Kuthathwe phakathi kweLiwa kunye neNdawo eNzima

 Kubafundi bam eOkinawa, ngentlonipho enkulu.
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Imbali yamva nje yongcoliseko

Ngo-2020 i-Futenma Marine Corps Command yanyanzelwa ukuba irhoxise iFutenma Flightline Fair eyayisenziwa minyaka le eyayicwangciselwe uMgqibelo, nge-14 Matshi nangeCawa, nge-15 Matshi. Imiboniso ye-F / A-18's, F-35B's kunye neMV-22's, kunye neempukane, umboniso wemoto, kunye nebheyi entle.

Ukuziphatha kakubi, ngoko ke umyalelo wanika i-nod ukuba ibambe i-barbecue ngo-Ephreli 10th kufuphi ne-hangar enkulu ye-esprit de corps ye-Marines. Ubushushu obuvela kwizixhobo ze-barbeque buxhokonxe inkqubo yokucinezelwa kwe-hangar, ikhupha isixa esikhulu se-foam yokucima umlilo enetyhefu ene-Perfluoro octane sulfonic acid, (PFOS). Yonakalise i-barbecue. Inqwelomoya yenqwelomoya yeFutenma -Koji Kakazu Photography

Amakhulu eempazamo ezinje ngale ziye zabhalwa kwiziseko zomkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela ukusukela ngeye-1970's xa ii-carcinogens zazisetyenziswa okokuqala kumagwebu okucima umlilo. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkqubo zokucinezela amagwebu ngaphezulu zibangelwa ngengozi ngexesha lolondolozo. Ngamanye amaxesha, basebenza kumsi kunye nakubushushu. Yinto eqhelekileyo.

Xa iinkqubo zokucinezela zikhupha amagwebu abo, umkhosi ungathumela amagwebu kumjelo wamanzi amdaka, amanzi acocekileyo, okanye kwiitanki zokugcina phantsi komhlaba. Ukuthumela ii-carcinogens kumjelo wamanzi amdaka ophuphuma kubangela ukuba izixhobo zibaleke ziye ngqo emilanjeni. Ukuhambisa amagwebu kwinkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi amdaka yococeko kuthetha ukuba iityhefu zithunyelwa kumaziko okucoca amanzi amdaka apho athi ekugqibeleni akhutshelwe, anganyangwa, angene emilanjeni. Amagwebu afakwe kwiitanki zokugcina phantsi komhlaba anokuthunyelwa kuzo naziphi na iinkqubo zelindle okanye asuswe kwisiza ukuba alahlwe kwenye indawo okanye atshiswe. Ngenxa yokuba imichiza ayitshisi kwaye ayophuli, akukho ndlela yokuyilahla ngokufanelekileyo kwaye banokufumana iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngabantu. Abantu baseOkinawa bakhathazekile ngesi sizathu.

 I-ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE, eGuam-Igwebu elivela kwinkqubo yokucinezela umlilo kufafazwa ezindongeni nakwisilingi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina ulwakhiwo lwenqwelomoya ngexesha lovavanyo novavanyo ngo-2015. (Ifoto yomkhosi wase-US)

Ngexesha le-10 ka-Epreli ka-2020 yezehlo ze-barbecue, iilitha ezingama-227,100 zegwebu zakhutshwa, apho ngaphezulu kwe-143,800 yeelitha zavuza ngaphandle kwesiseko kwaye, mhlawumbi, iilitha ezingama-83,300 zathunyelwa kwiitanki zokugcina ezangaphantsi komhlaba.

Igwebu ligubungele umlambo wengingqi kunye nokwakheka kwamafu njengogwebu kudada ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezilikhulu ngaphezulu komhlaba, kuhlala kwiindawo zokudlala zokuhlala nakubamelwane. UDavid Steele, umphathi weFutenma Air Base, uhambise ngakumbi uluntu lwaseOkinawan xa esithi, "Ukuba kuyanetha, izakudamba." Kuyabonakala ukuba, wayebhekisa kwiigwebu ezinamagwebu, hayi ukutyeba kwamagwebu okugulisa abantu. Ingozi efanayo yenzeke kwisiseko esinye ngo-Disemba ka-2019 xa inkqubo yokucinezela umlilo ngengozi ikhuphe i-carcinogenic foam.

