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Septemba 1
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Septemba 1. Ngaloo mini kwi-1924 iSicwangciso seDawes sisebenza ukusebenza, ukuhlangulwa kwemali kweJamani oku kunokuthintela ukunyuka kwamaNazism ukuba iqalise ngokukhawuleza kwaye yenze ikhudlwana okanye ingaphezulu. ISivumelwano saseVersailles esiphelise iMfazwe Yehlabathi I sasifuna ukohlwaya lonke ilizwe laseJamani, hayi abenzi bemfazwe kuphela, ababekhokelela kubabukeli abanomdla ukuba baqikelele iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Imfazwe yamva yapheliswa ngoncedo eJamani kunokohlwaywa ngokwezimali, kodwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yalandelwa yimfuno yokuba iJamani ihlawule ngempumlo. Ngo-1923 iJamani yayisilele ekuhlawuleni ityala lemfazwe, ikhokelela kwimikhosi yaseFrance neyaseBelgian ukuba ihlale kwiRuhr River Valley. Abahlali babandakanyeka ekuchaseni ngokungenabundlobongela emsebenzini, ukuvala amashishini ngokufanelekileyo. I-League of Nations yacela i-American Charles Dawes ukuba ibambe ikomiti ukusombulula le ngxaki. Isicwangciso esiphumeleleyo sakhupha imikhosi eRuhr, yacutha intlawulo yamatyala, kwaye yaboleka iJamani imali kwiibhanki zaseMelika. UDawes wanikwa i-1925 Nobel Peace Prize kwaye wakhonza njengo-Sekela Mongameli wase-US ukusuka ngo-1925-1929. Isicwangciso esincinci sanciphisa intlawulo yaseJamani ngo-1929, kodwa sasisemva kakhulu ukuba singasusa ukukhula kwengqumbo enxanelweyo nokunxanelwa impindezelo. Phakathi kwabo babephikisana nesiCwangciso esiLutsha yayinguAdolf Hitler. Isicwangciso se-Dawes, esingcono okanye esibi, sibopha uqoqosho lwaseYurophu ukuya e-United States. IJamani yahlawula ityala layo leMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngonyaka ka-2010. Amashumi amawaka amajoni ase-US ahlala ngokusisigxina eJamani.
Septemba 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1945, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II iphelile ngokuzinikela eJapan eTokyo Bay. NgoJulayi 13, i-Japan yathumela i-telegraph kwi-Soviet Union ivakalisa umnqweno wokunikezela. Nge-18 kaJulayi, emva kokudibana nenkokheli yaseSoviet uJoseph Stalin, uMongameli wase-US u-Harry Truman wabhala kwidayari yakhe ka-Stalin ekhankanya i-telegraph, wongeza wathi, "Kholelwa ukuba iJaps izakusonga phambi kokuba iRussia ingene. Ndiqinisekile ukuba bazakwenza njalo xa iManhattan ibonakala ilizwe. ” Oko kwakubhekisa kwiProjekthi yeManhattan eyadala iibhombu zenyukliya. UTruman wayexelelwe iinyanga ezininzi ngomdla waseJapan wokunikezela ukuba unokugcina umlawuli wawo. Umcebisi kaTruman uJames Byrnes wamxelela ukuba ukulahla iibhombu zenyukliya eJapan kuya kwenza i-US "inyanzelise imigaqo yokuphelisa imfazwe." Unobhala woMkhosi woMkhosi uJames James Forrestal wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba u-Byrnes "wayexhalabile kakhulu ukuba amajoni aseJapan angangeni ngaphambi kokuba amaRussia angene." UTruman wayalela ukuba kuqhushumbe nge-6th kunye ne-9 ka-Agasti, kwaye amaRussia ahlasela eManchuria ngo-Agasti 9. I-Soviets zoyisa amaJapan, ngelixa i-US iqhubeka nokuqhushumisa nge-nyukliya. Iingcali zabiza iUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey yagqiba kwelokuba ngoNovemba okanye ngoDisemba, “iJapan ngeyizinikezele nokuba iibhombu zeathom bezingazange ziphoswe, nokuba iRashiya ibingangenanga emfazweni, kwanokuba bekungacetywanga okanye bekucingwa. ” Jikelele u-Dwight Eisenhower uvakalise umbono ofanayo ngaphambi kweebhombu. IJapan yamgcina umlawuli wayo.
Septemba 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1783, i-Peace of Paris yenziwa njengeBritani eyazimela ukuzimela kwe-US. Ibhunga leemakoloni ezaba yiUnited States zatshintshile ezivela kwintsimi egciniweyo yamadoda angama-elite amanyanisekileyo eBrithani ukuya kwintsimi egciniweyo yamadoda angama-elite athembekile eMelika. Iimvukelo ezidumeleyo ngamafama kunye nabasebenzi kunye nabakhoboka abazange baphantsi kwe-revolution. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwamalungelo oluntu luye lwaqhubeka luhamba phambili, ngamanye amaxesha luye lwaphuka kancane, kwaye luhlala lugxininisa emva kophuhliso olufanayo kumazwe afana neKhanada engazange alwe imfazwe neBrithani. I-Peace of Paris yayiindaba ezimbi kubantu baseMerika baseBrithani, njengokuba iBrithani yayinqande ukunyusa kweNtshona, ngoku ivule ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona kwakuyiindaba ezimbi kubo bonke abagqila kwisizwe esitsha sase-United States. Ubukhoboka buya kunqandwa kwiBrithani yaseBrithani ngaphambili ngaphambili e-United States, nakwiindawo ezininzi ezingenayo enye imfazwe. Intsingiselo yemfazwe nokwandiswa kwakuyiyo, esaphila kwisizwe esandul 'ukutshalwa, ukuba kwintetho yeCNNX yeCongress of Congress indlela abantu baseCanada abayayamkela ngayo ukubuyiswa kwe-US njengenkululeko ekhokelela kwiMfazwe ye-1812, eyayifumana isixeko-dolophu esitsha saseWashington satshisa . Abantu baseKhanadi, abazange babe nomdla ekuhlaleni kunokuba beza kuba amaCubans, okanye amaPhilippines, amaHawaii, okanye amaGuatemal, okanye amaVietnam, ama-Iraq, okanye ama-Afghans okanye abantu kumazwe amaninzi ngaphezulu Iminyaka emininzi apho amabutho aseMelika athatyathe indima ebomvu yaseBrithani.
Septemba 4. Ngaloo mini ku-1953 Garry Davis wasungula uRhulumente Wehlabathi. Wayengummi wase-US, inkwenkwezi ye-Broadway, kunye nebhombu kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Kamva wabhala wathi: “Oko ndaqala ukuthunyelwa eBrandenburg, ndandinesazela. Mangaphi amadoda, abafazi nabantwana endibabuleleyo? ” Ngomnyaka we-1948 uGarry Davis walahla ipasipoti yakhe yase-US ukuba abe ngummi wehlabathi. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva wenza uRhulumente weHlabathi otyikitye phantse abemi besigidi kwaye wakhupha iipaspoti ezazisoloko zivunywa ziintlanga. "Ipasipoti yehlabathi yinto ehlekisayo, utshilo uDavis," kodwa ke nazo zonke ezinye iipasipoti. Bahlekisa ngathi kwaye into yethu yeyokuhlekisa kwinkqubo. ” UDavis wamisa inkampu phambi kweZizwe eziManyeneyo eParis, waphazamisa iintlanganiso, waqhuba iintlanganiso, kwaye wenza iindaba ezininzi. Unqatshelwe ukungena eJamani okanye abuyele eFransi, wamisa inkampu emngceleni. UDavis wayichasa i-UN njengemanyano yamazwe ayilelwe ukusebenzisa imfazwe ukuphelisa imfazwe -ukuphikisana okungenathemba. Iminyaka emininzi ibonakale ngathi iyomeleza ityala lakhe. Ngaba kufuneka siphumelele izizwe ukuphelisa iimfazwe? Iintlanga ezininzi azenzi mfazwe. Bambalwa abenza rhoqo. Ngaba singenza urhulumente wehlabathi ngaphandle kobuqhetseba behlabathi ngaphakathi kuye? Mhlawumbi singaqala ngokukhuthazana ukuba sicinge njengoDavis xa sisebenzisa amagama anje ngo “thina.” Nokuba abalweli boxolo basebenzise u "thina" ukubhekisa kubenzi bemfazwe xa besithi "Saqhushumisa iSomalia." Kuthekani ukuba besinokusebenzisa u "thina" ukuthetha "ubuntu" okanye ngaphezulu kobuntu?
