Ukuchasana koLuntu kwiMpi: Ukubona kwe-Okinawa ye-Nonicolent, Courageous and Courageous Courage for Policy Policy

NguBetty A. Reardon, Iziko leMfundo leMfundo loxolo.

Ukuxhathisa Ukuchasa

Imvula yokuqala ka-Okthobha yayimi ngokuqinileyo, yafakwa iinguqu zemvula ezazibhadula kwindawo yokugcina abantu malunga ne100 yabemi base-Okinawan, behleli phantsi bechasene nokwakhiwa kwe-heliport yasemkhosini eHenoko. Uninzi lwalukhona esangweni ukuze Inkampi yeSchwab (enye yeziseko ze-33 zase-US kwisithili) seyure njengoko besisondela ekuseni kakhulu. Ndiphakathi kwegqiza elincinci labathunywa be-Okinawa Women Act nxamnye noMkhosi oSokolayo (i-OWAAM), endikhe ndadibana naye de kwaba semva kwexesha le-1990s. Ngaphantsi kobunkokheli bukaSuzuyo Takazato, umsunguli we-OWAAM kunye nelungu elalililungu leNdibano yeSixeko saseNaha, ikomkhulu lolwakhiwo, aba bafazi babephakathi kwabona basebenza kakhulu ekuchaseni. Bahlala bejoyina abathunywa ukuya e-US ukwazisa abemi baseMelika kunye nokubhena kumalungu e-Congress, iiarhente zikarhulumente kunye nee-NGOs ukuba zincedise kwi-Okinawa.

Abathunywa bethu bajoyine indibano bemamele uthotho lweeresi, abanye babo bethathe inxaxheba mihla le koluqhanqalazo ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi yokuchasana noluntu kunye nokwandiswa komkhosi waseJapan waseJapan, ukubakho kwengcinezelo rhoqo iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ukusukela kumlo wamagazi I-Okinawa eyaphela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwiintetho ezimfutshane ezinemifanekiso emide, abanye bebhekisa kwisikhululo senkundla ende yase-US, uthotho lwezithethi lwenze eli tyala ngokuchasene nolwakhiwo olwaluya kunyusa imiphumo emibi kwiziseko zomkhosi ezigubungela malunga ne-20% yepesenti, esi siqithi esiphambili yobukumkani obuzimeleyo beRyukyus. Iziqithi ezibanjwe yiJapan kwi1879 ngoku ziligunya likarhulumente omkhulu waseJapan. Nangona u-Okinawa enerhuluneli ezimeleyo ezimeleyo, eyakhe indibano engaphambi kwayo, kwaye inomntu omnye kwiDaythi yesizwe, iyaqhubeka nokulawulwa njengekholoni.

Ngelixa bonke abathetha bevumelana ngemfuneko yokubuyiselwa kolawulo kumhlaba okwahlalwa kuwo iziseko zedolophu, bazisa umbono owahlukileyo kwaye bamele iindidi zabantu ababeqokelelene phantsi kwecala elineminyaka yonke yobudala, imisebenzi kwaye bevela kwiindawo ezininzi zesiqithi. . Babengabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkundla ende, engavumiyo ukumelana nobukho bomkhosi oqale wazibonakalisa njengohambo olukhulu kwi-1995 xa amashumi amawaka ethatha inxaxheba kwindibano yabemi kwisixeko saseGinowan. Le rali yayisisigwebo sokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo kweyona nto yahlaselwa ngabomkhosi baseMelika, udlwengulo lwentombazana eneminyaka eli-12 eneminyaka engama-3 ubudala. Ikwazise ingqalelo kuluhlu lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezinye izinto ezonakalisa ulwalamano noluntu ngokwendawo esihlala kuyo, ithatha umgangatho wobomi babo kunye nokujongela phantsi ukhuseleko lwabantu (ukubalwa kwenani leminyaka engamashumi amahlanu okuqala kolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwi- "Uluhlu lolwaphulo-mthetho oluphambili olwenziweyo kunye neziganeko malunga nomkhosi wase-US Okinawa, "1948-1995). U-Yoshitami Ohshiro, olilungu lexesha elide kwiNdibano yeSixeko saseNago, ephawula ezinye iimpembelelo ezimbi eziya kuthi zibekho kubukho bolutsha kungekudala ukuze kwakhiwe umdibaniso weenqwelo moya ezimbini, wathetha ngophononongo oluzimeleyo lwempembelelo zokusingqongileyo ezinokubakho ukucwangciswa komoya ocwangcisiweyo kuqhutywa yinzululwazi yezendalo kwiDyunivesithi yaseRyukyus, isifundo esiya kuthi singasetyenziswayo kungekuko nje ukuxhathisa kwendabuko, kodwa kwanakweloxolo laseMelika nelamazwe aphesheya kunye nabaphembeleli bezendalo abaxhasa umzabalazo wabo.