Nge-Epreli 17, 2020 -U-US Marine Corps Col. UDavid Steele, igosa elilawulayo laseMarine Corps kwisikhululo somoya iFutenma, udibana no-Okinawa Vice-Gov. Kiichiro Jahana apho amagwebu okulwa umlilo abanjwa kwitanki yokugcina engaphantsi komhlaba. (Ifoto yase-US Marine Corps)

Nge-Epreli, 2020, amanzi alephuze amagwebu aphuma kwimibhobho yamanzi emvula (ebomvu x) esuka eLwandle Isikhululo soMoya Futenma. Umgaqo weenqwelo-moya uboniswa ngasekunene. Umlambo i-Uchidomari (ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uthwala ityhefu ukuya eMakiminato kuLwandle lwase China lwase Mpuma.

Umphathi wamajoni ase-US eJapan, u-Lt. General Kevin Schneider, ukhuphe le ngxelo ilandelayo, ngo-Epreli 24, 2020, kwiiveki ezimbini emva kwesehlo, “Siyazisola ngokuchitheka kwaye sisebenza nzima Fumanisa ukuba kutheni isenzeka nje Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umcimbi onje awenzeki kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, ndonwabile kakhulu linqanaba lentsebenziswano esilibonileyo kwinqanaba lasekhaya nelikazwelonke xa sicoca le nto kwaye sisebenzela ukulawula umceli mngeni wehlabathi oboniswe zezi zinto, ”utshilo uSchneider.

Le yimpendulo ye-boilerplate esetyenziswe kwihlabathi liphela ukubeka abantu balapha, nokuba baseMaryland, eJamani okanye eJapan. Umkhosi wasazi kwangoko isizathu sokuba yenzekile. Bayakuqonda ukukhutshwa ngengozi kuya kuqhubeka ukwenzeka kwaye kubeke impilo yabantu engozini.

Abantu baseMelika bathembele koorhulumente ababamba iindwendwe. Ngokomzekelo, ingxelo yeOkinawa Defense Bureau, isebe laseJapan loMphathiswa Wezokhuselo, lathi amagwebu akhutshwa eFutenma “ayinampembelelo ebantwini.” Nangona kunjalo, iphephandaba iRyuko Shimpo lafumana isampulu yamanzi omlambo kufutshane nesiseko seFutenma kwaye lafumana iinxalenye ezingama-247.2 ngeetriliyoni (ppt) zePFOS / PFOA kuMlambo i-Uchidomari. Amanzi olwandle avela kwizibuko lokuloba iMakiminato aqulathe i-41.0 ng / l yetyhefu. Umlambo wawuneentlobo ezili-13 ze-PFAS eziqulethwe ngumkhosi wamanzi owenza ifilimu (AFFF). Ukubeka la manani kwimeko efanelekileyo, iSebe leMithombo yezeNdalo laseWisconsin lithetha amanqanaba omhlaba angaphezulu dlula i-2 ppt zibeka emngciphekweni impilo yabantu. I-PFOS kumagwebu asendle acocekileyo kubomi bamanzi. Eyona ndlela iphambili abantu abazisebenzisa ngayo ezi khemikhali kukutya iintlanzi.

Iintlanzi eOkinawa zinetyhefu ngePFAS. Ezi ndidi zine zidweliswe apha (zihamba ngokulandelelana ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi) zii-swordtail, i-pearl danio, i-guppy kunye ne-tilapia.

I-111 ng / g (kwiPearl Danio) x 227 g (ukukhonza okuqhelekileyo kwee-ounces eziyi-8) = 26,557 nanograms (ng). Igunya loKhuseleko loKutya laseYurophu lithi KULUNGILE ukuba umntu onobunzima beekhilogram ezingama-70 (154 iiponti) atye i-300 ng ngeveki. (4.4 ng nge kg yobunzima) Ukuhanjiswa kwentlanzi yaseOkinawan ngamaxesha angama-88 ngaphezulu komda weveki waseYurophu.

Irhuluneli yase-Okinawan uDenny Tamaki wacaphuka. Uthe, "Andinawo amazwi," xa wafumanisa ukuba ibharbeau ibingunobangela wokukhululwa. Kwasekuqaleni kwe-2021, urhulumente wase-Okinawan wabhengeza ukuba amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwindawo ejikeleze isiseko seMarine Corps iqulethe uxinzelelo lwe-2,000 ppt ye-PFAS.

