuphelisa yonke imfazwe.
Amagama aphantsi:
I-United States Isebe lezoKhuselo. "Ingxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko-Unyaka-mali wama-1 Isiseko: Isishwankathelo seDatha yeMpahla yeNdawo." IOfisi kaNobhala oNcedisayo wezoKhuselo ngo-2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Ukutshisa, uRobert. "UMilley ubongoza ukuba 'uphinde uphinde usebenze kwakhona' ngokusisigxina kumajoni aphesheya kweLwandle.” Imithombo yeendaba edibeneyo, nge-3 kaDisemba, ngo-2020.
3 "Ukuthethelelwa kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweCongressional-iSebe likaRhulumente, ukuSebenza kwaNgaphandle, kunye neNkqubo eziDibeneyo, kuNyaka-mali wama-2022." United States Isebe likarhulumente. 2021. ii.
Imfihlo kunye nokubonakala okungacacanga okujikeleze iziseko zase-US kubonisiwe ngamanye amazwe angaphandle. Uqikelelo lwangaphambili lucebise ukuba abanye oomkhosi behlabathi babene-4-60 iziseko zangaphandle. Ingxelo entsha iphakamisa ukuba i-United Kingdom ine-100. Bona uMiller, uPhil. “KUBONAKALISIWE: Umkhosi wase-UK phesheya kwezilwandle uquka iziza ezili-145 kumazwe angama-145.” Ukuchazwa kwe-UK, ngoNovemba 42, 20.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Yabona, umzekelo, uJacobs, uFrank. “AmaKumkani Amahlanu Omkhosi Wasemhlabeni.” IBigThink.com, ngoJulayi 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
ISebe lezoKhuselo "Ingxelo yeendleko zaphesheya" (umzekelo, iSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US. "Imisebenzi kunye
Isishwankathelo senkxaso-mali, uNyaka-mali wama-2021 Uqikelelo lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali. ” Phantsi koNobhala Wezomkhosi (uMlawuli wezoKhuseleko), ngoFebruwari 2020. 186-189), ingeniswe kumaxwebhu ohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lonyaka, ibonelela ngendleko ezinqongopheleyo malunga nokufakwa kwezinye kodwa hayi kuwo onke amazwe apho umkhosi ugcina iziseko. Idatha yengxelo ihlala ingaphelelanga kwaye ihlala ingekho kumazwe amaninzi. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi, i-DoD ixele iindleko zonyaka zizonke kufakelo lwaphesheya lwe- $ 20 yezigidigidi. UDavid Vine ubonelela ngoqikelelo oluthe kratya kwiSizwe esiSisiseko: Njani i-US Military Bases Kwelinye ilizwe Ihlasela iMelika kunye neHlabathi. Inew York. Iincwadi zeMetropolitan, 2015. 195-214. Umdiliya wasebenzisa indlela efanayo yokuhlaziya olu qikelelo lonyaka-mali ka-2019, ngaphandle kweendleko ezithile zokuba ulondoloze ngakumbi umngcipheko wokubala iindleko kabini. Sihlaziye uqikelelo lwe- $ 51.5 yezigidigidi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sisebenzisa i-Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https: //www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
I-7 Lostumbo, uMichael J, et al. Ukusekwa kweLwandle kwe-USUmkhosi Womkhosi: Uvavanyo lweNdleko eziNxulumene kunye neziBonelelo eziCwangcisiweyo. USanta Monica. IQELA leRAND, 2013. xxv.
8 Siqikelela iindleko zabasebenzi ngokucinga, kwakhona ngolondolozo, ngendleko zomntu ngamnye ze- $ 115,000 (abanye basebenzisa i-125,000 yeedola) kwaye malunga nama-230,000 amajoni kunye nabasebenzi abaseburhulumenteni ngoku phesheya. Sifumana i-115,000 yeedola ngomntu ngamnye ngokulungisa uqikelelo lweedola ezili-107,106 zabasebenzi abemi phesheya nakwilizwe (Blakeley, Katherine. "Abasebenzi baseMkhosini." iingxelo / ezomkhosi), banikwe i-15, 2017- $ 10,000 umntu ngamnye kwiindleko ezongezelelweyo zabasebenzi baphesheya (jonga iLostumbo.
