Ifoto yeSibhedlele iKunduz eAfghanistan nge Ukuthintela.
NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 2, 2021
Inqaku lakutshanje kunye nencwadi yakutshanje iphakamise esi sihloko siqhelekileyo kum. Eli nqaku liyinto engaziwayo engaziwa ngumsebenzi kaMichael Ratner nguSamuel Moyn, otyhola uRatner ngokuxhasa imfazwe ngokuzama ukuyiguqula nokwenza ubuntu kunokuba ayiphelise. I-critique ibuthathaka kakhulu kuba uRatner uzame ukuthintela iimfazwe, ukuphelisa iimfazwe, kunye nokuguqula iimfazwe. URatner wayekulo lonke ixesha lomlo. U-Ratner wayekuzo zonke iipaneli ngemfuno yokufaka i-impeach Bush kunye no-Cheney kwiimfazwe kunye nokuhlukunyezwa. Andizange ndive ngoSamuel Moyn ade abhale eli nqaku libhalwe ngoku. Ndonwabile ukuba ufuna ukuphelisa imfazwe kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba angangumlingane ongcono kuloo mzabalazo.
Kodwa umbuzo ophakanyisiweyo, obusoloko ukho kangangeenkulungwane, awunakugxothwa ngokulula njengokubonisa ukuba uMoyn ufumene iinyani malunga neRatner engalunganga. Xa ndiphikisana nokuhlukunyezwa kwexesha likaBush-Cheney, ngaphandle kokuyeka okomzabalazo lwam kwiimfazwe ngokwazo, uninzi lwabantu lundityhola ngokuxhasa iimfazwe, okanye ukuhambisa izibonelelo kude nokuphelisa iimfazwe. Ngaba zaziphosakele? Ngaba uMoyn ufuna ukugxeka uRatner ngokuchasene nokuhlukumeza nokuba uyazi ukuba uyayichasa imfazwe, kuba eyona nto ilungileyo inokufezekiswa ngokubeka yonke into ekupheliseni imfazwe ngokupheleleyo? Ngaba inokuba ilungile, nokuba ikwimeko kaMoyn?
Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile kwezi zinto ziqwalaselweyo ukuqala ngokuqaphela ukuba eyona ngxaki iphambili ilele phi, oko kukuthi ngabafudumezeli, abaxhamli bemfazwe, abaququzeleli bemfazwe, kunye noluntu oluninzi lwabantu olungenzi into eyothuswe nguThixo ukumisa okanye ukuguqula abaxheli nangayiphi na indlela. Umbuzo awukho ngandlela ithile nokuba ungabanqumamisa abahlaziyi bemfazwe kwesi sihlwele. Imibuzo yile, endaweni yoko, ingaba abahlaziyi bemfazwe bayayiguqula na imfazwe, nokuba ngaba olo hlengahlengiso (ukuba lukhona) lwenza into ebalulekileyo, nokuba ngaba ezo nzame zohlengahlengiso ziyanceda ekupheliseni imfazwe okanye ziyolule ixesha lemfazwe okanye azikho, nokuba kufanelekile ngakumbi ukuba kwenziwe ngokugxila kwimfuno Ukuphelisa iimfazwe ezithile okanye iziko liphela, kwaye nokuba abomeli bemfazwe banokufezekisa okuhle ngokuzama ukuguqula abahlaziyi bemfazwe okanye ngokuzama ukuhlanganisa abantu abangasebenziyo.
Ngelixa abanye bethu bezamile bobabini ukuguqula kunye nokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye ngokubanzi babona ukuba ezi zimbini ziyancedisana (ayisiyomfazwe ngakumbi, hayi ngaphantsi, kufanelekile ukuphela ngenxa yokuba kubandakanya ukungcungcuthekiswa? Lo mahluko ubangelwe yinxalenye yeenkolelo zabantu ezahlukeneyo malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kwempumelelo kwiindlela ezimbini, nganye kuzo ibonakalise impumelelo encinci kwaye inokugxekwa kweso sizathu ngabameli benye. Kungenxa yenxalenye yobuntu kunye nesimo sengqondo. Kungenxa yenxalenye yemisebenzi yemibutho eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye kugxininiswa kukungabikho kobutyebi, umbono ngokubanzi wokunqongophala kwengqwalaselo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa okuphezulu apho kugcinwa khona imiyalezo elula kunye neziqubulo.