E-Okinawa, uluntu kunye noonondaba baya becaphuka ngenxa yokuqaqadeka komkhosi wase-US. Ilizwi liyadluliselwa ukuba umkhosi wase-US utyhefa izigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela kwaye uzimisele ukuqhubeka nokwenza njalo. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-50,000 XNUMX e-US, abasebenza kwiifama ngaphakathi kwemayile yokufakwa komkhosi, kulindeleke ukuba bafumane isaziso kwi-Pentagon ukuba amanzi abo aphantsi komhlaba angangcoliseka yi-PFAS. Iimpawu ezinokubulala phantsi komhlaba ezivela kwiindawo zoqeqesho lomlilo kwisiseko zinokuthi zihambe iikhilomitha ezingama-20.

Ezi zinto zikhutshiweyo ziyityhefu kunye nokuthengisa ityhefu yezigidi zabantu baseMelika ziya kuba phezulu kwiifasco zonxibelelwano zikawonkewonke zePentagon ze-My Lai, i-Abu Ghraib, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu base-10 base-Afghanistan esisandula ukubabona. Malunga 56 ekhulwini abantu baseMelika ekwenziwe uphando nabo kulo nyaka bathi “banentembelo enkulu nokuzithemba” kwezomkhosi, behla ukusuka kwiipesenti ezingama-70 ngo-2018. umhlaba. Kukho isigqebelo esinzulu kuyo yonke le nto. Intshukumo yokulwa imfazwe kunye namaqela ezendalo e-United States ngokubanzi aye acotha ukuwamkela umba. Endaweni yoko, uqhushululu luya kuvela kumafama akuMbindi Merika.

Agasti 26, 2021

Isahluko esitsha sokuzikhukhumeza komlawuli waseMelika e-Okinawa senzeka ngo-Agasti 26, 2021. Nokuba i-US okanye amaJapan akayiphuhlisanga imigangatho ngokubhekisele kumanqanaba e-PFAS anokukhutshwa kwiinkqubo zococeko. Kubonakala ngathi zozibini ezi zizwe zilungisiwe emanzini okusela ngelixa isayensi icacile kwaye ingenakuphikiswa ukuba uninzi lwePFAS olutyiwa ngabantu kukutya esikutyayo, ngakumbi ukutya kwaselwandle okuvela emanzini angcolisekileyo.

Umkhosi wezomkhosi e-Futenma wadibana noRhulumente ophakathi waseJapan kunye namagosa ase-Okinawan ngoJulayi 19, 2021 ukuqokelela iisampulu zamanzi acociweyo kwisiseko ukwenza iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo. Intlanganiso yokulandela ibekelwe u-Agasti 26th ukuxoxa ngezicwangciso zokukhupha iziphumo zeemvavanyo ezintathu.

Endaweni yoko, nge-26 ka-Agasti ka-Agasti, amaMarines ahlanganyele ngokungathandekiyo kwaye ngolunya alahla iilitha ezingama-64,000 zamanzi anetyhefu kwinkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi amdaka kamasipala. Amanzi lawo avela kwiitanki zangaphantsi komhlaba ezazinala magwebu acimiweyo. IiMarines zineelitha ezingama-360,000 zamanzi angcolileyo aseleyo kwisiseko, ngokwe Asahi Shimbun phe phandaba.

Amagosa ase-Okinawan athi bafumene i-imeyile ngo-9: 05 ngo-Agasti 26 kuMarines besithi amanzi aqukethe ityhefu aya kukhutshwa nge-9: 30 kusasa. Umkhosi wase-US uvakalise inkxalabo yokuba amatanki agciniweyo angaphuphuma ngenxa yemvula enkulu eza neenkanyamba, ngelixa iSebe lezoKhuselo laseJapan lathi ukudluliselwa kwala manzi “yinto yethutyana yexeshana ngenxa yengxaki yenkanyamba.”

Amagosa esixeko saseGinowan asabela kwangoko. Emva kweeyure nje ezimbini kuqalile ukukhutshwa, iCandelo loGutyulo lwaManzi aManzi laseGinowan lithathe iisampulu zamanzi amdaka kumngxunya ongummandla waseIsa, apho amanzi amdaka eMCAS Futenma adibana nenkqubo yoluntu.

