NguDavid Swanson
Amagqabantshintshi kwiNgqungquthela yeDemokhrasi eMinneapolis nge-5 ka-Aug., 2017
Ngale ntsasa sinikezele ngeeflaya eKellogg Boulevard eSt. Siye sadibana nabambalwa kakhulu ababesazi isizathu sokuba kuthiwe loo nto. UFrank Kellogg wayeligorha ngengqiqo yokuba umpempe ligorha. WayenguNobhala weLizwe owayengenanto ngaphandle kokudelela ukulwela uxolo, kwaze kwaba yilapho uxolo lube namandla kakhulu, luqhelekileyo, lungenakunqandwa. Emva koko uKellogg watshintsha imbono yakhe, wanceda ukudala i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, kwaye njengoko uScott Shapiro amanqaku kwincwadi yakhe emangalisayo ezayo, waqulunqa iphulo elibi kunye nokunganyaniseki ukuze azitholele iBhaso loXolo lweNobel, kunokuba avumele ukuba ibhaso liye kuSalmon Levinson, itshantliziyo elalithe laqalisa laze lakhokela intshukumo yokuphelisa imfazwe.
ISivumelwano sisesezincwadini, sisengowona mthetho uphakamileyo welizwe. Ivala ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokucacileyo yonke imfazwe ngaphandle kokuba ukhetha ukuyitolika, njengoko ngokwenene abanye beSenators abayivumayo, njengoko bevumela ngaphandle kokuchaza "imfazwe yokuzikhusela," okanye ngaphandle kokuba ubanga ukuba yachithwa ngokudalwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo. I-Charter esemthethweni ngokusemthethweni "imfazwe yokuzikhusela" kunye nemfazwe egunyaziswe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo (echasene noko abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba i-UN Charter yenza), okanye ngaphandle kokuba ubango (kwaye oku kuqhelekileyo kunokuba unokucinga) kuba imfazwe ikhona umthetho. ukwalela imfazwe akuvumelekanga (zama ukuxelela ipolisa ukuba ngenxa yokuba ububalekisa ngesantya esiphezulu umthetho ochasa isantya esiphezulu uyawutshitshiswa).
Enyanisweni kukho iimfazwe ezininzi eziqhubekayo, ezingagunyaziswanga yi-UN, kwaye-ngenkcazo-kunye neqela elinye elingalwi "ngokuzikhusela." Iibhombu zase-US kumazwe angama-8 kwiminyaka eyi-8 edluleyo azikho mthethweni phantsi kweCharter ye-UN. Iziqhushumbisi zokuqala zamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo embindini wehlabathi zichasene nenkcazelo yakhe nabani na “yokuzikhusela.” Kwaye uluvo lokuba i-UN igunyazise ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan okanye ilizwe elithile ngaphandle kwe-Iraq, abantu abaninzi abaziyo ukuba yalile ukuyigunyazisa, yintsomi nje yasezidolophini. Ukugunyaziswa kweLibya yayikukunqanda ukubulawa kwabantu okungazange kusongelwa, hayi ukubhukuqa urhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kokugqibela kubangele ukwala kwe-UN eSyria. Ingcamango yokuba i-Iraq, iPakistan, iSomalia, iYemen, okanye iiPhilippines inokugunyazisa umkhosi wangaphandle ukuba wenze imfazwe nabantu bayo inokuxoxwa ngayo, kodwa akukho ndawo ichazwe kwiSivumelwano soXolo okanye kwi-UN Charter. Oko kubizwa ngokuba “luxanduva lokukhusela” yingcinga nje, nokuba uyavumelana nam okanye awuvumelani nam ukuba luhanahaniso kunye nengqikelelo yama impiriyali; ayifumaneki nakuwuphi na umthetho. Ngoko, ukuba sifuna nje ukukhomba umthetho ophulwayo kwiimfazwe zangoku, kutheni ungakhombeli enye abantu abaye bakuva ngayo, oko kukuthi i-UN Charter? Kutheni uthuli lomthetho ohleli kwindawo ethile phakathi kokuqala-aba-ngakuhoyi-wena kunye nezigaba zenkqubela phambili-bakuhleka?