Septemba 5. Ngale mini kwi-1981, i-Greenham Peace Camp yasekwa ngumbutho wase-Welsh "Abasetyhini boBomi eMhlabeni" eGreenham Common, eBerkshire, eNgilane. Abafazi abangamashumi amathathu anesithandathu ababehambe besuka eCardiff bephikisa ukumisa imijukujelwa yenyukliya engama-96 bazisa ileta kumlawuli oyintloko eRAF Greenham Common Airbase emva koko bazibopha ngamatyathanga ocingweni olusisiseko. Baseka inkampu yoxolo yabasetyhini ngaphandle kwesiseko, ababehlala bengena kuso ngokuqhankqalaza. Inkampu yathatha iminyaka eli-19 de kwangunyaka wama-2000, nangona imijukujelwa yasuswa yaza yabuyela eUnited States ngo-1991-92. Inkampu ayikhange isuse imijukujelwa kuphela, kodwa ichaphazele ukuqonda komhlaba jikelele ngemfazwe yenyukliya kunye nezixhobo. NgoDisemba ka-1982, ama-30,000 abasetyhini bajoyina izandla ejikeleze isiseko. Ngomhla ka-Epreli 1, 1983, abanye babaqhankqalazi abangama-70,000 benza ikhonkco lomntu elingumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-23 ukusuka kwinkampu ukuya kumzi-mveliso, kwaye ngo-Disemba 1983 abanye abafazi abangama-50,000 XNUMX bajikeleza isiseko, basika ucingo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi babanjwa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi elinanye leenkampu ezifanayo ezamodelwayo kumzekelo weGreenham Peace Camp, kwaye uninzi lwabanye kule minyaka luye lwajonga emva kulo mzekelo. Iintatheli ezivela kwihlabathi liphela iminyaka zichaze inkampu kunye nomyalezo eyikhuthazayo. Iikampu zazihlala ngaphandle kombane, iifowuni, okanye amanzi abalekayo, kodwa nangaphandle kokusilela ukuxhathisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Imikhosi yenyukliya yavalwa kwaye iinkqubo zemfazwe yenyukliya zaphazamiseka. Umnqophiso phakathi kwe-US ne-USSR owawususa imijukujelwa wawungqinelana nabasekampini xa besithi "bayazi ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziya kuba neziphumo ezibi kuluntu lonke."
Septemba 6. Ngaloo mini ku-1860 uJane Addams wazalwa. Wayeza kufumana i-1931 Nobel Peace Prize njengomnye wabambalwa abaphumeleleyo kwiNobel Peace Prize kule minyaka idlulileyo abaye bahlangabezana neziqinisekiso ezibekwe kwintando ka-Alfred Nobel. I-Addams isebenze kwiinkalo ezininzi ekudalweni koluntu olunako ukuhlala ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Ngo-1898 uAdamsams wajoyina i-Anti-Imperialist League yokuphikisa imfazwe yase-US ePhilippines. Xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaqala, wakhokela iinzame zamanye amazwe ukuzama ukusombulula kunye nokuphelisa. Wongamela i-International Congress of Women e-The Hague ngo-1915. Kwaye xa i-United States yangena emfazweni wathetha esidlangalaleni ngokuchasene nemfazwe ejongene nezityholo zenkohlakalo. Wayeyinkokheli yokuqala yoMbutho wamaZwe wamaZwe woXolo neNkululeko ngo-1919 nakwimibutho eyandulelayo ngo-1915. UJane Addams wayeyinxalenye yombutho owawusenza imfazwe ngokungekho mthethweni nge-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Uncede ekufumaneni i-ACLU kunye ne-NAACP, wanceda ukuphumelela abantu ababhinqileyo, wanceda ukunciphisa umsebenzi wabantwana, kwaye wadala uqeqesho loonontlalontle, awayejonga njengesixhobo sokufunda kubafuduki kunye nokwakha idemokhrasi, hayi njengokuthatha inxaxheba kwezothando. Wakha iHull House eChicago, waqala i-kindergarten, abantu abadala abafundileyo, abaxhasa ukuququzelelwa kwabasebenzi, kwaye wavula indawo yokudlala yokuqala eChicago. UJane Addams wabhala iincwadi ezili-1920 kunye namakhulu amanqaku. Wayephikisana noMnqophiso waseVersailles owaphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwaye waxela kwangaphambili ukuba oko kuya kukhokelela kwimfazwe yaseJamani yokuziphindezela.
Septemba 7. Ngaloo mini kwi-1910, ityala leNewfoundland lokuLoba lalisungulwa yiNkundla ePhakamiso yokuSombulula. Le nkundla, e-Hague, isombulule ingxabano ende kunye nenkathazo phakathi kwe-United States ne-Great Britain. Umzekelo weentlanga ezimbini ezinamandla kunye nezobukhosi ezixhomekeke ekulawulweni komzimba wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuxazulula ngokukhawuleza ukuxabana kwazo zabonwa ngokubanzi njengomzekelo okhuthazayo wehlabathi, kwaye uhlala unjalo nanamhlanje, nangona kuqubuka kweminyaka emine emva kwehlabathi IMfazwe I. Kwiiveki zokuhlala, iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanga zathumela iimeko zokubambisana kwiNkundla ePhakade, kuquka impikiswano phakathi kwe-United States neVenezuela. Icala lokuhlaliswa kwamatyala aseNewfoundland lokuLoba kwanika zombini iUnited States neBritani ezinye zezinto ababezifunayo. Yavumela iBrithani ukuba yenze imimiselo efanelekileyo yokuloba emanzini aseNewfoundland, kodwa yanika amandla okuchonga oko kwakufanelekile kumagunya angakhethi. Ngaba iUnited States ne-Great Britain ingaya empini ngokungabikho kwalolu dlamano? Mhlawumbi akunjalo, ubuncinane kungekudala, kwaye kungabi ngaphezu kombuzo wokuloba. Kodwa ukuba omnye okanye zombini iintlanga babefuna ukulwa nezinye izizathu, amalungelo okuloba ayenokusebenza njengelungiso. Ngaphantsi kwekhulu leminyaka ngaphambili, kwi-1812, ezinye iingxabano ezifanayo ziye zenza i-US ukuhlasela kweCanada kwiMfazwe ye-1812. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka kamva, kwi-2015, iingxabano malunga nezivumelwano zorhwebo eMpuma Yurophu zazikhokelela ekukhululeni imfazwe evela koorhulumente baseRashiya ne-US.