Lo mahluko uhambelana nokwahlulahlula esikubonayo minyaka le, njengakwiintsuku zakutshanje, xa i-US Congress ivota kwityala lokuchitha emkhosini. Wonke umntu uxelela omnye nomnye ukuba kwithiyori umntu angabongoza amaLungu eCongress ukuba avote ngenxa yezilungiso ezilungileyo ezingafumani thuba lokudlulela kwiNdlu (kunye nethuba lokungena kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu nakwiNdlu yeWhite House) kunye nokuvota ngokuchasene Umthetho osayilwayo uphelele (akunakuba nethuba lokuthintela nokutshintsha umthetho osayilwayo, kodwa akukho sidingo seNdlu yeeNgwevu okanye kaMongameli yokwenza njalo). Nangona kunjalo, bonke abangaphakathi-kwi-Beltway, abalandela-amaqela e-Congress-amalungu akhokelayo abeke ubuncinci i-99.9% yemizamo yabo kulungiso olulungileyo, kwaye iqaqobana lamaqela angaphandle abeka isabelo esifanayo kwimizamo yabo yokufuna Iivoti kwityala. Ngokuqinisekileyo ngekhe ubone nabani na esenza zombini ezi zinto ngandlela thile. Kwaye, kwakhona, lo wahlulo luphakathi kwelo candelo labemi elingazenzisiyo ukuba imali oyichithayo emkhosini ayikho ukuze kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngaphezulu kweeBhili eziBini eziKhulu zokuSebenzisa (ezo zidibeneyo, zidityanisiwe, zincinci kakhulu kunemali esetyenziswayo emkhosini ngonyaka inkcitho).
Incwadi ephakamise esi sihloko kum intsha nguLeonard Rubenstein ebizwa Amayeza ayingozi: Umzabalazo wokuKhusela uKhathalelo lwezeMpilo kubundlobongela bemfazwe. Umntu unokulindela kwesi sihloko incwadi malunga nesoyikiso sempilo yemfazwe uqobo, indima eyidlalayo njengoyena nobangela wokufa kunye nokwenzakala, ukusasazeka okukhulu kwezifo ezosulelayo, isiseko somngcipheko we-apocalypse yenyukliya, ii-bioweapons ezingenangqondo iilebhu, imizabalazo yezempilo yeembaleki zemfazwe, kunye nokonakaliswa kwendalo esingqongileyo kunye nongcoliseko olubulalayo olwenziwe yimfazwe nangamalungiselelo emfazwe. Endaweni yoko yincwadi malunga nesidingo sokulawula iimfazwe ngendlela yokuba oogqirha kunye nabongikazi bangahlaselwa, izibhedlele azibhombiswa, iiambulensi azivuthelwanga. Umbhali ufuna ukuba iingcali zezempilo zikhuselwe kwaye zivunyelwe ukuba ziwaphathe onke amaqela ngaphandle kokuzazi okanye okwabanikezeli beenkonzo zempilo. Sidinga, uRubenstein ulwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphela kobuqhetseba bokugonya okungekho mthethweni njenge-CIA ePakistan, ukuphela kokutshutshisa oogqirha abanikela ubungqina ngobungqina bokuhlukunyezwa, njl. ukudibanisa abo balwayo ukuze baqhubeke nokubulala nokubulawa.
Ngubani onokumelana nezinto ezinjalo? Kwaye u. Kwaye okwangoku: umntu akanakunceda kodwa uqaphele umgca ozotywe kule ncwadi, njengakwezinye ezifana nayo. Umbhali akaqhubeki esithi kufuneka sime ukutshintsha imali kwinkathalo yezempilo sisiya kwizixhobo, kufuneka siyeke ukudubula imijukujelwa kunye nemipu, kufuneka siyeke imisebenzi yemfazwe enetyhefu yoMhlaba kunye nokufudumeza imozulu. Uyema kwiimfuno zabasebenzi bezempilo. Kwaye umntu akanakukunceda kodwa aqaphele uyilo oluqikelelweyo lomcimbi ngumbhali kwangoko, engenanyani, engafundiswanga ukuba "unikwe amandla okukhohlakala kwabantu, ngakumbi emfazweni, obu bundlobongela abusoze buphele, ngaphandle kwemfazwe uqobo Ububi obusenzeka rhoqo buza kuphela. ” Yiyo loo nto imfazwe iyinto eyahlukileyo kwizenzo zenkohlakalo eziyenzileyo, kwaye bekucingelwa ukuba abasoloko "behamba" kodwa "rhoqo". Kodwa akukho sizathu sokuba nantoni na enikelwa emfazweni ayipheli. Endaweni yoko, ukungabi nangqondo kwalo mbono kunyuswa nje njengokuthelekisa ukubonisa ukuba uqinisekile njani ukuba ubundlobongela obubhekisele kubaboneleli bezempilo kwiimfazwe abusoze buphele (nangona oko kungacuthwa kwaye umsebenzi wokunciphisa kufanelekile nokuba izixhobo ezifanayo zinokuthi ziye ekunciphiseni okanye ekupheliseni imfazwe). Kwaye umbono apho zonke ezi ngcinga zihlala khona bubukho benkohlakalo "yabantu," apho abantu ngokucacileyo bethetha ezo nkcubeko zabantu zibandakanyeka emfazweni, njengoko uninzi lweenkcubeko zabantu ngoku nakwixesha elidlulileyo zingenjalo.
