NguRobert Fantina
Iingxelo #NoWar2016
Sivile ngaphambili namhlanje malunga nobuhlanga kunye nendlela odlala ngayo ekuthinjweni nasekuxhatshazweni kwamazwe ase-Afrika, ngokugxila kwimeko ebuhlungu eDemocratic Republic of Congo. Abantu bakuMntla Merika abadli ngokuva kakhulu ngoku; oko kungabikho kwengxelo, kunye nokungabi namdla kwakhe, kukodwa kubonisa iqondo eliphezulu lobuhlanga. Kutheni le nto amagunya akhoyo, amajelo eendaba aphethwe yinkampani enye norhulumente wase-US, engakhathali ngocalucalulo olucacileyo olwenzeka e-Afrika, kunye nokubandezeleka nokufa kwamadoda, abafazi nabantwana abangenakubalwa? Ewe, ngokucacileyo, ezingqondweni zabo balawula ukuhamba kwenkcazelo, abo bantu abakhathali. Ngapha koko, i-1% iyazuza kubusela nokuxhaphazwa kwaba bantu, ngoko ke ngokokubona kwabo akukho nto yimbi. Kwaye olu lwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu luye lwenziwa kangangamashumi eminyaka.
Sikwavile malunga ne-Islamophobia, okanye ucalucalulo oluchasene namaSilamsi. Ngelixa ukuxhaphazwa okumasikizi kwabantu kulo lonke elaseAfrika kungaphezulu okanye kuncinci ukungahoywa, i-Islamophobia iyamkelwa ngokwenene; Umgqatswa kamongameli waseRiphabhlikhi uDonald Trump ufuna ukugcina onke amaSilamsi aphuma e-US, kwaye bobabini kunye nomgqatswa weDemokhrasi uHillary Clinton bafuna ukunyusa ukuqhushumba kweendawo ezininzi ezingamaSilamsi.
NgoMeyi wonyaka ophelileyo, abaqhankqalazi abachasene nobuSilamsi babambe uqhanqalazo eArizona. Njengoko ukhumbula, ababonisi abaxhobileyo bajikeleze i-mosque ngexesha leenkonzo. Uqhanqalazo lwalunoxolo, omnye wabaqhankqalazi wamenywa kwi-mosque, kwaye emva kotyelelo lwakhe olufutshane, wathi wenze impazamo malunga namaSilamsi. Ulwazi oluncinane luhamba indlela ende.
Kodwa khawufane ucinge, ukuba uyathanda, indlela eyasabela ngayo ukuba iqela lamaSilamsi aseluxolweni lathabatha izixhobo laza larhangqa icawa yamaKatolika ngexesha leMisa, kwindlu yesikhungu ebudeni beenkonzo okanye nawuphi na omnye umKristu wendlu yonqulo yamaYuda. Ndiyakwazi ukucinga ukubalwa komzimba, kunye nawo onke amaxhoba angamaSilamsi.
Ngoko, ukubulawa kwabantu baseAfrika ngabameli beenkampani, kunye namaSilamsi ngokuthe ngqo ngurhulumente wase-US: ngaba le nto intsha? Ngaba le migaqo-nkqubo yokubulala yinto esandul 'ukuphupha nguMongameli uBarack Obama? Kunzima, kodwa andizukuthatha ixesha lokuchaza ngezenzo ezoyikekayo zase-US ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, kodwa ndiza kuxoxa ezimbalwa.
Xa abantu baseYurophu bokuqala bafikayo kuMntla Merika, bafumana umhlaba otyebileyo ngobutyebi bendalo. Ngelishwa, yayimiwe zizigidi zabantu. Ukanti emehlweni aba baphambukeli bamandulo, abantu bomthonyama babeziindlavini kuphela. Emva kokuba amakoloniyali ebhengeze inkululeko, urhulumente weFederal wakhupha umyalelo wokuba uya kulawula yonke imicimbi 'yamaIndiya'. Abemi bomthonyama, ababephila kudala belawula imicimbi yabo, ngoku babeza kulawulwa ngabantu abafuna umhlaba ababethembele kuwo ukuze baphile.