Septemba 8. Ngaloo mini kwi-1920, u-Mohandas Gandhi uqalise umkhankaso wakhe wokuqala wokungahlanganyelwanga. Wayelandele umkhankaso wase-Ireland wokulawulwa kwekhaya kwi-1880s ebandakanya isiteleka sokuqashisa. Wayefunde ukuqhutyelwa kweRussia ye-1905. Wayefumene ukuphefumlelwa kwimithombo emininzi kwaye wadala uMbutho weNkcazo yokuNqanda eNdiya kwi-1906 ukulwa nemithetho emitsha echasene namaNdiya. Emuva kwakhe, iNdiya ehlala eBrithani e-1920, namhlanje, uGandhi uzuze imvume yiNdiya yeSizwe ye-Indiya ngenjongo yokungaphumeleli ngokungahambisani nomthetho waseBrithani. Oku kwakuthetha ukubetha izikolo kunye neenkundla. Kwakuthetha ukwenza iingubo kunye nokugqithisa indwangu yangaphandle. Kwakuthetha ukuyeka emsebenzini, ukwenqaba ukuxhasa umsebenzi, kunye nokungathobeli kwabantu. Inzame ithatha iminyaka emininzi kwaye iqhube ngamanyathelo, kunye noGandhi beyicima xa abantu basebenzisa ubudlova, kunye no-Gandhi bechitha iminyaka entolongweni. Le ntshukumo yaqhubela phambili iindlela ezintsha zokucinga nokuphila. Yenza inxaxheba ekwakheni inkqubo yokwakha ukwaneliseka. Yenza inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuphazamisa ukusebenza kweBrithani. Yenza imizamo yokuhlanganisa amaSulumane namaHindu. Ukukhanyela kwerhafu yeryuwa kwathatha uhlobo lokuhamba olwandle kunye nokuveliswa kweetyuwa ngokungekho mthethweni, kunye nokuzama ukungena kwimisebenzi yetyuwa ekhoyo, ebandakanya abaqhankqalazi abanesibindi abaqhubela phambili ukuba bahlaselwe buhlungu. Ngokuxhatshazwa kwabantu be-1930 kwakukho yonke indawo eNdiya. Intolongo yaba ngumqondiso wentlonelo kunokuba ihlazo. Abantu baseIndiya baguqulwa. Kwi-1947 India yazuza ukuzimela, kodwa kuphela kwiindleko zokuhlula amaHindu eNdiya kumaMaslim asePakistan.
Septemba 9. Ngaloo mini ku-1828 Leo Tolstoy wazalelwa. Iincwadi zakhe ziquka Imfazwe noxolo kwaye Anna Karenina. UTolstoy wabona ukuphikisana phakathi kokubulala nokuchasa imfazwe. Waqulunqa ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokobuKristu. Kwincwadi yakhe UBukumkani bukaThixo buphakathi kwakho, wabhala: "Wonke umntu kwibutho lethu lobuKristu uyazi, nokuba ngokwesiko okanye ngokutyhilelwa okanye ngelizwi lesazela, ukuba ukubulala lolunye lolwaphulo-mthetho oloyikekayo umntu anokuthi alwenze, njengoko iVangeli isixelela, nokuba isono sokubulala ayinakulinganiselwa kubantu abathile, oko kukuthi, ukubulala akunakuba sisono kwabanye kwaye ayisosono kwabanye. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ukubulala kusisono, kuhlala kusisono, nokuba ngabaphi na amaxhoba abuleweyo, njengesono sokukrexeza, ubusela, okanye enye into. Kwangelo xesha linye ukusukela ebuntwaneni babo amadoda ayabona ukuba ukubulala akuvunyelwanga nje kuphela, kodwa kuvunyelwa nentsikelelo yabo babaqhele ukubathatha njengezikhokelo zabo zokomoya ezimiselweyo, kwaye babone iinkokeli zabo bezolile beqinisekisa ukubulala, ukuzingca. Ukunxiba iingalo zokubulala, nokufuna abanye egameni lemithetho yelizwe, nkqu nakuThixo, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekubulaleni. Amadoda ayabona ukuba kukho ukungangqinelani apha, kodwa angabinakho ukukuhlalutya, ngokungakhathali acinga ukuba oku kubonakala kungangqinelani sisiphumo sokungazi kwabo. Ubukhulu nokucaca kokungangqinelani kuyabaqinisekisa oku. ”
Septemba 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1785 uKumkani wasePrussia uFrederick Omkhulu wasayina isivumelwano sokuqala sokuzimela kunye ne-United States. Umnqophiso weSivumelwano soRhwebo kunye noRhwebo wathembisa ngoxolo kodwa wathetha nangendlela ezi zizwe zibini ezazinokunxibelelana ngayo ukuba zombini okanye zombini zisemfazweni, okanye nokuba ziyalwa, kubandakanya unyango olufanelekileyo lwamabanjwa kunye nabantu - imigangatho eya kuthintela uninzi lwemfazwe iqulathe namhlanje. "Kwaye bonke abantu basetyhini nabantwana," ifundeka ngolu hlobo, “abaphengululi bezinto zonke, abalimi bomhlaba, amagcisa, abavelisi kunye nabalobi abangaxhobanga kwaye bahlala kwiidolophu ezingafumanekiyo, iilali okanye iindawo, kwaye ngokubanzi bonke abanye imisebenzi yabo yeyokutya isibonelelo soluntu, siya kuvunyelwa ukuba siqhubeke nomsebenzi waso, kwaye singasokoliswa ngabantu baso, kwaye izindlu zabo okanye izinto zabo zingatshiswa, okanye zitshatyalaliswe, okanye amasimi abo achithwe ngumkhosi wotshaba, onamandla abo , ngeziganeko zemfazwe, zinokwenzeka ukuba ziwe; Kodwa ukuba kukho nantoni na ekufuneka ithathiwe kubo yokusebenzisa umkhosi, iya kuhlawulwa ngexabiso elifanelekileyo. ” Umnqophiso wawusisivumelwano sokuqala sokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo sase-US, nangona iphepha eli-1,000 XNUMX lifutshane kakhulu ukuba lingafane nesivumelwano sangoku sokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo. Kwakungabhalwanga okanye okanye malunga neenkampani. Kwakungabandakanyi nto ukukhusela iinkampani ezinkulu ngokuchasene nezincinci. Ayisekanga iinkundla zamatyala ezinamandla okubhukuqa imithetho yesizwe. Ayibandakanyi izithintelo kuzithintelo zesizwe kwimisebenzi yeshishini.
Septemba 11. Ngaloo mini kwi-1900, uGandhi uqalise iSatyagraha eGoli. Kwakhona ngalo mhla kwi-1973 i-United States yayisixhasa ukukhupha okwagqithisa urhulumente waseChile. Kwaye namhlanje ku-2001 amaphekula ahlaselwa eUnited States esebenzisa iindiza ezixakile. Olu lusuku olulungileyo lokuchasa ubundlobongela kunye nobuzwe kunye nokuziphindezela. Ngale mini ngo-2015, amashumi amawaka abantu baseChile babonisa isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-42 sokubhukuqwa kwabantu esabeka uzwilakhe okhohlakeleyo u-Augusto Pinochet emandleni kwaye wabhukuqa uMongameli owayenyuliwe uSalvador Allende. Isihlwele samatsha saya emangcwabeni kwaye sanika imbeko kumaxhoba kaPinochet. U-Lorena Pizarro, inkokeli yeqela lamalungelo amalungu ezalamane, uthe “Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane kuqhubeke, sisafuna inyani nobulungisa. Asizukuphumla de sifumanise ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kubantu esibathandayo ababanjiweyo nabalahlekileyo ukuba bangaze baphinde babuye. ” UPinochet wagwetywa eSpain kodwa wasweleka ngo-2006 engakhange aziswe enkundleni. Umongameli wase-US u-Richard Nixon, Unobhala welizwe u-Henry Kissinger, kunye nabanye ababandakanyekayo ekubhukuqeni u-Allende nabo zange bajongane novavanyo, noxa u-Kissinger, njengo-Pinochet, ebekwa ityala e-Spain. I-United States yanikezela ngesikhokelo, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nokuxhasa ngezemali ngoqhushululu luka-1973, ngexesha u-Allende wazibulala ngalo. Idemokhrasi yaseChile yatshatyalaliswa, kwaye uPinochet wasemandleni de kwangowe-1988. Ingqiqo yento eyenzekileyo ngoSeptemba 11, 1973 inikezelwa yifilimu ka-1982. Ulahlekile iqwalasela uJack Lemmon noSissy Spacek. Ixelela ibali likaNobhala we-US uCharles Horman oye walahla ngaloo mini.