U-Fumiko Shimabukuro oneminyaka engama-62 uzinikele ekuxhathiseni amapolisa ngenkani ukuba amsuse phambi kwesango le-Camp Schwab ngentsasa yango-Okthobha e-29 eHenoko, kwisiXeko saseNago (Ifoto: Ryukyu Shimpo)

Njengomntu olilize elinje, ndiye ndacelwa ukuba ndithethe neqela, ndicacisa ngokuchaza kukaGqirha Kozue Akibayashi waseDoshisha Unversity eKyoto, ukuncoma kwam ngenkalipho nangokuzimisela. Ewe, abanye abatyeleli ababekhona babephakathi kwabo babeke ubomi babo emngciphekweni kunye nemilenze, kwiirabha ezincinci zerabha ezazithunyelwe epasejini ukubuyela umva izigaba zokuqala zophando lobuchule ezichonge iindawo ezithile zolwakhiwo olusekwe elwandle. Isibindi sabo yayikukuvavanywa kwakhona kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweeveki ezimbini ukusukela kusuku lolu tyelelo xa amapolisa endawo kunye nomkhosi waseJapan bayibeka ngamandla intambo yabo. Aba bantu babezama ukuthintela izixhobo zokwakha kunye nabasebenzi ababethunyelwe ngurhulumente welizwe ukuba baqalise ukwakhiwa uxele iRykyu Shimpo.

Omnye wabo babegxothwe apho yayingu-Fumiko Shimabukuro, ozinzileyo, owayekhona rhoqo kule ndawo yoqhanqalazo. Sincokole kunye noGqirha Akibayashi. Undixelele ukuba ukuthatha kwakhe inxaxheba kulo mzabalazo ukuthintela ukwakhiwa kwe-airbase, nayo yonke iminyaka yoqhankqalazo lobukho beziseko zempi zase-US ezivela kukuzinikela kwesiseko kwisizathu esikhulu sokupheliswa kwemfazwe. Ubalisa ngokoyikeka kweMfazwe yase-Okinawa eyanyamezelwa ngabemi kunye namava akhe okufumana umphefumlo njengomntwana osakhulayo, owayebambeke kwisimo sokuhlaselwa nokuhlaselwa kwe-US, iinkumbulo zigcinwe ziphilile ngokubakho rhoqo kosasazo oluqhubekayo. kwezomkhosi kulo lonke eliqithi ikhaya lakhe. Umzabalazo wakhe uya kuphela ngokurhoxiswa kweziseko okanye ngokuphela kobomi bakhe.