Izibalo zokwakha ezomkhosi kule ngxelo zilungiswe nguJordani Cheney, kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, kusetyenziswa amaxwebhu ohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwePentagon angeniswe kwiCongress yolwakhiwo lomkhosi (iinkqubo zeC-9). Iyonke inkcitho yokwakha emkhosini phesheya isephezulu ngenxa yemali eyongezelelweyo echithwe kwimfazwe ("imisebenzi yezolwandle ephelileyo") uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali. Phakathi konyaka-mali ka-1 no-2004, iyodwa, ukwakhiwa komkhosi e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq nakweminye imimandla yemfazwe ifikelele kwi-2011 yezigidigidi (eBelasco, e-Amy. Inkonzo yoPhando, Matshi 9.4, 9. 11). Sisebenzisa eli nqanaba lenkcitho njengesikhokelo (i-29 yezigidigidi zeedola kwinkcitho yokwakha emkhosini kwiminyaka-mali ka-2011-33 imelwe .9.4% yemali yomkhosi echithwe kwimfazwe ngexesha elinye), siqikelela uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwemfazwe olwakha inkcitho yeminyaka I-2004 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2011 yezigidigidi zeedola ngaphandle kwe-Pentagon's $ 85 trillion kwinkcitho yemfazwe (McGarry, Brendan W. noEmily M. Morgenstern. Iitotali zethu azibandakanyi inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluhlelweyo nakweminye imithombo yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali, ngamanye amaxesha, engachazwanga kwiCongress (umzekelo, xa umkhosi usebenzisa imali eyabelwe iinjongo zokwakha ezomkhosi). Jonga uMdiliya. Isizwe esisisiseko. Isahluko 2001, sengxoxo yemali yokwakha emkhosini.
Umdiliya, uDavid; I-United States yeMfazwe: Imbali yeHlabathi yokuNgqubana okungapheliyo kweMelika, ukusuka eColumbus ukuya kwi-Islamic State. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, 10; UGlain, uStephen. "Yintoni eyashukumisela u-Osama bin Laden." Iindaba zase-US kunye neNgxelo yeHlabathi, ngoMeyi 2020.248, 3.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
UBowman, uBradley L. “Emva kweIraq.” Washington Ngekota, vol. 31, hayi. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South ISudan, iSyria, iTunisia, iUganda, iYemen. Jonga uSavell, uStephanie, kunye no-5W infographics. "Le mephu ibonisa ukuba liphi na elaseMelika uMkhosi WaseMelika Ulwa Nobunqolobi." I-Smithsonian Magazine, ngoJanuwari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Utshintsho, uNick, kunye noSean D.Naylor. “Ityhilwe: Imisebenzi yamaKhosi engama-36 yase-US e-Afrika.” Iindaba ze-Yahoo, ngo-Epreli 17, 2019. Https:
12 Bona, umz., Isidiliya Isizwe. Isahluko 4. Abantu baseAmerican Samoa banodidi olusezantsi lobumi njengoko bengengabo abemi base-US ngokuzalwa.
13 Umdiliya. Isiseko seSizwe. 138-139.
IVolcovici, uValerie. "Abaphathiswa baseMelika bafuna iimpendulo ngobukho be-US eNiger emva kwe-Ambush." Reuters, Okthobha 14, 22. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN2017CR1NG.
Olunye lwezifundo ezinqabileyo zeCongressal of US kunye nobukho phesheya kwezilwandle zibonise ukuba "nje ukuba isiseko saseMelika phesheya kwezilwandle simiselwe, sithatha ubomi saso…. Imishini yoqobo isenokuphelelwa lixesha, kodwa imisebenzi emitsha iyaphuhliswa, kungekuphela ngenjongo yokugcina indawo iqhubeka, kodwa rhoqo ukuyandisa. I-Senate yaseUnited States. "Izivumelwano zoKhuseleko eMelika kunye nokuzibophelela kwelinye ilizwe." Ukumanyelwa phambi kweKomitana yeNdlu yeeNgwevu yezivumelwano zoKhuseleko eMelika kunye nokuzibophelela kwelinye ilizwe leKomiti yoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle. Inkongolo yamashumi asithoba ananye, Vol. 15, 2. Uphando olutshanje luqinisekisile oku kufunyanwa. Umzekelo, uGlaser, uJohn. "Ukurhoxa kwiziseko zaphesheya kolwandle: Kutheni le nto ukuThunyelwa eMkhosini kuDinga ukungeyomfuneko, kuphelelwe lixesha, kwaye kuyingozi." Uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo 2017, iZiko leCATO, ngoJulayi 816, 18; UJohnson, uChalmers. Iintlungu zoBukhosi: iMilitarism, ukufihla, kunye nokuphela kweRiphabhlikhi. Inew York. KwiMetropolitan, 2017; Umdiliya. Isizwe esisisiseko.