Septemba 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1998, abahlanu baseCuban babanjwe. UGerardo Hernández, u-Antonio Guerrero, uRamón Labañino, uFernando González, noRené González babevela eCuba kwaye babanjwa eMiami, eFlorida, bamangalelwa, bazama, kwaye bagwetywa kwinkundla yaseMelika ngokwenza iyelenqe lobugqwirha. Bakhanyela ukuba baziintlola kurhulumente waseCuba, eneneni ababenjalo. Kodwa akukho mntu uphikisayo ukuba baseMiami ngenjongo yokungena, hayi urhulumente wase-US, kodwa amaqela aseMelika aseCuba anjongo yawo yayikukwenza ubuqili nokubulala eCuba. Aba bahlanu babethunyelwe kolo thungelwano kulandela iziqhushumbisi ezininzi zaseHavana ezazicwangciswe ngowayesakuba ngumqhubi weCIA uLuis Posada Carriles, owayehlala ngelo xesha kwaye iminyaka emininzi ezayo eMiami engakhange ajongane natshutshiso lolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente waseCuba wanika i-FBI 175 amaphepha kwindima kaCarriles kwibhombu ye-1997 eHavana, kodwa i-FBI ayikhange yenze ngokuchasene neCarriles. Endaweni yoko, isebenzise ulwazi ukufumanisa iiCuba ezintlanu. Emva kokubanjwa kwabo bachitha iinyanga ezili-17 bengena bodwa, kwaye amagqwetha abo alelwa ukufikelela kubungqina bomtshutshisi. Amaqela alwela amalungelo abantu abuthandabuza ubulungisa beli tyala leCuba lesihlanu, kwaye iNkundla yeziBheno yeshumi elinanye yasitshitshisa isigwebo kodwa kamva sababuyisela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMelika yenqabile ukulijonga eli tyala, nanjengoko abahlanu baba ngunobangela wehlabathi kunye namaqhawe esizwe eCuba. Urhulumente wase-US ukhulule omnye kwabahlanu ngo-2011, omnye ngo-2013, kunye nabanye abathathu ngo-2014 njengenxalenye yokuvulwa kwezopolitiko ngokubhekisele kubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo neCuba.
Septemba 13. Ngale mini ngo-2001, kwiintsuku ezimbini emva kokuba iinqwelomoya zibethe iWorld Trade Center kunye nePentagon, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wenza ileta esidlangalaleni ileta eya kwiCongress esithi "eyona nto iphambili kuthi kukuphendula ngokukhawuleza nangokuqinisekileyo," kwaye acele i-20 yezigidigidi zeedola.. Unyana kaPhyllis no-Orlando Rodriguezes uGreg wayengomnye wexhoba leZiko lezoRhwebo leHlabathi. Bapapashe le ngxelo: “Unyana wethu uGreg uphakathi kwabaninzi abalahlekileyo kuhlaselo lweWorld Trade Center. Oko saqala ukuva iindaba, sabelane ngamaxesha osizi, intuthuzelo, ithemba, ukuphelelwa lithemba, iinkumbulo ezimnandi kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, ezi ntsapho zimbini, abahlobo bethu kunye nabamelwane, oogxa bakhe abanothando eCantor Fitzgerald / ESpeed, kunye nazo zonke iintsapho ezilusizi ukudibana mihla le ePierre Hotel. Sibona ukwenzakala nomsindo wethu kubonakala phakathi kwakhe wonke umntu esidibana naye. Asinakuhoya kukuhamba kweendaba mihla le malunga nale ntlekele. Kodwa sifunde ngokwaneleyo ezindaba ukuba siqonde ukuba urhulumente wethu usiya kwimpindezelo enobundlobongela, sinethemba loonyana, iintombi, abazali, abahlobo kumazwe akude, besifa, bebandezeleka, kwaye beqhubeka nokukhalaza. Ayisiyondlela yokuhamba. Ayizukuphindezela ukufa konyana wethu. Hayi egameni lonyana wethu. Unyana wethu wasweleka elixhoba leengcamango ezingenabuntu. Izenzo zethu akufuneki zisebenze kwinjongo enye. Masibe lusizi. Masicamngce kwaye sithandaze. Makhe sicinge ngempendulo enengqiqo ezisa uxolo lokwenene kunye nobulungisa kwihlabathi lethu. Kodwa masingathi sisisizwe songeze kubundlongondlongo bala maxesha ethu. ”
Septemba 14. Ngale mini kwi-2013, i-United States yavuma ukushenxisa izixhobo zamachiza eSyria ngokusebenzisana neRussia, endaweni yokuqalisa imijukujelwa eSyria. Uxinzelelo kuluntu lube negalelo ekuthinteleni uhlaselo lwemijukujelwa. Nangona olo hlaselo lwanikezelwa njengecebo lokugqibela, nje ukuba zivaliwe zonke iintlobo zamanye amathuba zinokwamkelwa ekuhleni. Olu lusuku olulungileyo lokuphikisa ibango elingenangqondo lokuba iimfazwe azinakuze zimiswe. Ngo-2015, owayesakuba ngumongameli waseFinland nowawongwa ngembasa kaNobel ngoxolo uMartti Ahtisaari watyhila ukuba ngo-2012 iRussia yacebisa inkqubo yoxolo phakathi kukarhulumente wase-Syria kunye nabachasi bayo eyayinokubandakanya uMongameli u-Bashar al-Assad. Kodwa, ngokuka-Ahtisaari, i-United States yayiqinisekile ukuba i-Assad kungekudala izobhuqwa ngobundlobongela kangangokuba yasikhaba isicelo. Oko kwakungaphambi kokuzenza ngokungxamisekileyo kokuqalisa imijukujelwa ngo-2013. Ngosuku olulandelayo, nangona kunjalo, ngeCongress eyalayo imfazwe, uKerry wayebanga ukuba wayethetha intetho yakhe ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwaye akholelwa ukuba le nkqubo inethuba elihle lokuphumelela, njengoko kunjalo. Ngelishwa, akukho mzamo mtsha wenziwayo woxolo ngaphaya kokususwa kwezixhobo zamachiza, kwaye i-United States yaqhubeka nokungena emfazweni ngezixhobo, iinkampu zoqeqesho kunye needrones. Akukho nanye kwezi ekufuneka ifihle inyani yokuba uxolo lwalunokwenzeka.
Septemba 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-2001, iCongresswoman uBarbara Lee yenze ivoti kuphela ukunika abaongameli base-US ithuba lokuba bafumane iimfazwe eziza kubonakalisa iintlekele ezinjalo kwiminyaka ezayo. Ngokwengxenye, uthe, "Ndivuka namhlanje ndinentliziyo ebuhlungu kakhulu, ezele lusizi kwiintsapho nakwabathandekayo ababuleweyo nabonzakeleyo kule veki. Kuphela zezona zibubudenge kunye nabangakhathaliyo abangayiqondiyo intlungu ebambe abantu bethu kunye nezigidi kwihlabathi liphela. . . . Uloyiko lwethu olunzulu ngoku lusikhathaza. Nangona kunjalo, ndiqinisekile ukuba isenzo somkhosi asizukuthintela ezinye izenzo zobunqolobi ezenziwa e-United States. Lo ngumcimbi onzima kakhulu kwaye unzima. Ngoku esi sisombululo siza kudlula, nangona sonke sisazi ukuba uMongameli angalwa imfazwe nangaphandle kwayo. Nokuba kunzima kangakanani le voti, abanye bethu kufuneka babongoze ukusetyenziswa kwesithintelo. Ilizwe lethu likwimeko yokulila. Abanye bethu kufuneka bathi, masibuye umva okomzuzwana. Masime kancinci, okomzuzu nje kwaye sicinge ngefuthe lezenzo zethu namhlanje, ukuze oku kungaphumi kulawulo. Ngoku ndikhathazekile ngale voti. Kodwa ndiye ndayifumana namhlanje, ndaye ndafika ndasichasa esi sisombululo ngexesha lenkonzo yesikhumbuzo ebuhlungu kakhulu, kodwa intle kakhulu. Njengelungu labefundisi ngokutyibilikayo wathi, "Njengokuba sisebenza, masingabi bobubi esibathandayo."