Uhlaselo lomkhosi kwindalo esingqongileyo

Ukusuka kwindawo ehleli kuyo esangweni leCamp Schwab saqhubeka saya kwenye indawo engasasebenziyo elunxwemeni apho iindlela zendlela ziya kufikelela eOura Bay. UHiroshi Ashitomi, uSihlalo weNkomfa Ephikisayo uQeqsho uKwakha kunye nenkokeli elawula inkampu yokwakha indawo yokwakhiwa kwamanzi, usixelele ngemiphumela esele isaziwa yokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokulwa nomkhosi waselunxwemeni; phakathi kwazo isoyikiso kubomi basendle basemanzini obufakazelwa kwikhadi lakhe leshishini ngomzobo omncinci wefudo lolwandle kunye ne-dugong (esi silwanyana sifana kakhulu ne-manatee, yemveli kwiCaribbean kunye neTampa Bay). Esona siphumo sitshabalalisayo silindelwe kukuqhekezwa kweengxondorha eziye zasebenza okoko ukusungulwa kwazo kwangumqobo, ukunciphisa amandla ezaqhwithi ezinkulu kunye netsunamis.

Umnumzana Ashitomi ubuye neengxelo zezi ziphumo kwenye yotyelelo kwi-Congress yase-US ngokuthunyelwa kwamalungu okumelana nabakholelwa ukuba ukuba ezona ziphumo zibekho zomkhosi wexesha elide ziyaziwa kubantu baseMelika kunye nabameli babo, imeko inokutshintsha. Yayiyiloo nkolelo inye eyakhuthaza eyokuqala yabathunywa ukuba ihlelwe ngabafazi base-Okinawa ngokuchasene nobundlobongela bemfazwe, kwi-Peace Caravan kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo zase-America e1996. I-Suzuyo Takazato kunye nolunye lolo bathunyelo lotyelelo kwiDyunivesithi yaseColumbia University- apho ndandifundisa ngemfundo yoxolo. Wasichazela ngobunyani bemeko ye-Okinawa ngokubhekisele ekutshatyalalisweni kwendalo kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ngokuchasene nabasetyhini obe senziwa ngabasebenzi basemkhosini wase-US ukusukela ngexesha loMlo wase-Okinawa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (ubalo maxesha lolu hlaselo ngokwesondo luyafumaneka ngesicelo). Olu hlobo oluthile ubundlobongela emkhosini nxamnye nabasetyhini Igqalwa ngokuthe gabalala ekujonganeni neenkalo zemfazwe kunye neengxabano ezivuselela ulwaphulo-mthetho lobundlobongela obenziwa kwabasetyhini (i-VAW). Imeko ye-Okinawa ithathela ingqalelo ukubaluleka kwe-VAW kwiindawo ezinobuchule kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide emkhosini kwenye yeenjongo ezintathu eziphambili ISigqibo se-UN Security Council 1325 kuBasetyhini boxolo kunye noKhuseleko, ukukhuselwa kwabasetyhini kubundlobongela obusekelwe kwisini obuyimfuneko emfazweni. Iinyani ezibhalwe kubalo maxesha lwe-OWAAM zibonisa ukuba olu khuselo luyafuneka kwiindawo zokulungiselela ukulwa kunye naphakathi kwembambano. Abasetyhini babona unxibelelwano olubonakalayo phakathi kobundlobongela obuchasene nokusingqongileyo kunye nobundlobongela obusekelwe kwisini obukhuthaza ubutshantliziyo be-OWAAM kunye nemizabalazo yoxolo yabasetyhini kwenye indawo nabo bezabalazela ukunciphisa nokushenxisa iziseko zomkhosi kwimimandla yabo, ukunqoba le kunye nezinye iindlela zokubandezeleka okuqhelekileyo bamba uluntu kwihlabathi liphela. 