Uluhlu lwezivumelwano ezenziwa ngurhulumente wase-US kunye nabemi bomthonyama kwaye emva koko bayaphula, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphakathi komcimbi weentsuku, luya kuthatha imiqulu kwiinkcukacha. Kodwa kuncinci okutshintshileyo kwisithuba seminyaka engama-200. Abantu bomthonyama baseMelika namhlanje basaxhatshazwa, basabambekile kwiindawo ezibekelwe bucala, kwaye basabandezeleka phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Ayimangalisi into yokuba intshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter iwamkele unobangela wabantu bomthonyama, ngoku ibonwa kwinkxaso yayo yeNoDAPL (akukho Dakota Access Pipeline) initiative. Amatshantliziyo asePalestine kweli lizwe, elikwanengxaki phantsi kwesandla esinzima socalucalulo lwase-US, kunye nentshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter, inika inkxaso efanayo. Mhlawumbi kunanini na ngaphambili, amaqela ahlukeneyo afumana ukuxhaphazwa kwe-US alungelelaniswa ukuze afezekise iinjongo ezifanayo zobulungisa.
Phambi kokuba ndibuyele kwi-litany efinyeziweyo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US olunxamnye noluntu, ndifuna ukukhankanya into ebizwa ngokuba 'sisifo esilahlekileyo sabasetyhini abamhlophe'. Cinga okomzuzwana, ukuba uyathanda, malunga nabasetyhini abalahlekileyo ove ingxelo ngabo ezindabeni. UElizabeth Smart kunye noLacey Peterson babini abathi beza engqondweni yam. Kukho abanye abambalwa abanobuso endibubonayo engqondweni yam kwiingxelo ezahlukeneyo zeendaba, kwaye zonke zimhlophe. Xa abafazi bemibala benyamalala, kukho ingxelo encinci. Kwakhona, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ubuhlanga kwabo balawula amajelo eendaba aphethwe ngamashishini. Ukuba ubomi bama-Afrika e-Afrika abunantsingiselo okanye ukubaluleka kubo, kutheni kufuneka ubomi babasetyhini bomnombo wase-Afrika bube nayo nayiphi na e-US? Kwaye ukuba amaMerika Omthonyama anokusebenziseka ngokupheleleyo, kutheni abafazi bomthonyama abalahlekileyo kufuneka batsale ingqalelo?
Kwaye ngeli xesha sixoxa ngobomi, emehlweni karhulumente wase-US, abonakala engenantsingiselo, masithethe ngamadoda amnyama angaxhobanga. E-US, kubonakala ngathi basebenza njengendawo ekujoliswe kuyo kumapolisa amhlophe, ababulala ngaphandle kwesizathu esinye ngaphandle kohlanga lwabo, kwaye bakwenza oko ngokungohlwaywa ngokupheleleyo. Ndiyabona ukuba igosa laseTulsa eladubula labulala uTerrance Crutcher libekwe ityala lokubulala umntu. Kutheni isimangalo singelokubulala isidanga sokuqala, andazi, kodwa noko ubekwa ityala. Kodwa kuthekani ngababulali bakaMichael Brown, uEric Garner, uCarl Nivins kunye nentaphane yamaxhoba amsulwa? Kutheni bevunyelwa ukuba bahambe bekhululekile?
Kodwa masibuyele kubuhlanga emfazweni.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1800s, emva kokuba i-US ithathe iiPhilippines, uWilliam Howard Taft, owathi kamva waba ngumongameli wase-US, wamiselwa njengerhuluneli yoluntu jikelele kwiiPhilippines. Wabhekisa kubantu bakwiiPhilippines 'njengabazalwana bakhe abamdaka'. UMajor General Adna R. Chaffee, naye owayekwiiPhilippines nomkhosi waseUnited States, wabachaza ngolu hlobo abantu bakwiiPhilippines: “Sisebenzisana nodidi lwabantu abanenkohliso, abaluchase ngokupheleleyo uhlanga olumhlophe nababugqala ubomi njengobubo. ixabiso elincinci kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngubani ongayi kuzithoba kulawulo lwethu ade oyiswe ngokupheleleyo aze abe kwimeko enjalo. "
I-US isoloko ithetha ngokuwina iintliziyo kunye neengqondo zabantu isizwe sabo esihlaselayo. Nangona kunjalo abantu bakwiiPhilippines, njengabemi baseVietnam abangama-70 kwiminyaka kamva, kunye namaIraqi 30 iminyaka emva koko, kwakufuneka 'bangenise kulawulo lwase-US'. Kunzima ukuphumelela iintliziyo neengqondo zabantu obabulalayo.