Septemba 16. Ukuqala ngalo mhla ku-1982 iqumrhu lamaKristu laseBhanana elibizwa ngokuba yi-Phalangists, lidibaniswe kwaye lancedwa ngumkhosi wama-Israel, labulala abanye i-2,000 kwi-3,000 ababaleki basePalestina abangabhubhiswanga kwiindawo zaseSabra kunye nekampu ye-Shatila e-Beirut, eLebhanon. Umkhosi wakwa-Israeli wayirhangqa le ndawo, wathumela imikhosi yasePalangist, wanxibelelana nabo nge-walkie-talkie kwaye wajonga ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Ikhomishini yophando yase-Israeli kamva yafumanisa ukuba lowo ubizwa ngokuba ngu-Mphathiswa Wezomkhosi u-Ariel Sharon uxanduva. Wanyanzelwa ukuba ehle esihlalweni, kodwa akazange atshutshiswe ngolwaphulo mthetho. Ngapha koko, wawuvuselela umsebenzi wakhe waba yinkulumbuso. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala lukaSharon lwafika xa wayemncinci ngo-1953 kwaye watshabalalisa izindlu ezininzi kwilali yaseJordanian yaseQibya, apho wayejongene nokubulawa kwabantu abangama-69. Wabiza ngobomi bakhe Umkhosi. Xa wafa ngo-2014 wayeninzi kwaye ehlonishwa ngokugqithiseleyo kumaphephandaba njengendoda enoxolo. U-Ellen Siegel, umongikazi ongumYuda waseMelika, ubalisa ngokubulawa kwabantu, apho wabona ugandaganda wakwa-Israyeli emba ingcwaba elinabantu abaninzi: “Basimisa ngodonga olwaluzaliswe zimbumbulu, yaye babephethe imipu. Kwaye besicinga ukuba le yi-ndiyathetha, yayiliqela lokudubula. Ngokukhawuleza, ijoni lakwa-Israyeli liza libaleka esitratweni lize limise. Ndicinga ukuba umbono wokudubula wabasebenzi bezempilo bamanye amazwe wawungeyonto inomdla kakhulu kumaSirayeli. Kodwa into yokuba babeyibona kwaye bayimisa ibonisa ukuba babekhona-kwabakho unxibelelwano. ”
Septemba 17. Lo ngumhla woMgaqo-siseko. Ngaloo mini kwi-1787 iMgaqo-siseko yase-US yamkelwe yaye yayingaphuli. Oko kuya kuza. Amagunya amaninzi anikwe iCongress, kubandakanya namandla okwenza umlo, ngoku aqhele ukuxhatshazwa ngoomongameli. Umbhali oyintloko woMgaqo-siseko uJames Madison uphawule ukuba “akukho nxalenye yomgaqo-siseko inobulumko obunokufunyanwa, kunakwigatya eligcina umbuzo wemfazwe okanye uxolo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, hayi kwisebe elilawulayo. Ngaphandle kwesichaso kumxube onjalo kumagunya ohlukeneyo, ukuthembela kunye nesilingo kuya kuba sikhulu kakhulu nakubani na umntu omnye; ayisiyiyo indalo enokunikela njengeprodigy yeenkulungwane ezininzi, kodwa njengoko kunokulindelwa ngokulandelelana okuqhelekileyo kobugqwetha. Imfazwe enyanisweni ingumongikazi wokwenyani wesigqeba esilawulayo. Kwimfazwe, amandla omzimba aya kwenziwa; kwaye yintando yesigqeba, eyokuyiqondisa. Kwimfazwe, ubuncwane boluntu kufuneka buvulwe; kwaye sisandla esilawulayo esiza kubanika. Kwimfazwe, amawonga kunye nokuhlawulwa kweofisi kufuneka kwandiswe; kwaye lulawulo oluphetheyo phantsi kolonwabo lwabo. Kusemfazweni, ekugqibeleni, ukuba laurels kufuneka ziqokelelwe, kwaye yintloko elawulayo ekufuneka bayirhangqile. Ukuthanda okunamandla kunye nobuthathaka obunobungozi besifuba somntu; amabhongo, uburharha, ubudenge, ukuthanda ukubekeka okanye ukuthanda udumo lomhlaba, zonke ezi zinto zenzelwe iyelenqe lokufuna uxolo. ”
Septemba 18. Ngaloo mini kwi-1924 Mohandas Gandhi yaqalisa ukuhamba ngokutsha kwe-21 kwikhaya lamaSilamsi, ngenxa yobunye bamaSulumane namaHindu. Uqhushululu lwalusenzeka kwiPhondo laseMantla Ntshona e-India elaliza kuthi kamva libe yiPakistan. AmaHindu angaphezu kwama-150 namaSikh abulawa, kwaye abanye abantu babalekela ubomi babo. UGandhi uthathe iintsuku ezingama-21 ngokukhawuleza. Kwakungokunye ukutya okuli-17 awayeza kukwenza, kubandakanya ezimbini ngo-1947 kunye no-1948 ngesizathu esinye, esisafezekiswa, sobunye bamaSilamsi namaHindu. Okunye ukuzila ukutya kukaGandhi kufezekisile iziphumo ezibonakalayo, njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye iindlela zokuzila ukutya ngaphambili nasemva koko. UGandhi wayecinga ngabo njengoluhlobo loqeqesho. "Akukho nto inamandla njengokuzila ukutya kunye nokuthandaza," watsho, "enokusinika uqeqesho olufanelekileyo, umoya wokuzincama, ukuthobeka nokuzimisela ngaphandle kokungabikho nkqubela yokwenyani." UGandhi ukwathe, "I-hartal," esithetha ugwayimbo okanye ukunqunyanyiswa emsebenzini, "kuziswe ngokuzithandela kwaye ngaphandle koxinzelelo kuyindlela enamandla yokubonisa ukungathandwa ngabantu, kodwa ukuzila ukutya ngakumbi. Xa abantu bezila ngumoya wenkolo kwaye ngaloo ndlela bebonisa intlungu yabo phambi koThixo, ifumana impendulo ethile. Ezona ntliziyo zilukhuni ziyachukumiseka yiyo. Ukuzila ukutya kuthathwa zizo zonke iinkolo njengoqeqesho olukhulu. Abo bazila ukutya ngokuzithandela bathamba kwaye bahlanjululwa yiyo. Ukuzila okucocekileyo ngumthandazo onamandla kakhulu. Ayisiyonto incinci kubantu be-lakhs, ”okuthetha ukuba ngamakhulu amawaka," ngokuzithandela ukuba bangatyi ekutyeni kwaye ukuzila okunjalo kukuzila kukaSatyagrahi. Ikhuthaza abantu neentlanga. ”
Septemba 19. Ngaloo mini kwii-2013 iinkokeli ze-WOZA, ezibhekiselele kuBesifazane baseZimbabwe ziza, babanjwe eHarare, Zimbabwe, ngelixa bebhiyozela iSuku lweZizwe zoxolo. I-WOZA yintlangano yoluntu eZimbabwe eyakhiwe kwi-2003 UJenni Williams ukukhuthaza abantu basetyhini ukuba balwele amalungelo nenkululeko yabo. Ngo-2006, iWOZA yathatha isigqibo sokuyila iMOZA okanye iMen of Zimbabwe Arise, ethe yaququzelela amadoda ukuba asebenze ngokungenalusini amalungelo abantu. Amalungu eWOZA abanjwe amatyeli amaninzi ebonakalisa ngoxolo, kuqukwa noqhankqalazo lonyaka lweValentine Day oluqhubela phambili amandla othando njengoko kuthandwa ukuthanda amandla. Abantu baseZimbabwe babethathe inxaxheba kunyulo lobongameli kunye nolwepalamente ngoJulayi 2013. IAmnesty International yaqaphela amanqanaba aphezulu engcinezelo phambi kolonyulo. URobert Mugabe, owayephumelele unyulo oluthandabuzekayo ukusukela ngo-1980, wonyulwa kwakhona njengo-Mongameli iminyaka emihlanu, kwaye iqela lakhe laphinda lawulawula ePalamente. Ngo-2012 nango-2013, phantse yonke imibutho yoluntu yaseZimbabwe, kubandakanya iWOZA, yagqogqwa iiofisi, okanye iinkokheli zabanjwa, okanye zombini. Ukucinga kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kunokucebisa iWOZA ukuba ibhenele kubundlobongela. Kodwa izifundo zifumanise ukuba, enyanisweni, amaphulo angenabundlobongela ngokuchasene noorhulumente abakhohlakeleyo aphindwe kabini amathuba okuphumelela, kwaye ezo mpumelelo zihlala ixesha elide. Ukuba oorhulumente baseNtshona banokugcina iimpumlo zabo ngaphandle, kwaye bangasebenzisi amatsha ntliziyo angenabundlobongela njengezixhobo zokufaka umongameli wePentagon-onobubele, kwaye ukuba abantu abalungileyo abavela kwihlabathi liphela banokuxhasa iWOZA neMOZA, iZimbabwe inokuba nekamva eliqaqambileyo.