Ukunyanzeliswa kokulwa kwe-Okinawa Contradicts amaMelika amaDemokhrasi

Le ngxelo ibhalwe ngenkxaso yokuncitshiswa kwesiseko kunye nokurhoxiswa kunye nangokuzimanya nabantu abanesibindi sase-Okinawa ekuchaseni kwabo ukungabinabo ubundlongondlongo ukuya emkhosini okunciphisa ukhuseleko lwabo kunye nokuphazamiseka kumgangatho wobomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ewe, sonke siyachaphazeleka kwinqanaba elithile ngothungelwano lwehlabathi ngeziseko zase-US, kwaye uninzi luziva lubizelwe ukuba luxhathise, lukhuthaza uluntu ukuba luqwalasele ezinye iindlela zokhuseleko ezinobundlobongela. Kubantu baseMelika indlela ebalulekileyo yokumelana nokulwa emkhosini ngazo zonke iindlela zayo nakuzo zonke iindawo zayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba bame bexhasa iminxeba yokwamkelwa kwamalungelo abantu base-Okinawan ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. ukugcinakala kwendalo yesiqithi sabo. Singahlala silwela nabo inkululeko kwinkululeko yobukoloniyali abayinikwe ngoorhulumente baseJapan naseMelika. Ukuze abafundi abanotyekelo banolwazi olupheleleyo ngale meko izingqinisiso kunye nekhonkco kwimithombo yolwazi engafumaneki kwimidiya yethu iphawulwe apha.

Iimeko ezikhoyo e-Okinawa njengesiphumo sobukho bemikhosi yexesha elide ingakumbi kwesi siqithi, azifani. Iimeko ezifanayo ziya kufumaneka kuluntu oluphantse lwalufumana i-1000 kuluntu kwihlabathi liphela eligcina iziseko zamasosha asemkhosini agcinwe yiUnited States (ulwazi kwi-Wikipedia Ayichanekanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ibonisa umbono olungileyo nobungakanani beziseko zempi zase-US kwihlabathi liphela). Ukuthethwa kolu nxibelelwano lwehlabathi lonke lobukho bexesha elide emkhosini waseMelika kubafundisi boxolo kunye nabaphembeleli boxolo nabo bakwiminyaka elishumi, ngokubanzi nangokukodwa.

Iimpembelelo kwimfundo yoxolo

Amava e-Okinawa abonelela ngemeko yeziqhamo yemfundo yokufunda ezinye zezinto ezithile ezenziwa luluntu lwasekuhlaleni njengommandla wokusebenzisa ubumi behlabathi. Izenzo ezifanayo zenziwa kwezinye iindawo zobukho bexesha elide emkhosini wase-US. Ukufundwa kwentshukumo yamazwe aphesheya yokulwa nesiseko kunokukhanyisa iziphumo ezonakalisayo zale nkqubo yezokhuseleko ikhoyo ngoku kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu olusingathiweyo, okujongela phantsi ukhuseleko lomntu lwabemi bendawo. Ukuqhubela phambili, kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwemfundo yoxolo, ezi zenzo zoluntu ziyimizekelo ecacileyo yokwala koluntu olusisiseko ukwamkela ukungabi namandla abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko bacinga xa besenza izigqibo ezingayikhathalelanga intando kunye nentlalontle. abemi abachaphazeleke kakhulu. Ukwazi ukungqubana ngenkalipho kwelona lizwe linamandla emhlabeni kunye namazwe amanyeneyo ngabemi abasebenzisa uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni, isidima somntu wonke kunye namalungelo ezopolitiko akhululekileyo anokunika abafundi ulwazi lokuba ukumelana nomkhosi kunokwenzeka. Nangona isenokungafezekisi kwangoko iinjongo zayo, ukuxhathisa okunjalo, nokuba kuhamba kancinci kangakanani, kunciphisa iimeko ezithile kunye neenkqubo, mhlawumbi kuvula indlela eya kwenye inkqubo yokhuseleko kwezomkhosi, ngokuqinisekileyo kuxhobisa abathathi-nxaxheba. Njengakwimeko yonyulo lwakutsha nje e-Okinawa oluye lwala iziseko, kunokuba nentsingiselo ethile ukuba kulinganiselwe, ngamanye amaxesha ziziphumo zethutyana zopolitiko. Kubonakalisile ukuba bambalwa phakathi kwabavoti base-Okinawan abaqhubeka nokukholelwa ukuba izibonelelo ezinqongopheleyo zoqoqosho zigqithile kuluntu olukhoyo kunye nolonyukayo, intlalontle kunye nokusingqongileyo kokusingathwa kweziseko. Kukwanjalo, ibonisa amabango abemi kwilungelo labo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko obachaphazela kakhulu. Xa ezo mbonakalo ziqhubeka ngokuhamba kwexesha nakwezinye iindawo, nokuba ujongane nokungaziphathi kakuhle koorhulumente, zibubungqina bokuzinza apho kukho ithemba lotshintsho oluqinisekileyo kwinkqubo yokhuseleko yangoku. Ukungaboni ngasonye okunjalo kwabonakala kumgaqo “woMthetho oMtsha woKhuseleko.” Eli nyathelo elijolise kwinjongo ye-PM Abe yokuvuselela ilizwe kwakhona, ekugqibeleni liphelise inqaku le-9 lomgaqo-siseko wase-Japani owalahla umlo, wazisa amawaka ezitratweni, ebonakalisa ngokuchasene nomthetho kwaye efuna ulondolozo lweNqaku 9. Umzabalazo wokugcina ukuthembeka Umgaqo-siseko waseJapan uyaqhubeka nokubandakanya inani elikhulu labemi baseJapan abathanda uxolo, uninzi lwabo oluthatha inxaxheba kwi Umkhankaso we-Global Article 9 Umkhankaso wokuPhelisa iMfazwe.