Kodwa, 'abazalwana abamdaka' bakaMnumzana Taft kwafuneka ukuba babethelelwe ukuba bazithobe.
Ngo-1901, malunga neminyaka emithathu kwimfazwe, ukubulawa kwabantu eBalangiga kwenzeka ngexesha lephulo laseSamar. Kwidolophu yaseBalangiga, kwisiqithi saseSamar, abantu bakwiiPhilippines bamangala abantu baseMerika ekuhlaselweni okwabulala amajoni angama-40 ase-US. Ngoku, i-US ihlonipha amajoni ase-US ekutyholwa ukuba akhusela 'ilizwe lasekhaya', kodwa ayiwakhathaleli amaxhoba ayo. Ngembuyekezo, uBrigadier General Jacob H. Smith wayalela ukuba kubulawe wonke umntu kule dolophu oneminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ubudala. Wathi: “Bulalani nitshise, bulalani nitshise; okukhona ubulala, kokukhona utshisa, kokukhona uya kundikholisa.”[1] Baphakathi kwama-2,000 3,000 nama-XNUMX XNUMX bakwiiPhilippines, isinye kwisithathu sabemi baseSamar bebonke, bafa kule ndyikitya yokufa.
Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, amashumi amawaka abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika bathatha inxaxheba, kwaye babonisa ubugorha nobugorha. Kwakukho inkolelo yokuba, ukuma ecaleni-by-icala kunye namazwe abo abamhlophe, bekhonza ilizwe ababehlala kulo bobabini, ukulingana okutsha kobuhlanga kuya kuzalwa.
Noko ke, oku akuzange kube njalo. Ngalo lonke ixesha lemfazwe, urhulumente wase-US kunye nomkhosi woyika ukubonakaliswa kwamajoni ase-Afrika aseMelika athatha inxaxheba ngokukhululekileyo kwinkcubeko yesiFrentshi. Balumkisa amaFrentshi ukuba angadibanisi nama-Afrika aseMelika kwaye asasaze inkohliso yobuhlanga. Oku kuquka ukumangalela ngobuxoki amajoni ase-Afrika-Amerika ngokudlwengula abafazi abamhlophe.
AmaFrentshi, nangona kunjalo, awazange abonakale echukumisekile yimizamo yepropaganda yase-US ngokuchasene nabantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo ne-US, engazange ibonelele ngesinyithi kulo naliphi na ijoni lase-Afrika-Amerika elasebenza kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I de kwaba yiminyaka emva kwemfazwe, kwaye emva koko emva kokufa, amaFrentshi anikezela ngekhulu lezona zintsimbi zibalulekileyo kunye nezihloniphekileyo, kumajoni ase-Afrika-Amerika ngenxa imigudu yabo yobuqhawe obukhethekileyo.[2]
KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ayinakuphikiswa into yokuba umkhosi waseJamani wenze inkohlakalo engathethekiyo. Ukanti, e-US, yayingengorhulumente kuphela owayegxekwa. Intiyo kuwo onke amaJamani yayikhuthazwa kwiinoveli, iimuvi kunye namaphephandaba.
Abemi base-US abathandi ukucinga kakhulu ngeenkampu zoxinaniso zamaJapan-aseMelika. Nje ukuba iPearl Harbour iqhutyelwe ngebhombu kwaye i-US ingene emfazweni, bonke abahlali baseJapan e-US, kubandakanya nabemi bomthonyama bomthonyama, baberhanelwa. “Kamsinya nje emva kohlaselo, umthetho wezomkhosi wabhengezwa kwaye amalungu aphambili oluntu lwaseJapan aseMelika abanjwa.
Impatho yabo yayingeyobuntu.
