NguMedea Benjamin kunye noNicolas JS Davies, ngoFebruwari 15, 2020
Nge-15 kaFebruwari kuphawula usuku, kwiminyaka eli-17 eyadlulayo, xa imiboniso yehlabathi ngokuchasene nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq yayilikhulu kangangokuba i ENew York Times ebizwa ngokuba luluntu ngokubanzi "njengamandla aphezulu." Kodwa i-US ayiyikhathalelanga kwaye yahlasela i-Iraq. Ke yintoni eye yaba lithemba lomhla woku?
Umkhosi wase-US awuzange uphumelele imfazwe ukusukela ngo-1945, ngaphandle kokuba ubala ukubuyisela indawo encinci ye-colonial yaseGrenada, ePanama nase-Kuwait, kodwa kukho isoyikiso esinye esithe gqolo soyisa ngaphandle kokudubula ngaphezulu kokubulala abambalwa. umpu umpu kunye nenye igesi. Ngelishwa, esi sisongelo esikhoyo sesona sinokuthi sinqumle phantsi ngoxolo size sisuse izixhobo zayo eziyingozi nezinexabiso eliphantsi: ngabemi abathanda uxolo.
Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, abantu abancinci baseMelika abajongana nelotto yokufa nokufa bakha ilotto enamandla intshukumo yokulwa nemfazwe. Umongameli uNixon wenze isindululo sokuphelisa uyilo njengendlela yokujongela phantsi intshukumo yoxolo, kuba wayekholelwa ukuba abantu abancinci bazakuyeka ukuqhanqalaza imfazwe xa bengasanyanzelekanga ukuba balwe. Ngo-1973, idrafti yagqitywa, ihamba umkhosi wamavolontiya owakhusela uninzi lwabantu baseMelika kwimpembelelo ebulalayo yeemfazwe zaseMelika.
Ngaphandle kokungabikho kokuyilwa, intshukumo entsha yokulwa imfazwe-ngeli xesha ngokufikelela kwihlabathi-yavela ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-9/11 kunye nokuhlasela okungekho mthethweni kwe-Iraq e-Iraq ngo-Matshi ka-2003. yayile Eyona miboniso mikhulu kwimbali yoluntu, ukudibanisa abantu kwihlabathi liphela ngokuchasene nethemba elingenakucingelwa lokuba i-US iya kusungula uhlaselo lwayo olusongelayo "lomothuko noloyiko" e-Iraq. Abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-30 kwizixeko ezingama-800 bathabatha inxaxheba kwilizwekazi ngalinye, kuquka neAntarctica. Oku kukhatywa okukhulu kwemfazwe, kukhunjulwe kwi-documentary Sibaninzi, i-LED ENew York Times Intatheli uPatrick E. Tyler ukuze amagqabantshintshi ukuba zikhona ngoku Amagunya amakhulu amabini kwiplanethi: i-United States kunye noluvo loluntu lwehlabathi.
Umatshini wemfazwe wase-US ubonakalise ukungakhathali ngokupheleleyo kwimbangi yakhe yokuqala, kwaye wakhupha imfazwe engekho mthethweni ngokusekelwe kubuxoki obuqhubeka ngoku ngezigaba zobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi iminyaka eli-17. Ngaphandle kokuphela kokubona kwi-US nakwimfazwe zobumbano e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Libya, Syria, Palestine, Yemen nase ENtshona Afrika, kunye no-Trump okhulayo wozakuzo kunye imfazwe yezoqoqosho ngokuchasene ne-Iran, iVenezuela kunye neNorth Korea isoyikisa ngokuqhushumba kwiimfazwe ezintsha, liphi igunya lesibini ngoku, xa silifuna ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.
Ukusukela ekubulaweni kwe-US General Soleimani e-Iraq nge-2 kaJanuwari, intshukumo yoxolo iye yaphinda yangena ezitalatweni, kubandakanya nabantu ababematsha ngoFebruwari 2003 kunye nabaphembeleli abatsha kakhulu ukuba bakhumbule ixesha apho i-US yayingekho emfazweni. Kubekho iintsuku ezintathu ezohlukeneyo zoqhanqalazo, enye nge-4 kaJanuwari, enye ngomhla we-9 kunye nosuku lwehlabathi lokusebenza ngomhla wama-25. Iindibano zenzeke kumakhulu ezixeko, kodwa azikhange zitsale phantse amanani aphumayo ukuza kuqhankqalaza ngemfazwe engekapheli ne-Iraq ngo-2003, okanye naleyo yeendibano ezincinci kunye nemilindo eyaqhubeka njengoko imfazwe yase-Iraq iphuma kulawulo de kwada kwabakho indibano. ubuncinane ngo-2007.
