Kwinqaku le-1929 yonyaka wonyaka, ixesha iphephancwadi yavuma ukuba abaninzi abafundi babeya kukholelwa ukuba uNobhala kaRhulumente uFrank Kellogg unyanzelekileyo, njengoko mhlawumbi iindaba zeendaba eziphezulu ze-1928 zazisayinwa yii-57 iintlanga zePixenti yoxolo yaseKellogg-Briand eParis, umnqophiso owawenza yonke imfazwe engekho mthethweni, umnqophiso ohlala kwiincwadi namhlanje.
Kodwa, kuphawulwe ixesha, “Abahlalutyi banokubonisa ukuba uMnu. Kellogg akavelanga kwingcinga yemfazwe; ukuba umntu ocekisekayo ngokwentelekiso ogama linguSalmon Oliver Levinson, igqwetha laseChicago, ”ngoyena mntu wayeqhubela phambili.
Ewe kunjalo. NGOKU U-Levinson wayeligqwetha elikholelwa ekubeni iinkundla zisingatha ukungavisisani phakathi kwabantu kunokuba bekwenzile ngaphambi kokuvalwa. Wayefuna ukulwa nemfazwe njengendlela yokusingatha iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kude kube ngo-1928, ukumiliselwa kwemfazwe bekusoloko kusemthethweni ngokugqibeleleyo. U-Levinson wayefuna ukuthintela yonke imfazwe. Ubhale wathi: "Masithi, emva koko kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba kuphela 'ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela' olumele luchithwe kwaye 'ukuzikhusela'
I-Levinson kunye nokunyuka kwama-Outlawristi awayebuthele kuyo, kuquka no-Chicagoan owaziwayo uJane Addams, bakholelwa ukuba ukwenza imfazwe ubugebengu kuya kuqala ukuyihlambalaza kwaye kuququzelele ukunyanzeliswa. Baye baphishekela kunye nokudala imithetho yehlabathi kunye neendlela zokubambisana kunye nezinye iindlela zokusingatha iingxabano. Ukulwa kwemfazwe yayiza kuba yinyathelo lokuqala kwixesha elide lokuphela kwesi sikhundla.
Umbutho wabaphuli-mthetho wasungulwa ngenqaku likaLevinson elindulula ukuba lingene I-Republic entsha Ngo-Matshi 7, 1918, kwaye kwathatha ishumi leminyaka ukufezekisa isivumelwano seKellogg-Briand. Umsebenzi wokuphelisa imfazwe uyaqhubeka, kwaye isivumelwano sisisixhobo esinokunceda. Esi sivumelwano senza amazwe ukuba asombulule iingxabano zawo ngoxolo kuphela. Iwebhusayithi yeSebe likaRhulumente wase-US idwelise ukuba isasebenza, njengoko lisenza iSebe lezoKhuselo loMthetho Wezomkhosi opapashwe ngoJuni 2015.
U-Levinson kunye nabalingane bakhe bacenga ii-senator kunye namagosa aphambili e-United States nase-Europe, kubandakanya no-Nobhala Wezangaphandle wase-France u-Aristide Briand, USihlalo Wezobudlelane Namanye Amazwe e-US uWilliam Borah, kunye no-Nobhala Wezwe u-Kellogg. Abaphuli mthetho bamanyanise umbutho woxolo wase-US oqheleke ngakumbi kwaye wamkelekile kunayo nantoni na ebizwa ngelo gama kumashumi eminyaka ukusukela oko. Kodwa yayingumbutho owahlulwe kubumbano lweZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Ukudinwa kokulungelelanisa kunye nokusebenza ngokudala isivumelwano soxolo kwakukhulu. Ndifunele umbutho okhoyo ukususela nge-1920s kwaye ndiza kukufumanela umbutho orekhodayo ukuxhasa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. Oko kubandakanya i-American Legion, i-National League yaBafazi yabaVoti, kunye noMbutho weSizwe waBazali nabaTitshala.
Ngo-1928, imfuno yokulwa nemfazwe yayingenakunqandwa, kwaye uKellogg owayesandula ukuhleka usulu kwaye waqalekisa abadlali bezoxolo, waqala ukulandela ukhokelo lwakhe kwaye watshela umfazi ukuba abe seNobel Peace Prize.
NgoAgasti 27, 1928, eParis, iiflegi zaseJamani kunye neSoviet Union zazisandula ukubhabha kunye nezinye ezininzi, njengoko kwakudlalwa indawo echazwe kwingoma ethi "Ngobusuku Bokugqibela Ndibe nephupha Elimangalisayo." Amaphepha la madoda ebewatyikitya ngokwenene atsho ukuba ngekhe baphinde balwe. Abaphuli-mthetho bacenga iNdlu yeeNgwevu yase-US ukuba iqinisekise isivumelwano ngaphandle kokubeka umgaqo ngokusemthethweni.