Kuya kufuneka sime kancinci apha ukuze siqonde ukuba imfazwe iyakuphela. Umbuzo ngowokuba ingaba uluntu luya kuqala ukwenza oko. Ukuba imfazwe ayipheli ngaphambi kokuba uluntu luphele, kwaye imeko yangoku yezixhobo zenyukliya ihlala ingalunganga, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba imfazwe iya kusiphelisa ngaphambi kokuba siyiphelise.
Ngoku, ndiyacinga Amayeza ayingozi yincwadi ebalaseleyo enika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwihlabathi ngokubhala ngobuchule uhlaselo olungapheliyo kwizibhedlele nakwiiambulensi ngexesha leemfazwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zemfazwe kwiminyaka emininzi. Ukuthintela ukukholelwa ekungenakwenzeka kokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa imfazwe, le yincwadi engenakukunceda kodwa yenze umntu afune nangaphezulu kunangaphambili ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa imfazwe, kunye nokuguqula okuseleyo kuyo (kuthintela inkolelo ekungenakwenzeka olo hlengahlengiso).
Incwadi ikwayiakhawunti engacalucaluli ngokuthanda isizwe esithile. Rhoqo kulungiswa kwemfazwe kulungelelaniswa nokuzenzisa ukuba imfazwe yenziwa ziintlanga kunye namaqela ngaphandle koRhulumente wase-US okanye oorhulumente baseNtshona, ngelixa abarhwebi bemfazwe ngamanye amaxesha bayinciphisa kakhulu indima edlalwa emfazweni nangubani na ngaphandle koRhulumente wase-US. Nangona kunjalo, Amayeza ayingozi ixhomekeke kwicala lokugxeka umhlaba wonke ngokubanga ukuba urhulumente wase-US uguqulwe ngokuyinxenye, ukuba xa kuqhuma isibhedlele esigcwele abaguli yinto enkulu ngokuchanekileyo kuba ayiqhelekanga, ngelixa abanye oorhulumente behlasela izibhedlele rhoqo. Eli bango, ewe, alifakwanga kwimeko yendima yase-US ekuthengiseni ezona zixhobo, ukuqala kweyona mfazwe, ukulahla ezona bhombu, ukuhambisa uninzi lwemikhosi, njl.njl. uninzi lwayo.
Ngamaxesha athile, uRubenstein ucebisa ubunzima obukhulu ekuguqulweni kwemfazwe, esithi de iinkokheli zopolitiko nezomkhosi zibambe amajoni ukuba aphendule ngohlaselo lwabantu abenzakeleyo, olo hlaselo luza kuqhubeka, kwaye ligqibe kwelokuba ubundlobongela obuchaphazela ukhathalelo lwempi emfazweni ayisiyonto intsha kuba yinto ende eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ke uthi kukho amaxesha apho uxinzelelo loluntu kunye nokomelezwa kwemigaqo kuthintele uhlaselo kubahlali. (Ewe kunjalo, kwaye kunamaxesha amaninzi apho izinto ezifanayo zithintele iimfazwe.) Kodwa emva koko uRubenstein uya e-Pinkerish kuthi, esithi amajoni aseNtshona anciphise ukuqhushumisa okungafunekiyo ngesiphumo sokuba "ukubulawa kwabantu kukuqhushumba yimikhosi yomoya yaseNtshona ubukhulu becala kulinganiswa ngamakhulu, hayi ngamashumi okanye ngamakhulu amawaka. ” Funda ukuba amaxesha ambalwa. Ayisiyo itypo. Kodwa inokuthetha ntoni? Yeyiphi imfazwe ebanjwe liqela lomoya laseNtshona elingenashumi okanye amakhulu amawaka abantu ababuleweyo okanye ababuleweyo? Ngaba uRubenstein unokuthetha ukubulawa kwabantu ngenxa yebhombu enye, okanye ibhombu enye? Kodwa iya kuba yintoni ingongoma yokuqinisekisa oko?