“Xa urhulumente wagqiba ekubeni abafuduse abantu baseJapan baseMelika, abazange bagxothwe nje kumakhaya abo nakwiindawo abahlala kuzo kuNxweme oluseNtshona kwaye baqokelelwa njengeenkomo, kodwa banyanzelwa ukuba bahlale kwiindawo ezenzelwe izilwanyana iiveki kunye neenyanga ngaphambi kokuba bafuduselwe kwindawo yabo. kwikota yokugqibela.' Bevalelwe kwiisheyidi, kwimizila yemidyarho, kwiindawo zokuthengisela iinkomo kumabala emidlalo, bade bahlaliswa kangangexesha elithile kwiihagu eziguquliweyo. Xa ekugqibeleni bafika kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, basenokufumanisa ukuba amagosa ezonyango karhulumente azama ukubathintela ekufumaneni unyango okanye, njengaseArkansas, abavumayo ukuba oogqirha bakhuphe izatifikethi zokuzalwa zikarhulumente kubantwana ababezalelwe ezinkampini, ngokungathi bayabakhanyela. iintsana'' ubukho basemthethweni,' singasathethi ke ngobuntu bazo. Kamva, lathi lakufika ixesha lokuba bakhululwe ezinkampini, isimo sengqondo sobuhlanga ngokufuthi sasikuthintela ukuhla kwabo ngokutsha.”[3]
Isigqibo sokungena phakathi kwamaJapan-aseMelika sinezizathu ezininzi, zonke zisekelwe kubuhlanga. IGqwetha Jikelele laseCalifornia u-Earl Warren, mhlawumbi, wayebalasele phakathi kwabo. Ngomhla wama-21 kuFebruwari 1942, wathi thaca ubungqina kwiKomiti eKhethekileyo ePhanda ukuFudukela koKhuseleko lweSizwe, ebonisa ubutshaba obukhulu kubantu baseJapan abazalelwe kwamanye amazwe nabazalelwe eMelika. Ndiza kucaphula inxalenye yobungqina bakhe:
“Sikholelwa ukuba xa sijongana nogqatso lwaseCaucasus sineendlela eziza kuvavanya ukunyaniseka kwabo, kwaye sikholelwa ukuba singakwazi, ekusebenzisaneni namaJamani namaTaliyane, sifikelele kwizigqibo ezivakalayo ngenxa yolwazi lwethu. indlela abahlala ngayo ekuhlaleni nabaphile iminyaka emininzi. Kodwa xa sisebenzisana namaJapan sikwintsimi eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kwaye asinako ukwenza naluphi na uluvo esikholelwa ukuba lufanelekile. Indlela abaphila ngayo, ulwimi lwabo, ibangela obu bunzima. Ndandikunye malunga neentsuku ezili-10 ezidlulileyo malunga namagqwetha esithili angama-40 kunye noonothimba abangama-40 kuRhulumente ukuba baxoxe ngale ngxaki yasemzini, ndababuza bonke ... ukuba ngamava abo nawaphi na amaJapani... eli lizwe. Impendulo ngamxhelo-mnye kukuba akukho nkcazelo injalo bakha bayinikwa.
“Ngoku, loo nto iphantse yangakholeleki. Uyabona, xa sisebenzisana nabaphambukeli baseJamani, xa sisebenzisana nabaphambukeli base-Italiya, sinabanolwazi abaninzi abaxhalabileyo ukunceda ... abasemagunyeni ukusombulula le ngxaki yasemzini. "[4]
Nceda ukhumbule ukuba le ndoda kamva yaba yiJaji Eyintloko yeNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States kangangeminyaka eli-16.
Masiqhubele phambili ngoku siye eVietnam.