Akukho nanye kwezi eyayingenaluhanahaniso. Imikhosi yase-US yayisilwa eNicaragua ngalo lonke ixesha, kwaye amazwe ase-Yuropu atyikitya egameni lamakholoni abo. I-Russia kunye ne China kwafuneka ukuba bathethwe ngaphandle kokuya emfazweni omnye nomnye kanye njengo Mongameli u-Coolidge etyikitya isivumelwano. Kodwa bathethile ngayo. Kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala oluphambili lwesivumelwano, iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, yalandelwa kukutshutshiswa okokuqala (nangona icala elinye) kutshutshiswa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Iintlanga ezizityebi ziye, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, azange ziye emfazweni kunye nomnye ukusukela, zisilwa kuphela kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo zehlabathi.
Umgaqo-nkqubo weZizwe eziManyeneyo, owalandela ngaphandle kokuthatha indawo ye-Kellogg-Briand Pact, ufuna ukwenza ngokusemthethweni iimfazwe ezikhuselayo okanye ezigunyazisiweyo ze-UN-ezisebenzisa kakubi iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo kule minyaka idlulileyo. Izifundo zombutho wabaphuli-mthetho zisenokuba nento yokufundisa bobabini abameli bemfazwe neocon kunye noxanduva lokukhusela amajoni oluntu. Kuyihlazo ukuba uncwadi lwabo lulityelwe kakhulu.
KwiSt. Paul, Minn., Ukuxabisa kuvuselela iqhawe likaFrank Kellogg, owanikezelwa uNobel, wangcwatywa kwiNational Cathedral, kwaye kuthiwa i-Kellogg Avenue.
Kodwa indoda eyayikhokela intshukumo eyaqala ukugxeka imfazwe njengento embi kwaye yenza imfazwe eyaziwayo njengokuba yinto ekhethiweyo kunokuba ivela eChicago, apho kungekho nkumbulo kwaye akukho nkumbulo ekhona.
UDavid Swanson ngumbhali we "Xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi yeHlabathi." Uyakube ethetha eChicago ngeAgasti 27. Ngolwazi, yabona http://faithpeace.org.
Izimpendulo ze-13
Andikhumbuli ndisiya kugubungela le ntshukumo kwimfundo yam ngokubanzi yezifundo. Kubonakala ngathi izikolo zikhawulezile ukudungadlula ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ekupheleni konyaka wesikolo, kushiya imbali efanelekileyo yesitalato. Ndikhumbula ndisenza ingxelo ngeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ndafumanisa ukuba yayenziwe e-San Francisco, kwaye kamva kuphela emva kokuba isiwe kwizakhiwo zabaxhamli eNew York apho abantu abafana no-Barney Baruk beza namagama amatsha anjenge 'Cold War'.
Akukho mntu ufundisa oku. Le ncwadi ilapha:
http://davidswanson.org/outlawry
Eli qhekeza alichazi uManyano lweZizwe, umanduleli we-UN kwaye wahlaselwa ngo-1930 xa imfazwe, imfazwe yehlabathi, yayinomsindo. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/League_of_Nations.aspx
Ngoko oku kuthetha ukuba uGW Bush ngumthetho wezobugebengu. Waya kwimfazwe ecaphukisayo kunye nesi sivumelwano kwiincwadi.
UGeorge Bush Omncinci uyisenzo senzophulo-mthetho okanye ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi.
URobert,
Uninzi lwembali alufundiswa ezikolweni. Unokwenza uphando lwakho usebenzisa imithombo efanelekileyo oyifumanayo ngokwakho ukuqonda ukunyakaza okuphambili kunye nophuhliso oluye lwabumba abantu kwixesha elidlulileyo, uphuhliso oluyimvelaphi esiphila kulo namhlanje.
Imbali, imbali yokwenyani, isoyikisa umdla othile kwiziko elinamandla. Imbali kwimfundo ngokubanzi iyanqunyanyiswa kukhunjulwa olungenantsingiselo lweziganeko, imihla kunye namanani onke ngaphandle komxholo wokuqonda ukuba kwakuthetha ntoni ukulwa kwabo kumaxesha abo. Ukuyiqonda loo meko, nangona kunjalo, yeyona nto ivula imbali njengesixhobo esinentsingiselo esinokufumana imbono kwimiba yethu yangoku, siqonda ukuba into esiyenzayo namhlanje iya kuba yimbali esiyishiya ngasemva ukuba abanye bayokuthatha apho besishiye khona. Siyinxalenye yokuqhubeka okuhamba ngaphambi kwexesha lethu nasemva kwexesha lethu. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuqondwa okunzulu kwembali kusisisongelo kwaye kutheni ukoyiswa koluntu kubaluleke kakhulu ukusigcina sixakekile, sigxile kwinto engenantsingiselo kwaye ingabalulekanga kwaye singakwazi ukuzenzela injongo ephezulu.