Inye kuphela into endiyiqaphelayo malunga nohlengahlengiso lwemfazwe kukuba ngamanye amaxesha ayisekelwanga kwinkolelo yokuba ukuzama ukuphelisa imfazwe akunantsingiselo. Ikwasekwe ekwamkelweni ngobuqili kwesimo sengqondo semfazwe. Ekuqaleni akubonakali njalo. URubenstein ufuna ukuba oogqirha bakhululeke ukunyanga amajoni kunye nabantu abavela macala onke, ukuba banganyanzelwa ukuba banike uncedo kunye nentuthuzelo kuphela kubantu abathile hayi kwabanye. Oku kuyathandeka ngokumangalisayo kwaye kuchasene nengqondo yemfazwe. Ukanti uluvo lokuba kufanele ukuba sikhubeke kakhulu xa kuhlaselwa isibhedlele kunokuba kuhlaselwe isiseko somkhosi sixhomekeke kwimbono yokuba kukho into eyamkelekileyo ekubulaleni abantu abaxhobileyo, abangonzakalanga, abangahlaliyo, kwaye abamkelekanga ekubulaleni abantu bengaxhobanga, wenzakele, abantu abaqhelekileyo. Le yingqondo eya kubonakala iyinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ingenakuphepheka, kuninzi. Kodwa umbulali ophelisayo obona imfazwe, hayi olunye uhlanga, njengotshaba, uya koyika ngokubulala imikhosi njengokubulala abaguli. Kwangokunjalo, umtshabalalisi wemfazwe uyakubona ukubulawa kwemikhosi emacaleni omabini ngendlela eyoyikisayo njengoko icala ngalinye libona ukubulawa kwemikhosi ecaleni kwayo. Ingxaki kukubulawa kwabantu, hayi abo bantu. Ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba bacinge ngenye indlela, ngenxa yayo nayiphi na into elungileyo enokuthi yenziwe, ikwenze nobungozi bemfazwe yesiqhelo- ngaba ikhula kakuhle ekubeni abantu abakrelekrele kakhulu banokucinga ukuba imfazwe yakhiwe ngandlel 'ithile kwinto engaziwayo ebizwa ngokuba "bubuntu bomntu."
Incwadi kaRubenstein isakhele ingxoxo-mpikiswano ebalulekileyo, njengoko eyibona, naphakathi kombono kaFranz Lieber wokuba "imfuneko yasemkhosini" inqanda ukuthintelwa kwabantu emfazweni, kunye nombono kaHenry Dunant ngokuchaseneyo. Kodwa umbono kaLieber kunye noDunant owayephila ngexesha likaCharles Sumner wokuba imfazwe kufuneka ipheliswe ayiqwalaselwa kwaphela. Indaleko yaloo mbono kumashumi eminyaka ilahlekile ngokupheleleyo.
Kweminye, kubandakanya nam, izizathu zokusebenzela ukuphelisa imfazwe ziye zabandakanya ngokubonakalayo ukulunga okunokwenziwa ngezixhobo ezinikezelwe emfazweni. Uhlengahlengiso lwemfazwe, njengokuguqula ukubulala kunye nocalucalulo, kusenokwenzeka ukubandakanya ukutyala imali nangakumbi kwizibonelelo. Kodwa ubomi obunokusindiswa ngokuhambisa kwakhona iqhezu elincinci lenkcitho yomkhosi ngaphandle kwezomkhosi nakwinkathalelo yezempilo ngokulula kubomi obunokusindiswa ngokwenza iimfazwe i-100% ihloniphe ababoneleli bezempilo kunye nezigulana, okanye nobomi obunokusindiswa ngokuphelisa iimfazwe.
Zezorhwebo eziko elothusayo elihambisa ibhalansi kwimfuno yokugxila, ubuncinci, ekupheliseni imfazwe, ingekuko ukuyenza ingumntu. Impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo, ifuthe kulawulo lomthetho, ifuthe kumalungelo oluntu, ukunyusa intiyo kunye nokuthanda izinto, ukusasazeka kobundlobongela kumaziko emakhaya, kunye notyalo mali olumangalisayo, kunye nomngcipheko wenyukliya, zisinika ukhetho Ukuphelisa imfazwe (nokuba ayilungiswa) okanye siziphelise.
U-Lieber wayefuna ukuguqula amaziko amaninzi kubandakanya imfazwe, ubukhoboka kunye neentolongo. Ngamanye ala maziko, siyayamkela inyani ecacileyo yokuba singakhetha ukuwayeka, kwaye nabanye asenzi njalo. Kodwa nantsi into enye esinokuyenza ngokulula. Singahlengahlengisa imfazwe njengenxalenye yomzamo wokunciphisa nokuphelisa imfazwe, inyathelo ngenyathelo. Singathetha malunga nemiba ethile esifuna ukuhlaziywa ukuba ibekho njengezizathu zohlaziyo olucetywayo kunye nokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo. Imiyalezo entsonkothileyo enjalo iphakathi kobungakanani bengqondo yomntu. Inye into elungileyo enokuyiphumeza kukubeka abaguquli kunye nabaphelisi bezopolitiko kwiqela elinye, iqela elihlala libonakala kumda woloyiso ukuba belinokuba likhulu nje kancinci.