Ukusilela kwethu ukumisa imfazwe yase-US e-Iraq ngo-2003 kwakudimaza kakhulu. Kodwa inani labantu abasebenzela umlo wokulwa imfazwe e-US lancanca ngakumbi emva konyulo luka-2008 lukaBarack Obama. Uninzi lwabantu aluzange lufune ukubonakalisa u-Mongameli wokuqala omnyama welizwe, kwaye uninzi, kuquka ne-Nobel Peace Prize Committee, bakholelwa ukuba uza kuba "ngumongameli woxolo."
Ngelixa u-Obama ethandabuza ehlonitshwa Isivumelwano sikaBush ngurhulumente wase-Iraq ukuba ashenxise imikhosi yase-US e-Iraq kwaye watyikitya isivumelwano se-Iran yenyukliya, wayekude nomongameli woxolo. Wongamela a imfundiso entsha yemfazwe kunye nokuyilwa kwemfazwe eye yanciphisa kakhulu ukubulawa kwabantu abasemkhosini baseMelika, kodwa yandulula imfazwe eAfghanistan, iphulo lokulwa ne-ISIS eIraq nase-Syria. yatshabalalisa yonke imizi, i ukunyuka kweshumi kwi-CIA i-drone ibetha iPakistan, Yemen neSomalia, kunye neemfazwe zokulwa negunya eLibya naseSyria oko ingqumbo yanamhlanje. Ekugqibeleni, Obama uchithe ngaphezulu emkhosini kwaye waphosa iibhombu ezininzi kumazwe amaninzi kunokwenza iBush. Wala ukubamba uBush kunye neqela lakhe elinoxanduva ngezenzo zabo zokulwa.
Iimfazwe zika-Obama azange ziphumelele kunezo zikaBush zokubuyisela uxolo okanye uzinzo kuwo nawaphi na ala mazwe okanye ukuphucula ubomi babantu babo. Kodwa ka-Obama "Indlela efihlakeleyo, yokuthula, ne-media engenasiseko"Emfazweni kwenza ilizwe lase-US lemfazwe elingapheliyo lazinza ngakumbi kwezopolitiko. Ngokunciphisa ukubulawa kwabantu e-US kunye nokulwa imfazwe ngokuthanda okuncinci, wasusa iimfazwe zaseMelika kude emthunzini kwaye wanika uluntu lwaseMelika ukukhohlisa okuthula phakathi kwemfazwe engapheliyo, ukuhambisa izixhobo ngokuphumelelayo kunye nokuhlukanisa umbutho woxolo.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfazwe oyimfihlo wase-Obama uxhaswa ngumkhankaso okhohlakeleyo ngokuchasene nabanempempe abanesibindi abazama ukuyikhupha ekukhanyeni. UJeffrey Sterling, uThomas Drake, uCanning Manning, uJohn Kiriakou, uEdward Snowden kwaye ngoku uJulian Assange batshutshiswa kwaye bavalelwa entolongweni phantsi kwenkcazo entsha engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yeWWI-era Espionage Act.
Ndikunye noDonald Trump kwi-White House, siva abantu baseRiphabhlikhi besenza izizathu ezifanayo zikaTrump-owayebaleka kwiqonga elilwa nemfazwe-le Democrats yenzela u-Obama. Okokuqala, abaxhasi bakhe bamkela inkonzo yomlomo malunga nokuphelisa iimfazwe kwaye babuyise amajoni ekhaya echaza eyona nto ayifunayo umongameli, njengokuba esalusa iimfazwe. Okwesibini, basicela ukuba sibe nomonde ngoba, nangaphandle kwabo bonke ubungqina benene behlabathi, bayaqiniseka ukuba usebenza nzima emva kwezikhuselo zoxolo. Okwesithathu, kwikopi yokugqibela ejongela phantsi ezinye iimpikiswano zabo ezimbini, baphakamisa izandla zabo besithi "kuphela" ngumongameli, kwaye iPentagon okanye "imeko enzulu" inamandla kakhulu kuye.