Umsebenzi omhle ekufundeni malunga nokusekwa kwe-UN. Wena ungomnye wezinto ezingekho kumgaqo, owathi ufike esikolweni kwaye ufumana imfundo.
Banoyolo abaxolisi, ngokuba baya kubizwa ngokuba bangoonyana bakaThixo. Ke kutheni ufuna ukuba noxolo ukuba sele ungumntwana kaThixo? Dumisani iNkosi kwaye nidlulise iimbumbulu!
Ubundlobongela ngamazwi ngamanye amaxesha buyimfuneko. UYesu Krestu, lo ndimcaphuleyo, wayengenangxaki yokubiza iintshaba zakhe ezinogonyamelo nezikhohlisayo ngokuthi 'ngabantwana bakaSathana. NjengoKristu, kufuneka sibahlaze abo bahlekisa ngokusombulula ungquzulwano olungenabundlobongela kwaye balele iindlela zabo emfazweni.
Isinyathelo sokuqala-Ubuncwane kufuneka buxoshwe.
Enkosi ngeli nqaku libaluleke kakhulu, uDavid & RootsAction. Ndiza kuqinisekisa ukuba ndiyakubhengeza oku kwindawo endihlala kuyo eza phakathi ku-Septemba, ngakumbi njengoko ilayibrari kawonke-wonke ibone kufanelekile ukusasaza ubundlobongela ngokubandakanya abantwana kunye nolutsha olufikisayo kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Million Thanks, apho iileta zibhalelwe amalungu omkhosi ebabulela "ngenkonzo" yabo. Kudala ndinika ingxelo kwithala leencwadi malunga nesigqibo esibi kakhulu, unokuqiniseka!
Imfazwe ukubulawa kwabantu ngokubanzi, ngoko ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu. Kumele ithathelwe endaweni yeNkundla Yehlabathi. Sidinga ibhodi yonke ukuba ibone loo mbandela. Hlola uxolo lwehlabathi kwiwebhusayithi yami parisApress.com
Isidingo sokuxoka ngokuphathelele uxolo kunye nokudibanisa kwaba ngumthetho malunga neembali ze-usa. Ingxelo yoxolo, ngokuqinisekileyo yaqala phambi kweengxelo zomntu oyedwa kwi-1880-81, kwaye ukufakwa kwakho kwendoda kwanyanzeliswa ngaphandle kokungahlanjululwa, kwaye kwaqhubeka nanamhlanje, okwi-Oligarchs kunye ne-plutocracy!
Yintoni enye into entsha e-Rome, ukuba ingabi yinkampani-i-Hegemony kunye ne-usury kunye nokusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kwe-NSDU-238 yokuqala ye-nyukliya-Weapon.
IRoma eNtsha ayisokuze ikhuphe "uxoloAwards" njengeNobels, kodwa zisekude kakhulu kwiimfazwe ezilwa nemitshato yedrone / yemfazwe-enkosi… enkosi David, siyayifuna inyaniso-Izibhengezo…
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukukhala okukhulu uTerry Pratchett waphatha le ngcamango ngobuchule obukhulu kwincwadi yamanqaku angcono kakhulu e-Discworld, uJINGO, ibali elincinci lokulwa nomkhosi.
Nasi isicatshulwa, emva koko uye kufunda iinoveli yonke:
[Iimpawu kwiNkosana uCadram] "Uboshwe," watsho.
INkosana yenza isandi esincinci phakathi kokukhohlela nokuhleka. “Ndiyintoni?”
"Ndikubopha ngenxa yoqhinga lokubulala umzalwana wakho. Kwaye kukho nezinye iindleko. ". . .
"Iimvumbo, uye wahamba, watsho uRust. "Awukwazi ukumbamba umlawuli wamkhosi!"
"Ewe, Mnu Vimes, ndicinga ukuba singakwazi," watsho uCarrot. "Nomkhosi, naye. Ndiyathetha, andiboni isizathu sokuba singakwazi. Singabahlawulisa ngokuziphatha okungabangela ukuphulwa koxolo, mnumzane. Ndiyathetha, yintoni imfazwe. "
Iingcamango ezintle, kodwa enye i-USA kunye ne-USSR yangaphambili abanomdla omkhulu kulongamo lwezinye iintlanga. Konke malunga neminqweno kazwelonke ekhokelela kwimicimbi yezoshishino kumazwe angaphandle ayakufumana kuwo nayiphi na intengo.