Isampulu ibonise oku kulandelayo:

I-PFOS 630 ppt
I-PFOA 40 ppt
I-PFHxS 69 ppt

Iyonke i-739 ppt  

I-US Marines ixele ukuba ifumene i-2.7 ppt ye-PFAS emanzini amdaka. Abantu base-Okinawa bathi bafumene i-739 ppt. Nangona ukuvavanywa kwesiqhelo kwe-PFAS kwimithombo yeendaba ezahlukeneyo kunokubona ii-analytics ezingama-36, kuphela ezi zintathu zingasentla zixeliwe ngabantu base-Okinawa. AmaMarines axele nje "i-2.7 ppt ye-PFOS." Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iitotali zizonke zazo zonke iingqwalaselo ze-PFAS zingaphindeka kabini i-739 ppt ukuba ezinye iintlobo ze-PFAS ziye zavavanywa.

Isithili sase-Okinawa (urhulumente) kunye noorhulumente bakamasipala waseGinowan kwangoko bafaka uqhanqalazo emkhosini wase-US. "Ndiziva ndicaphuke kakhulu ukuba umkhosi wase-United States ulahle amanzi ngokungafaniyo nangona beyazi ukuba iingxoxo ziqhubeka phakathi kweJapan ne-United States malunga nendlela yokuphatha amanzi angcolileyo," kusho iRhuluneli yase-Okinawa uDenny Tamaki kamva ngaloo mini. .

Kuyafundisa ukuthelekisa iimpendulo zeBhunga lesiXeko saseGinowan, i-Okinawan prefecture, ukufakwa kweMarine Corps ePacific, eOkinawa nakurhulumente waseJapan.

Nge-8 kaSeptemba, iBhunga lesiXeko saseGinowan lamkela isigqibo sisithi "Evutha ngumsindo" kunye nomkhosi wase-US wokulahlwa kwamanzi angcolileyo. Isixeko ngaphambili sasicele amaLwandle ukuba angalahli ityhefu kwinkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi amdaka. Isisombululo sasifuna umkhosi wase-US ukuba utshintshele kumagwebu okucima umlilo angenayo i-PFAS kwaye afuna ukuba umkhosi wase-US utshise izinto. Isisombululo sesi sixeko sathi ukukhutshwa kweekhemikhali “kubonisa ukungabakhathaleli ngokupheleleyo abantu besi sixeko.” USodolophu waseGinowan uMasanori Matsugawa uthe, "Kulusizi kakhulu kuba ukukhutshwa kwamanzi bekusilela ekuthatheni ingqalelo kubahlali bendawo abangakazicimi iingxaki zabo" kwisehlo sonyaka ophelileyo. Urhuluneli wase-Okinawa, u-Denny Tamaki uthi yena ufuna ukufikelela kwisiseko seFutenma ukwenza uvavanyo oluzimeleyo.

Umkhosi wase-US uphendule kwisisombululo sebhunga ledolophu ngosuku olulandelayo ngokujikeleza a Ukukhutshwa kweendaba ngezi zihloko zilandelayo:

Ukufakwa kweMarine Corps kwiPasifiki kuyasuswa
Yonke into eneFilimu yokuYila iFoam (AFFF) e-Okinawa

Isicatshulwa sephetshana elasasazwa emkhosini sithi iMarine Corps “igqibile ukususa bonke Ilifa Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) from kwiinkampu zeMarine Corps kunye nofakelo eOkinawa. ” AbaseMarines bacacisa ukuba amagwebu aqukethe iPFOS kunye nePFOA ayethunyelwe kwilizwekazi laseJapan ukuba atshiswe. Amagwebu atshintshiwe “kwafakwa igwebu elitsha elihlangabezana neemfuno zeSebe lezoKhuselo nelisabonelela ngezibonelelo ezifanayo zokugcina ubomi xa kuthe kwakho umlilo. Eli nyathelo liwunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wendalo obangelwe yi-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA e-Okinawa kwaye ngomnye umqondiso obonakalayo wokungafihlisi kwe-MCIPAC kunye nokuzibophelela kwabo kulawulo lobume bendalo. ”

I-DOD isuse amagwebu okucima umlilo aqukethe i-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA kwiziseko zayo zase-US kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo ngelixa besenza oko ngoku, phantsi koxinzelelo, e-Okinawa. Amagwebu amatsha e-PFAS anokubandakanya i-PFHxS efumaneka emanzini ka-Okinawa, nazo ziyityhefu. I-DOD iyala ukuveza ngokuchanekileyo ukuba zeziphi na iikhemikhali ze-PFAS ezikhoyo kumagwebu okucima umlilo, kuba "iikhemikhali lulwazi lobunini lomenzi."