Okokuqala nokuphambili, ndabhala incwadi yam Xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi iHlabathiwe ukugqamisa ubulumko, ubuchule, isicwangciso, kunye nokuzimisela kwentshukumo eyadala i-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Inxalenye yobo bulumko ilele kwindawo echazwe nguLevinson kunye nabanye abachasi bomthetho ukuba YONKE imfazwe, hayi nje "imfazwe endlongondlongo," kufuneka ivalwe, ibekwe amabala, kwaye yenziwe ngendlela engenakucingelwa. Aba baphuli-mthetho bahlala besebenzisa isifaniso ekulweni, bechaza ukuba bekungavinjwanga nje ukubambana rhabaxa, kodwa iziko lilonke liphelisiwe, kubandakanya "ukuzikhusela." Yiloo nto ababefuna yenziwe emfazweni. Babefuna imfazwe namalungiselelo emfazwe, kuquka ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo, ukupheliswa, kwathatyathelw’ indawo ngumthetho, uthintelo longquzulwano, ukusonjululwa kweengxabano, isohlwayo sokuziphatha, ezoqoqosho, kunye nesohlwayo somntu ngamnye. Ingcamango yokuba ngokubanzi babekholelwa ukuba ivuma isivumelwano, ngokwayo, iya kuphelisa yonke imfazwe iyinyani njengenkolelo kaColumbus kumhlaba osicaba.
Intshukumo yabachasi bomthetho yayiyimbumba enkulu engathandekiyo, kodwa engazange ivume ukuthobela ukukhutshwa kwemfazwe YONKE (ekusenokwenzeka ukuba uninzi lwabaphembeleli abaphambili balujonga ulwimi olucace gca lwesivumelwano, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba uluntu lujongile. yona). Iingxoxo zabachasene nomthetho bezisoloko zizimilo ngendlela engaxhaphakanga kangako kwihlabathi lanamhlanje eligxekayo nelizele ziintengiso apho amatsha ntliziyo aye amiselwa ukuba abhenele kwizilangazelelo zokuzingca kuphela.
Nokuba wenza ntoni na ngobulumko okanye ubukho bokwenyani bokucinga ngemfazwe ekhuselayo kwi-1920s, asinakukwazi ukusinda kuyo namhlanje. Ukuzikhusela okanye ukucinga nje ngemfazwe kuvumela inkcitho yasemkhosini ebulala kuqala kwaye iphambili ngokuphambukisa izixhobo kwiimfuno zabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Imali encinane yenkcitho yasemkhosini inokuphelisa indlala, amanzi angacocekanga, izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili. Imfazwe yobulungisa yethiyori kuya kufuneka ibe njalo nje ukodlula amashumi eminyaka oku kuphambukiswa kwezixhobo zokubulala kunye nazo zonke iimfazwe ezingenabulungisa eziye zavelisa, kunye nomngcipheko oqhubekayo we-apocalypse yenyukliya oveliswa liziko lemfazwe. , singasathethi ke ngomonakalo owenziwa liziko kwindalo esingqongileyo, inkululeko yoluntu, ubupolisa basekhaya, urhulumente omele abantu, njl.
Isizathu esongezelelweyo sokukhumbula i-Kellogg-Briand kukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kwimbali. Ngaphambi kweSivumelwano, imfazwe yayiqondwa njengesemthethweni kwaye yamkelekile. Ukusukela ekudalweni kweSivumelwano, imfazwe ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengento engekho mthethweni kunye nenkohlakalo ngaphandle kokuba iqhutywe yi-United States. Loo nto iyinxalenye yesizathu sokuba izibalo ezithi imfazwe yehle kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ibonakala ngathi iphosakele. Ezinye iinxalenye zesizathu sokuba oko kuquka oko kubonakala ngathi kuphosakele amanani abantu abenzakalisayo kunye nolunye usetyenziso oluthe tye lweenkcukacha-manani.