Ukuthatha isitokhwe sokuxhathisa kunye neziphumo zaso kunokusebenza njengendlela eya kuphando olubanzi nolunzulu lweziphakamiso kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka, ezinye iinkqubo zokhuseleko kunye nemizamo yabemi yokubazisa kuluntu kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo wezokhuseleko. Ukufundwa kwemeko ye-Okinawa, kunye neemeko kwezinye iindawo ezingabamba uvavanyo ngaphakathi kovavanyo lwenkqubo yemikhosi ekhoyo ngoku sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ezinye iindlela ezicetywayo. Ukubuza kwiimpikiswano nakwizenzo zentshukumo yokulwa nsekwe yamazwe jikelele kungabonelela ngesiseko sophando lwamanyathelo okwakha abemmi, ilizwe, ilizwe-lesizwe, ezoluntu nezoluntu inyathelo elingaphaya kwaye lenze ukunganyamezelani kwabantu, uluhlu lonke lwamacebo angenabugwenxa. Ukucekelwa phantsi kwemfazwe kunye noguquguquko oluphambili ukusuka kukhuseleko olusekwe kumkhosi wezokhuseleko ukuya kwezokhuseleko olusekwe ebantwini. Ezi zicwangciso-nkqubo, ezendeleyo kwaye eziququzelelwa yimfundo efanelekileyo yoxolo, zibamba amandla okutshintsha imixholo kunye neendlela zokucinga ngokhuseleko lukazwelonke. Ukujonga iindlela zokhuseleko ezizezinye, ukushenxisa ekugxilweni kukhuseleko lwelizwe ukuya kolunye kuphuculo lwentlalontle yabantu besizwe, kugxininiswa indlela ebanzi nekhuselekileyo yezokhuseleko kuya kwenza ukuba imfundo yoxolo ilungiselele abemi ukuba baqonde kunye nokwenza umsebenzi wezopolitiko wokuphosa izixhobo kunye nokwenza idemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukubuza kwezinye iinkqubo zokhuseleko sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokufunda ukwazisa umbono opheleleyo kunye neendlela ezibanzi zokhuseleko ezinje ngezo zinikezelwa ngumntu kunokuba zigqalwe ngurhulumente. Ukuhlangana kwamacandelo amathathu afanelekileyo ezemfundo: okusingqongileyo, amalungelo oluntu kunye nemfundo yoxolo-unxibelelwano olude lwesahlulo sokuphengululwa kwabasetyhini ngeengxaki zemfazwe kunye nobundlongondlongo abaxhobileyo- kubalulekile kwezi ntsuku zokufuna ukuqonda izizathu ezinokubakho kunye nokuphendula kwingxaki yemozulu. , ukwanda kobugrogrisi, amanyathelo okukhupha izixhobo kunye nokukhululwa, ukukhulula ukuqhutywa kwamalungelo oluntu kwi-vive yezokhuseleko lukazwelonke, kunye nokungxamiseka kokulingana ngokwesini kubo bonke kunye nayiphi na imicimbi yoxolo nokhuseleko. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iziphumo zobunini kubukho beziseko zomkhosi zenza ISigqibo se-UN Security Council 1325 icandelo elisisiseko lemfundo yoxolo elijolise ngqo ekufundeni ukuxhobisa abemi ukuba bangenise oorhulumente kurhulumente ukuze athathe amanyathelo abuqilima kulawulo lokhuseleko.