I-PFHxS Iyaziwa ngokunyanzela ukufa kweeseli kwe-neuronal kwaye inxulunyaniswa nayo ukuqala ukuya exesheni kunye nengxaki yokusilela / yokuchaphazeleka kwengqondo kubantwana.

Abantu baseOkinawa bacaphukile; AmaMarines axoka, ngelixa urhulumente waseJapan engonwabanga. U-Yoshihide Suga, u-Nkulumbuso wase-Japan, uthe urhulumente wase-Japan, lwenziwe uphando olunzulu ngesi sehlo. Uthe urhulumente wase-Japan ubongoza imikhosi yase-US ukuba ithathe indawo yamagwebu okucima umlilo aqulathe i-PFOS. Akukho Okuninzi.

Ukuphindaphinda, amaMelika axele i-2.7 ppt ye-PFAS kumanzi amdaka amdaka ngelixa ama-Okinawa afumana amaxesha angama-274 elo xabiso kumanzi amdaka. Ama-Okinawa abanjwe phakathi kwelitye nendawo enzima.

Iinkwenkwezi kunye neMigca ingxelo Nge-20 kaSeptemba urhulumente waseJapan uvumile ukuthatha "lahla" amanzi amdaka kaFutenma. Urhulumente uvumile ukuhlawula i-825,000 yeedola ukutshisa izixhobo. Umkhosi wase-US ubalekela ubulungisa.

Urhuluneli uTamaki ubize uphuhliso njengenyathelo eliya phambili.

Ukutshisa akusilo inyathelo eliya phambili! Urhulumente waseJapan kunye namagosa ase-Okinawan ngokucacileyo abayiqondi ingozi ekhoyo ngokutshisa iPFAS. Akukho bungqina benzululwazi bokuba ukutshisa kutshabalalisa iikhemikhali eziyingozi kwigwebu lokucima umlilo. Uninzi lwezitshisi olungenakho ukufikelela kumaqondo obushushu ayimfuneko ukutshabalalisa i-fluorine-carbon bond uphawu lwe-PFAS. Oku, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, amagwebu okucima umlilo.

I-EPA ithi  ayiqinisekanga ukuba iPFAS iyatshatyalaliswa ngokutshiswa. Amaqondo obushushu afunekayo ukutshabalalisa iikhompawundi adlula amaqondo obushushu afikelelwe phantse zizo zonke izinto zokutshisa.

Nge-22 kaSeptemba i-US House of Representatives yapasisa isilungiso kuMthetho woNyaka wama-2022 weSigunyaziso soKhuselo kuZwelonke oseke ukunqunyanyiswa komlilo we-PFAS. Umlinganiso uza kuvotelwa yiNdlu yeeNgwevu njengoko ithathela ingqalelo imali eninzi.

Irhuluneli uTamaki, uyenzile kakuhle le nto! Nceda ulungise irekhodi. Izitshisi ziya kutshiza ngokufa cwaka kumakhaya nakwiifama zaseJapan.

Abaqhankqalazi eOkinawa badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ingxelo. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe, amaphephandaba aqhelekileyo axela ngokungxamisekileyo umyalezo wabo. Abakhutshelwa ngaphandle njengabakhweli esitratweni. Endaweni yokuba bathathwe njengombane osemthethweni oqhuba izifundo kubemi.

 Kwileta yoqhankqalazo eya kuMphathiswa Wezomkhosi waseJapan kunye neOkinawan Defense Bureau, abameli be-Co-Yoshiyasu Iha, Kunitoshi Sakurai, Hideko Tamanaha, kunye noNaomi Machida weKomiti yoNxibelelwano ukukhusela ubomi babemi kwi-Organic Fluorocarbon Contamination yenza iimfuno ezintathu:

1. Uxolo oluvela emkhosini wase-US ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwayo lokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi ukukhutshwa ngabom kwamanzi angcoliswe yiPFAS kwimijelo yogutyulo yoluntu.

2. Khawulezisa uphando olwenziwa esizeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngomthombo wongcoliseko.

3. Lonke unyango kunye neendleko zokuphelisa ukungcoliseka kwamanzi kwi-PFAS kwisiseko seFutenma kufuneka zithwalwe ngumkhosi wase-US.

 Nxibelelana: UToshio Takahashi chilongi@nirai.ne.jp

Into esiyibonayo e-Okinawa yenzeka kwihlabathi liphela, nangona uninzi lungayazi le nto icinezelayo yezempilo yoluntu ngenxa yokuvalwa ngokubanzi kweendaba. Oku kuqala ukutshintsha.