16 Umthetho kaRhulumente 94-361, umzuzwana. 302.
Ikhowudi ye-17 yase-US, umzuzwana 10, "IiRekhodi zePropathi zePropathi." Ngaphambili, bona ikhowudi yase-US 2721, umzuzwana. I-10 kunye neKhowudi yase-US 115, umzuzwana. 10 (c). Akucaci ukuba iPentagon ipapashe ingxelo minyaka le phakathi kwe-138 kunye ne-1976, kodwa iingxelo zinokufumaneka kwi-Intanethi ukusukela nge2018 kwaye kubonakala ngathi zinikezelwe kwiCongress uninzi lwalo lonke eli xesha.
18 Utshintsho, uNick. "Iziseko, iiBhasari, yonke indawo… Ngaphandle kweNgxelo yePentagon." TomDispatch.com, EyoMqungu 8, 2019. Umdiliya. Isiseko seSizwe. 176513-3; UDavid Vine. "Uluhlu lweZiseko zoMkhosi waseMelika phesheya, 2-2."
19 Uhambo, uNick. "Umkhosi waseMelika uthi" Unendawo elula yokuKhanya "e-Afrika. La maxwebhu abonisa ubuninzi beenethiwekhi. ” Ukungenelela, nge-1 kaDisemba ngo-2018. uthungelwano olukhulu lweziseko /; USavell, uStephanie, kunye ne-2018W infographics. "Le mephu ibonisa apho kwihlabathi liphela umkhosi wase-US Ulwa Nobunqolobi." I-Smithsonian Magazine, ngoJanuwari 12. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-01/; Uguquko, uNick. "Umlo oLwela iMfazwe e-Afrika ngokufihlakeleyo Amaxwebhu aseMelika eMkhosini atyhila iNkqantosi yamaZiko aseMelika oMkhosi kweli lizwekazi liphela." TomDispatch.com, Epreli 5, 2019. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, kunye Matthew Povlock. "Ubukho be-US kunye neZiganeko zongquzulwano." IQELA leRAND. USanta Monica, 2018.
I-21 United States Isebe lezoKhuselo. "Ingxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko-Unyaka-mali wama-2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. "Amagqabantshintshi nguMongameli Biden kwindawo yaseMelika eMhlabeni." NgoFebruwari 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "ICandelo lezoKhuselo lesiXhobo soKhuseleko." United States Isebe lezoKhuselo. Okthobha 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
Imali yokwakha eAruba naseCuraçao idityanisiwe kwinkxaso mali yePentagon. Sahlule iyonke kwaye
ulwabiwo lwesiqingatha kwindawo nganye.
Sisebenzisa iCandelo lezeNzululwazi ngezoQoqoshoUluhlulo lweCuba njengegunya, nangona isiseko esiseGuantánamo Bay, eCuba, sinokuhlelwa njengenkoloni yaseMelika ngenxa yokuba urhulumente waseCuba engakwazi ukukhupha umkhosi wase-US phantsi kwemvumelwano. inyanzelwe eCuba ngo-25. Jonga uMdiliya. 1930-23.
Imali yokwakha eAruba naseCuraçao idityanisiwe kwinkxaso mali yePentagon. Sahlule iyonke kwaye
ulwabiwo lwesiqingatha kwindawo nganye.
ISebe lezoKhuselo lase-United States i-27.Ingxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko-Unyaka-mali 2018. 4.
28 Jonga uMdiliya. Isizwe esisisiseko. Isahluko 13.
Ukujonga isishwankathelo, jonga umdiliya. Isizwe esisisiseko. Isahluko 29.