Abalandeli baka-Obama no-Trump ngokufanayo basebenzise le ndlela-mbi ityhafileyo yokungafikeleli kwezopolitiko ukunika umntu ongemva kwedesika apho ibhedi yayisebenzisa ukumisa amakhadi onke “aphuma ejele simahla” amakhadi emfazwe engapheliyo kunye zolwaphulo mthetho.
Indlela ka-Obama no-Trump "yokufihlakala, ezolileyo, neyeendaba" emfazweni iye yanyanzela iimfazwe zaseMelika kunye nomkhosi ochasene nentsholongwane yedemokhrasi, kodwa iintshukumo ezintsha zentlalo zikhulele ukujongana neengxaki kufutshane nasekhaya. Ingxaki yemali ikhokelele ekunyukeni kweNtshukumo yezaBasebenzi, kwaye ngoku imeko yemozulu kunye nogqatso lweMelika oluzinzileyo kunye neengxaki zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe zonke zivuselele intshukumo entsha yengca. Amagqwetha oxolo aye akhuthaza ezi ntshukumo ukuba zijoyine umnxeba wokuncitshiswa okukhulu kwePentagon, enyanzelisa ukuba amakhulu ezigidi ezigciniweyo anganceda ekuxhaseni yonke into ukusuka kwiMedicare for All to the Green New Deal ukuya kwizifundo zasekholejini zasimahla.
Amacandelo ambalwa ombutho woxolo ebebonisa indlela yokusebenzisa amaqhinga okudala nokwakha iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo. Intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu nawasePalestina aquka abafundi, amaqela amaSilamsi namaJuda, kunye namaqela amnyama namaqela emveli alwa umzabalazo ofanayo apha ekhaya. Kukhuthazwe nemikhankaso yoxolo kwi-peninsula yaseKorea ekhokelwa ngamaMelika aseKorea, njenge Abafazi bawela kwiDMZ, okudibanise ndawonye abantu basetyhini abasuka kuMntla Korea, eMzantsi Korea nase-United States ukubonisa ulawulo lukaTrump ukuba lunjani na unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo.
Kukwakho nemizamo edumileyo yokutyhala iNkongolo ethandabuzayo ukuba ithathe izikhundla ezichasene nemfazwe. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iCongress iye yonwaba kakhulu ukushiya ukwenza imfazwe kumongameli, ichitha indima yayo yomgaqo-siseko njengokuphela kwamandla agunyazisiweyo ukubhengeza imfazwe. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo loluntu, kubekho utshintsho oluphawulekayo.
Ngo-2019, zombini izindlu zeCongress bavotelwe Ukuphelisa inkxaso yase-US kwimfazwe ekhokelwa yi-Saudi Arabia e-Yemen kunye nokuthintela ukuthengiswa kweengalo ukuya e-Saudi Arabia kwimfazwe ese-Yemen, nangona uMongameli uTrump vetoed omabini amatyala. Ngoku iCongress isebenza kwiibhili zokuthintela ngokucacileyo imfazwe engagunyaziswanga e-Iran. Le mithetho isayilwayo ingqina ukuba uxinzelelo loluntu lunokuyisusa iCongress, kubandakanywa neSenethi elawulwa yiRiphabhlikhi, ukuba ibuyise amandla ayo omgaqo-siseko kwimfazwe noxolo kwisebe lesigqeba.
Olunye ukhanyiso olukhanyayo kwiCongress ngumsebenzi wobuhlali wokuqala weCongressikazi u-Ilhan Omar, nosandula ukubeka uthotho lweebhili ezibizwa Indlela eya PEACE Umceli mngeni wethu umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle. Ngelixa iindleko zakhe ziya kuba nzima ukuphumelela kwiCongress, babeka uphawu lwendawo apho kufuneka siye khona. Iofisi ye-Omar, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abaninzi kwiCongress, eneneni isebenza ngqo nemibutho enengca engashenxisa lo mbono phambili.