Nokuba ucinga ukuba imfazwe - njengoko ezinye iindlela zobundlobongela ngokucacileyo ziyancipha, kufuneka siqaphele ingxaki ethile kwaye sichonge izixhobo zokuyila zokujongana nayo. Ndithetha ngokukhotyokiswa ngurhulumente wase-US emfazweni. Ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, umkhosi wase-US ubulele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-20, wabhukuqa ubuncinci oorhulumente be-36, wangenelela kunyulo lwamazwe angaphandle angama-82, wazama ukubulala ngaphezulu kweenkokeli zamanye amazwe angama-50, kwaye wawisa iibhombu kubantu kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30. Oku kuxatyiswa kokubulawa kolwaphulo-mthetho kubhalwe kuDavidSwanson.org/WarList. Kwiiprimayi zonyaka ophelileyo kwiRiphabhlikhi imodareyitha yengxoxo-mpikiswano yabuza umviwa ukuba angavuma na ukubulala amakhulu namawaka abantwana abamsulwa. Amazwi okugqibela eendaba abuthathaka e-US acatshukiswa sisibhengezo se-White House sokuba ukusukela ngoku iza kulwa kwicala elinye kuphela lemfazwe eSyria, imfazwe eyathi intloko ye-US "imisebenzi ekhethekileyo" kwiveki ephelileyo yayingekho mthethweni ukuba i-US ibe kuyo. .
Xa abantu befuna ukwenza ngokusemthethweni intuthumbo okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngokungekho mthethweni okanye amalungelo oluntu eenkampani babhenela kwi-marginalia kwiinkqubo zenkundla, bajikise i-vetoes, nazo zonke iintlobo zobuvuvu ezingengomthetho. Kutheni ungawubeki umthetho ongakwicala loxolo? Amagqala oXolo apha kwiTwin Cities akhokele indlela kule projekthi, efumana inkxaso yePact kwiCongressional Record kunye noSuku lukaFrank Kellogg olubhengezwe liBhunga leSixeko ngo-2013.
Nalu olunye uluvo: kutheni ungafumani amazwe angengowamaqela kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba asayine kwi-KBP? Okanye ufumane amaqela akhoyo ukuba aphinde achaze ukuzibophelela kwawo kwaye afune ukuthotyelwa?
Okanye kutheni ungenzi intshukumo yehlabathi ukuba ithathe indawo okanye iguqule iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neNkundla yeHlabathi ngamaqumrhu ehlabathi ngokwenyani, edemokhrasi akwaziyo ukufuna ukuthotyelwa komthetho ngazo zonke izizwe eziqhelekileyo zehlabathi kunye ne-United States. njengokuba? Sinendlela yokwenza iqumrhu lehlabathi elimele abantu basekhaya ngokomlinganiselo wabantu. Asiphelelanga kwingqokelela yezizwe njengendlela yokoyisa ubuzwe.
URobert Jackson, uMtshutshisi oyiNtloko wase-US kumatyala amaNazi emfazwe kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumeneyo olwalubanjelwe eNuremberg, eJamani, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, wamisela umgangatho wehlabathi, esekela ukutshutshiswa kwakhe ngokuthe ngqo kwiSivumelwano sikaKellogg-Briand. Wathi: “Izinto eziphosakeleyo esifuna ukuzigwebela nokuzohlwaya, zibaliwe, zimbi, yaye zitshabalalisa, kangangokuba impucuko ayinakukunyamezela ukungahoywa kwabo, kuba ayinakuphila xa iphindaphindwa.” UJackson wachaza ukuba obu yayingebobulungisa babaphumeleleyo, ecacisa ukuba iUnited States ngokwayo iya kuzinikela kumatyala afanayo ukuba inganyanzelwa ukuba yenze njalo emva kokuzinikela ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Wathi: “Ukuba izenzo ezithile zokwaphulwa kwezivumelwano zilulwaphulo-mthetho, zilulwaphulo-mthetho enoba iUnited States iyazenza okanye nokuba iJamani iyazenza,” watsho, “kwaye asikulungelanga ukubeka umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nabanye esingayi kuyenza. ukulungele ukubiza ngokuchasene nathi. "
Njengoko i-Outlawrists kunye namahlakani abo ukusukela oko bafuna ukwenza ipropaganda yemfazwe kaWoodrow Wilson yokuphelisa yonke imfazwe, kufuneka sizame ukwenza okufanayo noJackson.
Xa u-Ken Burns eqala i-documentary ngemfazwe yaseMelika eVietnam ngokuyibiza ngokuba imfazwe iqale ngokholo oluhle kufuneka sikwazi ukuqaphela ubuxoki kunye nokungenakwenzeka. Asicingi ukuba udlwengulo luqale ngentembeko, ubukhoboka buqale ngentembeko, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana kwaqalwa ngentembeko. Ukuba umntu ukuxelela ukuba imfazwe iqalwe ngokholo oluhle, yenza umzamo wokholo wokutshabalalisa umabonwakude wakho.