I-GCPE iceba ukupapasha iinkqubo zokufundisa zokwenza oko kufunda eyunivesithi nakwizikolo zasesekondari. Kuya kunikwa iingcebiso malunga neeyunithi zokufunda ukuze zilungelelaniswe neemeko zokufundisa zootitshala ngamnye. Abanye abafundisi boxolo banethemba lokuphakamisa ukubuza okunjalo kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi lweziphumo zeziseko zase-US kunye nokwazisa ngenkalipho, inkuthazo kunye nokuchasa ukuxhathisa kunye nezenzo zoluntu zabantu base-Okinawa kunye nolunye usapho olusingatha kwihlabathi liphela. Imicimbi ibalulekile kwimfundo yoxolo kuzo zonke izizwe, njengoko zonke zibandakanyeka kwaye / okanye zichaphazeleka yimikhosi yehlabathi jikelele. Ngokukodwa ulwazi olubalulekileyo kubo bonke abemi baseMelika abamagama abo kuthungelwano lwehlabathi lweziseko zemikhosi yaseMelika luye lwasekwa kwaye luyaqhubeka ukwandiswa njengoko kuxeliwe. "…. IPentagon iphakamise isicwangciso esitsha esiya kwiNdlu yeWhite House ukwakha iqela leziseko zomkhosi e-Afrika, eMzantsi-ntshona Asia kunye nakuMbindi Mpuma ”(The ENew York Times, ngo-Disemba 10-IPentagon ifuna iZiseko zaManye amazwe kwiNethiwekhi ye-ISIS-Foiling) njengesicwangciso sokulwa ukukhula kwabalandeli kwi-ISIS. Ngaba kuyenzeka ukuba uluntu loxolo luphakamise kwaye lubize uluntu ukuba luthathele ingqalelo ezinye iindlela zokwandisa umkhosi njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokuzibamba nokuze uqhubeke ukonyuka kwezi zinto kunye nazo zonke izoyikiso kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nolwehlabathi? Umbhali kunye nabalingane kwiPhulo leLizwe lonke lezeMfundo yoXolo banomdla wokubonelela ngeendlela zokufumana kunye nokusebenzisa olunye lolwazi oluchaphazelekayo kwizenzo zorhulumente eziphendula ukuphendula lo mngeni.

Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya ngeempembelelo zeeMikhosi zeMikhosi e-Okinawa bona:

• Ingxelo evela ku-Okinawa: Ubukho beMfazwe bexesha elide (Suzuyo Takazato)
• Abasetyhini e-Okinawa-Ukuqhubeka nokuZabalaza ngokuchasene nobundlobongela boMkhosi wase-US (Suzuyo Takazato)
• I-Okinawa: Iziphumo zobukho bexesha elide bemikhosi yaseMelika
• Abasetyhini kunye noMkhosi waseMelika eMpuma Asia (Chaza!)

Ngokuphathelele umbhali: UBetty A. Reardon yinkokeli eyaziwayo kwihlabathi kwezemfundo yezoluntu kunye namalungelo oluntu; umsebenzi wakhe wokuba nguvulandlela ubeke isiseko sokudibana okutsha kwezoluleko kwimfundo yoxolo kunye namalungelo oluntu kwilizwe lonke ukusuka kumbono wesini, nembono yehlabathi.