Unyulo lukamongameli lunika ithuba lokutyhalela phambili kwi-ajenda yokulwa nemfazwe. Oyena ndoqo ophumeleleyo kunye nokuzimisela ukulwa imfazwe kolu gqatso nguBernie Sanders. Ukuthandwa komnxeba wakhe wokufumana i-US ngaphandle kongenelelo lwe-impiriyali kunye nolwakhe iivoti ngokuchasene ne-84% yamatyala eenkcitho emkhosini ukusukela ngo-2013 abonakaliswa kuphela kumanani akhe okuvota kodwa nakwindlela abanye abaviwa beDemokhrasi abangxama ngayo ukuthatha izikhundla ezifanayo. Yonke ngoku ithi i-US kufuneka ijoyine isivumelwano se-Iran senyukliya; Bonke bayigxekile ibhajethi yePentagon “echithwayo”, ngaphandle rhoqo ukuvotela yona; kwaye uninzi lithembise ukuzisa imikhosi yase-US ekhaya ukusuka kwi-Middle East enkulu.
Ke, xa sijonga kwikamva kulo nyaka lonyulo, ngawaphi amathuba ethu okuvuselela amandla ehlabathi yesibini kunye nokuphelisa iimfazwe zaseMelika?
Xa kukho imfazwe entsha enkulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba ubone imiboniso emikhulu ezitratweni. Kodwa amashumi amabini eminyaka yemfazwe engapheliyo idale isimo sengqondo esichasene nemfazwe phakathi koluntu. Ngo-2019 IPew Research Center Ukuvota kufumanise ukuba iipesenti ezingama-62 zabantu baseMelika bathi imfazwe e-Iraq ayifanelekanga ukuba bayilwe kwaye ama-59 eepesenti athetha okufanayo kwimfazwe yase-Afghanistan.
Kwi-Iran, kwi-University of Maryland yunivesithi yaseMary 2019 bonise isinye nje sesihlanu sabantu baseMelika sithe i-US "mayibe ilungele ukuya emfazweni" ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo e-Iran, ngelixa ikota ezintathu zathi iinjongo zase-US azibanga mvume yokungenela umkhosi. Kunye novavanyo lwePentagon malunga nokuba imfazwe iyakuba nzima kangakanani ne-Iran, olu luvo lukawonke-wonke lwaphembelela uqhankqalazo kunye nokugwetywa okwethutyana okonyanzele uTrump ukuba atsalele umnxeba kwi-Iran.
Ke, lo gama urhulumente wethu wasasaza emfazweni waqinisekisa abantu abaninzi baseMelika ukuba asinamandla okuphelisa iimfazwe zentlekele, iye yasilela ekuqinisekiseni uninzi lwabantu baseMelika ukuba asiphosakalanga. Njengakweminye imiba, ubutshantliziyo bunezithintelo ezibini eziphambili ekufuneka zisiwe: okokuqala ukweyisela abantu ukuba kukho into engalunganga; okwesibini ukubabonisa ukuba, ngokusebenzisana ukwakha intshukumo edumileyo, singenza okuthile ngayo.
Uloyiso oluncinci lombutho woxolo lubonisa ukuba sinamandla amaninzi okucela umngeni kwimfazwe yaseMelika kunokuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika beluqonda. Njengoko abantu abathanda uxolo ngakumbi e-US nakwilizwe liphela befumana amandla abanawo, amandla aphezulu okwesibini siwababone kancinci nge-15 kaFebruwari ngo-2003 banokuphakama banamandla, bazinikele ngakumbi kwaye bazimisele ngakumbi kumlotha wamashumi amabini eminyaka imfazwe.
Umongameli omtsha njengoBernie Sanders kwi-White House uza kudala ukuvula ngoxolo. Kodwa njengakwimiba emininzi yasekhaya, oko kuvulwa kuya kuthwala isiqhamo kuphela kwaye kubeyise inkcaso yemidla evezwe ukuba kukho intshukumo enkulu emva kwayo yonke inyathelo lendlela. Ukuba kukho isifundo malunga nabantu abathanda uxolo eMelika kubongameli be-Obama kunye ne-Trump, kukuba asinakuphuma nje siye kwigumbi lokuvota silushiye siyintshatsheli kwi-White House yokuphelisa iimfazwe zethu nokusizisela uxolo. Kuphononongo lokugqibela, kuya kuthi kuthi. Ndiyacela dibana nathi!
UMedea uBenjamin ungumcebisi CODEPINK yoxolo, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran. UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi nge-CODEPINK kunye nombhali we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq.