Septemba 20. Ngale mini ngo-1838, umbutho wokuqala ongenabundlobongela emhlabeni, i-New England Non-Resistance Society, yasekwa eBoston, eMassachusetts. Umsebenzi wayo uza kuba nefuthe kuThoreau, eTolstoy naseGandhi. Yayilwa ngokuyinxenye ziiradicals zacaphuka ngenxa yeentloni zoMbutho Woxolo waseMelika ongavumiyo ukubuchasa bonke ubundlobongela. Umgaqo-siseko weqela elitsha kunye neSibhengezo seZimvo, esenziwe ngokuyintloko nguWilliam Lloyd Garrison, sitsho, ngokuyinxenye: “Asinakuvuma ukuthobela nawuphi na urhulumente wabantu… Ilizwe lethu lihlabathi, abantu belizwe lethu luluntu lonke… Sibhalisa ubungqina bethu, hayi kuphela ngokuchasene nayo yonke imfazwe-nokuba iyacaphukisa okanye iyazikhusela, kodwa onke amalungiselelo emfazwe, ngokuchasene nayo yonke inqanawa yomkhosi waselwandle, zonke izixhobo zomkhosi, zonke iinqaba; ngokuchasene nenkqubo yamajoni kunye nomkhosi omileyo; nxamnye nazo zonke iinkosi zomkhosi namajoni; ngokuchasene nazo zonke izikhumbuzo ezikhumbula uloyiso kulutshaba lwangaphandle, zonke iindebe zodidi oluphumeleleyo edabini, yonke imibhiyozo yokuhlonipha umkhosi okanye umkhosi waselwandle; ngokuchasene nalo lonke ulwabiwo-mali lokukhusela ilizwe ngokunyanzelwa nangengalo zalo naliphi na iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho; nxamnye nayo yonke imithetho karhulumente efuna ukuba abantu abaya emkhosini. Yiyo loo nto, sikubona kungekho semthethweni ukuphatha izixhobo okanye ukubamba i-ofisi yasemkhosini… ”Umbutho iNew England Non-Resistance Society wakhankasela ngenkuthalo utshintsho, kubandakanya ubufazi nokupheliswa kobukhoboka. Amalungu aphazamise iintlanganiso zecawe ngokuqhankqalaza engenzi nto ngobukhoboka. Amalungu kunye neenkokheli zabo bebehlala bejamelene nobundlobongela bamahlokondiba anomsindo, kodwa bahlala benqaba ukubuyisa umonzakalo. Umbutho ubangelwe kukungavumi ukuba kungabikho malungu awo abuleweyo.
Septemba 21. Lona luSuku lweSizwe soxolo. Kwaye kwangolu suku ngo-1943, iSenethi yase-US yadlula ngevoti engama-73 ukuya kwele-1 isiGqibo seFulbright sibonisa ukuzibophelela kwintlangano yasemhlabeni yasemva kwemfazwe. Izizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye namanye amaziko ehlabathi adalwa ukuphela kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, ngokuqinisekileyo inengxelo exubeneyo kakhulu malunga nokuqhubela phambili uxolo. Kwaye kwangolu suku ngo-1963 uMkhosi wabaHleli beMfazwe waququzelela umboniso wokuqala wase-US nxamnye nemfazwe eyenzeka eVietnam. Intshukumo eyakhula ukusuka apho ekugqibeleni yadlala indima enkulu ekupheliseni loo mfazwe nasekuguqukeni uluntu lwaseMelika ukuba luye emfazweni kangangokuba abaxhasi bemfazwe eWashington baqalisa ukubhekisa ekuchaseni uluntu ukuba alwe mfazwe njengesifo, iVietnam Syndrome. Kwaye kwangolu suku ngo-1976 iOrlando Letelier, iqela eliphikisayo elichasene no-danbheli waseChile u-Gen. Augusto Pinochet, wabulawa, ngokomyalelo ka-Pinochet, kunye nomncedisi wakhe waseMelika, uRonni Moffitt, ngebhombu yemoto eWashington, DC-ngumsebenzi wangaphambili. I-CIA iyasebenza. USuku lweXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe lwaqala ukubhiyozelwa ngonyaka we-1982, kwaye lwamkelwa ngamazwe amaninzi kunye nemibutho eneziganeko kwihlabathi liphela rhoqo nge-21 kaSeptemba, kubandakanya nokuma kancinci kwemfazwe kwiimfazwe ezibonisa indlela ekuya kuba lula ngayo ukuba ube nonyaka okanye ngonaphakade -maxesha athile kwiimfazwe. Ngolu suku, iZizwe eziManyeneyo Peace Bell luyiyo Ikomkhulu le-UN in City New York. Lo ngumhla omuhle ekusebenzeni uxolo olusisigxina nokukhumbula amaxhoba emfazwe.