Esi simo sengqondo sase-US sokungaphantsi kwabantu baseVietnam, kwaye ke, ukukwazi ukubaphatha njengabantu abangaphantsi komntu, yayihlala ihleli eVietnam, kodwa mhlawumbi yabonakaliswa ngokucacileyo ngexesha le-My Lai Massacre. Ngomhla we-16 kaMatshi, ngo-1968, phakathi kwama-347 nama-504 abantu abangaxhomanga babulawa eMzantsi Vietnam phantsi kolawulo lukaLieutenant weSibini uWilliam Calley. Amaxhoba, ingakumbi abasetyhini, abantwana – kuquka neentsana – kunye nabantu abadala, babulawa ngokumasikizi kwaza imizimba yabo yacwiywa. Uninzi lwaba basetyhini badlwengulwa. Kwincwadi yakhe, Imbali esondeleyo yokubulala: uBuso ngobuso kwiMfazwe yeNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini., uJoanna Bourke wathetha oku: “Ucalucalulo lwalusembindini webutho lomkhosi…kwaye, ngokwemeko yaseVietnam uCalley wayegwetyelwe ukubulala ecetyiweyo 'abantu baseMpuma' kunokuthi 'abantu,' kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo, amadoda abulala abantu baseMpuma. izenzo zenkohlakalo zazinembono ecalucalulo kakhulu ngamaxhoba abo. UCalley wakhumbula ukuba ekufikeni kwakhe eVietnam eyona ngcinga yakhe yayikukuba, 'NdingumMerika omkhulu ngaphaya kolwandle. Ndiza kuyinika aba bantu balapha.’”[5] “KwanoMichael Bernhard (ongazange avume ukuba nenxaxheba kwindyikitya yokufa) wathi ngamaqabane akhe eMy Lai: ‘Uninzi lwabo bantu babengenakucinga ngokubulala indoda. Ndithetha umlungu-umntu.'”[6] Usajini uScott Camil wathi: “Kwakungekuko ukuba babengabantu. Babeyi-gook okanye i-Commie kwaye kwakulungile. "[7]
Omnye umphathi wamajoni wayibeka ngolu hlobo le nto: ‘Kwakulula ukubabulala abo bafelweyo. Babengengobantu, babengaphantsi kunezilwanyana.”[8]
Ke lo ngumkhosi wase-US osebenzayo, uhamba kwihlabathi liphela, usasaza uhlobo lwayo olungaqhelekanga lwedemokhrasi kumazwe angakhange acinge ukuba, ngaphambi kokungenelela kwe-US, babezilawula kakuhle. Ixhasa ulawulo lobuhlanga lwakwaSirayeli, ngokucacileyo ibona ukubandezeleka kwabantu basePalestine ngendlela efanayo njengoko ibona ukubandezeleka kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika okanye amaMerika Omthonyama e-US: engafaneleki nje ukuqwalaselwa. Ikhuthaza amagama afana nelithi 'ijokhi yenkamela' okanye 'i-raghead', ukuthoba isidima sabalweli benkululeko kwiintlango zoMbindi Mpuma. Kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha izibhengeza njengesibane senkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi, intsomi engakholelwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwemida yayo.
Yiyo le nto silapha kule mpelaveki; ukudlulisa ingcamango engqongqo yokuba sinokuphila a world beyond war, kwaye ngaphandle kobuhlanga obungachazekiyo obuhlala buyinxalenye yalo.
Enkosi.
[1] UPhilip Shabecoff Recto, Umfundi wasePhilippines: Imbali yobuKoloniyali, iNeocolonialism, ubuzwilakhe, kunye nokuchasa, (South End Press, 1999), 32.
[2] http://www.bookrags.com/research/african-americans-world-war-i-aaw-03/.
[3] UKenneth Paul O'Brien kunye noLynn Hudson Parsons, Imfazwe yasekhaya: iMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye noMbutho waseMelika, (Praeger, 1995), 21.Con
[4] ST Joshi, Amaxwebhu ocalucalulo lwaseMelika: I-Anthology yeZibhalo kuMdyarho ukusuka kuThomas Jefferson ukuya kuDavid Duke., (Iincwadi Ezisisiseko, ngowe-1999), 449-450.
[5] Joanna Bourke, Imbali esondeleleneyo yokubulala: uBuso ngobuso kwiMfazwe yeNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini, (Iincwadi eziSisiseko, zowama-2000), Iphepha le-193.
[6] USejenti Scott Camil, UPhando lweJoni laseBusika. Uphando kwi-American War Crimes, (Beacon Press, 1972) 14.
[7] Ibid.
[8] UJoel Osler Brende kunye no-Erwin Randolph Parson, Vietnam Amagqala: Indlela eya ekuBuyiseni, (Plenum Pub Corp, 1985), 95.