Septemba 22. Ngaloo mini kwi-1961 uMthetho woxolo we-Peace Corps usayinwe nguMongameli John Kennedy emva kokugqitywa yiCongress yangaphambili. I-Peace Corps ke eyenziweyo ichazwa kweso senzo njengokusebenza "ukukhuthaza uxolo lwehlabathi kunye nobuhlobo nge-Peace Corps, eya kuthi ifumaneke kumazwe anomdla kunye neendawo amadoda nabafazi base-United States abakulungeleyo ukusebenzela phesheya kwaye bazimisele ukukhonza, phantsi iimeko zobunzima xa kukho imfuneko, ukunceda abantu bala mazwe kunye nezo ndawo ekufezekiseni iimfuno zabo zabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. ” Phakathi kuka-1961 no-2015, phantse ama-220,000 aseMelika ajoyine i-Peace Corps kwaye bakhonza kumazwe ali-140. Ngokwesiqhelo, abasebenzi be-Peace Corps banceda ngezoqoqosho okanye okusingqongileyo okanye iimfuno zemfundo, hayi nothethathethwano ngoxolo okanye ngokusebenza njengamakhaka abantu. Kodwa kananjalo ayinxalenye yezicwangciso zemfazwe okanye ukubhukuqwa kukarhulumente njengoko kuhlala kunjalo kwi-CIA, i-USAID, i-NED, okanye abasebenzi base-US abasebenzela ezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente eziphesheya. Kunzima kangakanani, kwaye ngentlonipho kangakanani na, kwaye asebenze ngobulumko kangakanani na amavolontiya e-Peace Corps ayahluka kumavolontiya. Okona kuncinci babonisa ilizwe elingaxhobanga ngabemi base-US kwaye ngokwabo bafumana umbono wenxalenye yelizwe langaphandle-amava akhanyisayo anokuthi mhlawumbi abangele ubukho bamagorha amaninzi e-Peace Corps phakathi kwabaphembeleli boxolo. Iingcamango zokhenketho loxolo kunye nediplomacy yabemi njengeendlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko weemfazwe zithathiwe ziinkqubo zokufunda ngoxolo kunye nemibutho emininzi engekho kurhulumente exhasa utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, nokuba kungokwenyani okanye ngekhompyuter.
Septemba 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-1973 abaSebenzi beFama baseUnited States bamkele uMgaqo-siseko kuquka ukuzibophezela ekungabikho komthetho. Abathunywa abamalunga nama-350 babehlanganisene eFresno, eCalifornia, ukuze bavume uMgaqo-siseko kwaye banyule ibhodi kunye namagosa ale manyano yabasebenzi isandula ukuqeshwa. Lo msitho wawungumbhiyozo wokoyisa ubunzima obukhulu, kunye nobundlobongela obuninzi, ukwenza le manyano yabasebenzi basezifama ababesetyenziselwa imivuzo ephantsi kunye nokoyikisa. Baye bajongana nokubanjwa, ukubethwa, kunye nokubulawa, kunye nokungakhathali kukarhulumente kunye nentiyo, kunye nokhuphiswano kwimanyano enkulu. UCesar Chavez wayeqalisile ukulungiselela iminyaka elishumi ngaphambili. Wavakalisa isilogeni esithi "Ewe, sinako!" okanye “Si 'se puede!” Ukhuthaze abantu abatsha ukuba babe ngabaququzeleli, uninzi lwabo olusekhona. Bona okanye abafundi babo baququzelele amaphulo amakhulu obulungisa bezentlalo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-20. I-UFW iyiphucule kakhulu imeko yokusebenza yabasebenzi basezifama eCarlifonia nakwilizwe liphela, kwaye yaqala ubuqili obuninzi obusetyenziswe ngempumelelo enkulu ukusukela oko, kubandakanya neyona nto idumileyo. Isiqingatha sabantu eUnited States sayeka ukutya iidiliya de abantu abavune iidiliya bavunyelwa ukuba benze umanyano. I-UFW iphuhlise ubuchule bokujolisa kwinkampani okanye kwezopolitiko ukusuka kwii-angles ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Abasebenzi basezifama basebenzise ukuzila ukutya, iibhodi zezaziso zabantu, iholo yasesitalatweni, ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu, ukwakha umanyano, kunye nokufikelela kuvoto. I-UFW yagaya abagqatswa, yabanyula, emva koko bahlala kwii-ofisi zabo bada bazigcina izibophelelo zabo - indlela eyahluke kakhulu ngokuzenza umlandeli womgqatswa.
Septemba 24. Ngaloo mini kwi-1963 iNational Senate yaseUnited States iqinisekisile iNyango ye-Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Limited Treaty Ban Treaty Treaty ngoba ivinjelwe ukuqhuma kwenyukliya ngaphantsi komhlaba okanye ngaphantsi kwamanzi, kodwa kungekho ngaphantsi komhlaba. Umnqophiso ujolise kwaye wanciphisa ukuwa kwenyukliya kumhlaba ojikeleze umhlaba, owawusenziwa ngovavanyo lwezixhobo zenyukliya, ngakumbi yi-United States, yiSoviet Union, ne China. I-United States yenze ukuba inani leziqithi kwiiMarshall Islands lingahlali kwaye labangela amazinga aphezulu omhlaza kunye neziphene zokuzalwa phakathi kwabahlali. Umnqophiso waqinisekiswa ekwindla lika-1963 yiSoviet Union kunye ne-United Kingdom. ISoviet Union yaphakamisa uvavanyo lokuvalwa ngokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezingezizo ezenyukliya. Isifumene isivumelwano kwabanye ababini kwisithintelo sovavanyo sodwa. I-US kunye ne-UK babefuna uhlolo lwendawo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvavanywa komhlaba, kodwa iiSoviet azizange zenze njalo. Ke, umnqophiso washiya ukuvavanywa phantsi komhlaba ngaphandle kokuvalwa. NgoJuni uMongameli uJohn Kennedy, ethetha kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, wabhengeza ukuba i-United States izakuphelisa kwangoko iimvavanyo zenyukliya emoyeni njengoko abanye besenza, ngelixa besenza isivumelwano. "Ukugqitywa komnqophiso onje, okufuphi nangoku kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku," utshilo uKennedy kwiinyanga ngaphambi kokugqitywa kwawo, "kuya kujonga ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo olukhulayo kwenye yezona ndawo ziyingozi. Ingabeka amandla enyukliya kwindawo efanelekileyo yokujongana ngokuphumelelayo nenye yeengozi ezinkulu umntu ajongene nazo ngo-1963, ukusasazeka ngakumbi kwezixhobo zenyukliya. ”
Septemba 25. Ngaloo mini kumongameli we-1959 wase-US uDwight Eisenhower kunye nenkokeli yaseSoviet uKicita Khrushchev. Oku kwathathelwa ingqalelo njengobushushu obumangalisayo bobudlelwane beMfazwe ebandayo kwaye kwakha umoya wethemba kunye nemincili ngekamva ngaphandle kwemfazwe yenyukliya. Phambi kotyelelo lweentsuku ezimbini kunye no-Eisenhower eCamp David nakwifama yase-Eisenhower ese-Gettysburg, u-Khrushchev kunye nosapho lwakhe batyelela i-United States. Batyelele iNew York, iLos Angeles, iSan Francisco, neDes Moines. E-LA, u-Khrushchev wadana kakhulu xa amapolisa emxelela ukuba ngekhuselekile kuye ukuba atyelele iDisneyland. U-Khrushchev, owayephila ukusuka ngonyaka ka 1894 ukuya ku 1971, wangena kulawulo emva kokubhubha kuka Josef Stalin ngo 1953. Wayegxeka into awayeyibiza ngokuba “kukugqitha” kuka Stalinism kwaye wathi ufuna “ukuhlala ngoxolo” ne United States. U-Eisenhower ubanga ukuba ufuna into efanayo. Zombini ezi nkokheli zithe le ntlanganiso ibinemveliso kwaye bakholelwa kwelokuba “umba wokuphathwa kwezixhobo ngokubanzi ngoyena ubalulekileyo ujongene nehlabathi namhlanje.” U-Khrushchev waqinisekisa oogxa bakhe ukuba angasebenza no-Eisenhower, kwaye wammemela ukuba atyelele i-Soviet Union ngo-1960. Kodwa ngo-Meyi, iSoviet Union yadubula inqwelo-moya yo-U-2, kwaye u-Eisenhower waxoka ngayo, engaqondi ukuba iiSoviet ziyibambile umqhubi. Umlo obandayo wawubuyile. Umqhubi we-radar wase-US kwi-U-2 eyimfihlo enkulu wayeneziphene kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo kwaye waxelelwa ukuba uxelele amaRussia yonke into ayaziyo, kodwa wamkelwa ngurhulumente wase-US. Igama lakhe yayingu Lee Harvey Oswald. Ingxaki yeMissile yaseCuba yayingekafiki.
Septemba 26. Lusuku lweSizwe soLuntu lweSizwe soMhlaba weSizwe soLuntu lokuSilaliswa kweNyukliya. Kwakhona ngalo mhla kwi-1924 i-League of Nations yokuqala yamukelwa iSibhengezo samaLungelo eMntwaneni, kamva yaveliswa kwiNgqungquthela ngamalungelo omntwana. I-United States yeyona iphambili ekuchaseni izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nelona lizwe libambeleyo kwiNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oMntwana, nalapho amazwe ali-196 ebandakanyeka khona. Ewe kunjalo, amanye amaqela akwisivumelwano ayawaphula, kodwa i-United States inenjongo yokuziphatha engayi kuyaphula, kangangokuba i-Senate yase-US iyala ukuyivuma. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo soku kukudlakazela okuthile ngamalungelo abazali okanye awosapho. Kodwa e-United States, abantwana abangaphantsi kwe-18 banokufakwa ejele ubomi ngaphandle kwengqawule. Imithetho yase-US ivumela abantwana abancinci njenge-12 ukuba basebenze kwezolimo iiyure ezinde phantsi kweemeko eziyingozi. Isinye kwisithathu samazwe aseMelika sivumela isohlwayo ngokubetha ezikolweni. Umkhosi wase-US ubhence elubala abantwana kwiinkqubo zangaphambi komkhosi. Umongameli wase-US ubulale abantwana ngoqhankqalazo lwedrone kwaye wajonga amagama abo kuluhlu lokubulala. Yonke le migaqo-nkqubo, eminye yayo exhaswa yimizi-mveliso enenzuzo kakhulu, iya kwaphula iNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oMntwana yayiyiMelika ukuba iyijoyine. Ukuba abantwana banamalungelo, banamalungelo kwizikolo ezifanelekileyo, ukukhuselwa kwimipu, kunye nemeko esempilweni kunye nozinzo. Ezo ziya kuba zizinto eziphambeneyo kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseMelika ukuba izibophelele kuyo.
Septemba 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1923, ekuphumeleleni uxolo lwe-League of Nations, e-Italiya yaphuma eCorfu. Uloyiso lwagqitywa njengenxalenye. I-League of Nations, eyayikhona ukusuka ngo-1920 ukuya ku-1946, kwaye i-United States yala ukujoyina, yayisencinci kwaye yayivavanywa. ICorfu sisiqithi saseGrisi, kwaye impikiswano apho ikhule yaphumelela kolunye uloyiso. Umanyano lweZizwe eziManyeneyo olwalukhokelwe yi-Italiya egama lingu-Enrico Tellini lwasombulula imbambano yomda phakathi kweGrisi neAlbania ngendlela engazange yanelise amaGrike. UTellini, abancedisi ababini kunye netoliki babulawa, kwaye i-Itali yabeka iGrisi ityala. I-Itali yaqhushumisa yaza yahlasela iCorfu, yabulala iimbacu ezimbini kule nkqubo. I-Itali, iGrisi, iAlbania, iSerbia neTurkey zaqala ukulungiselela imfazwe. IGrisi yabhenela kwi-League of Nations, kodwa i-Itali ayivumi ukusebenzisana yaza yasongela ngokurhoxa kwi-League. IFransi ikuthanda ukugcina uManyano ngaphandle kwayo, kuba iFrance ihlasele inxenye yeJamani kwaye ayifuni naliphi na iseti. INkomfa yoMbutho yoonozakuzaku ibhengeze imigaqo yokusombulula imbambano eyayilungele i-Itali, kubandakanya nentlawulo enkulu yemali yaseGrisi eya e-Itali. Amacala amabini athobela, kwaye i-Italiya yashiya iCorfu. Njengokuba kungakhange kuqhambuke imfazwe ebanzi, le ibe yimpumelelo. Njengoko ilizwe elinobundlongondlongo lalinendlela yalo, oku kwaba kukusilela. Akukho bantu basebenza ngoxolo abathunyelwe ngaphakathi, akukho zohlwayo, akukho kutshutshiswa kwenkundla, akukho ukugwetywa kwamazwe aphesheya okanye ukugxothwa, akukho thethwano lwamaqela amaninzi. Izisombululo ezininzi zazingekabikho, kodwa kwathathwa inyathelo.
Septemba 28. Olu lusuku lomthendeleko luka-St. Augustine, ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuthathela ingqalelo into engalunganga ngombono "wemfazwe elungileyo." UAugustine, owazalwa ngonyaka we-354, wazama ukudibanisa inkolo echasene nokubulala kunye nobundlobongela ngokubulala abantu ngobundlobongela kunye nogonyamelo olugqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela ephehlelela icandelo lomlo wobugcisa, osathengisa iincwadi nanamhlanje. Imfazwe efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhusele okanye inomdla okanye ubuncinci babuyekeze, kwaye ukubandezeleka okucetywayo ukuba kumiswe okanye ukuphindiselwa kufuneka kube mkhulu kunokuba kunokubangelwa yimfazwe. Ngokwenyani, imfazwe ibangela ukubandezeleka okukhulu kunayo nantoni na. Imfazwe elungileyo kufuneka iqikeleleke kwaye inamathuba aphezulu okuphumelela. Ngokwenyani, ekuphela kwento ekulula ukuyichaza kukusilela. Imelwe ukuba yindawo yokugqibela emva kokuba zonke iindlela zoxolo zisilele. Ngokwenyani zihlala zikhona ezinye iindlela zoxolo zokuhlasela amazwe angaphandle, anje ngeAfghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, njalo njalo. Ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba yimfazwe nje, ziimfazwe kuphela ekufanele ukuba zijolise kuzo. Ngokwenyani, uninzi lwamaxhoba kwiimfazwe ukusukela ngeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ibingabantu nje. Ukubulawa kwabahlali kufanele ukuba "kulingane" kwixabiso lomkhosi kuhlaselo, kodwa ayingomgangatho wobungqina nabani na onokubanjelwa kuwo. Ngo-2014, iqela lePax Christi lathi: “IIMPAWU ZOKUTHANDA, UKUTHANDA INKCUKACHA, UBUGQILA, UKUXHATSHAZA, UKOHLWAYA KWEZINTLOKO, IMFAZWE: Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, iinkokeli zecawa nabefundisi bezakwalizwi bathethelela obu bubi ngokuvisisana nokuthanda kukaThixo. Mnye kuphela kubo ogcina eso sikhundla kwiimfundiso ezisemthethweni zeCawa namhlanje. ”
Septemba 29. Ngaloo mini kwi-1795, u-Immanuel Kant wapapashwa Uxolo olungapheliyo: Umgca wefilosofi. Isithandi sobulumko sidwelise izinto akholelwa ukuba ziya kufuneka kuxolo emhlabeni, kubandakanya: "Akukho sivumelwano soxolo siyakubanjwa sisebenze apho kungagcinwanga nto ngobugwenxa bemfazwe ezayo," kwaye "Akukho mazwe azimeleyo, amakhulu namancinci, aya kuza. phantsi kolawulo lwelinye ilizwe ngelifa, ukutshintshiselana, ukuthenga, okanye umnikelo, "kananjalo" Akukho rhulumente oya kuthi, ngexesha lemfazwe, avumele ezo zenzo zobutshaba ezinokwenza ukuzithemba kuxolo olulandelayo kungenzeki: njengokuqeshwa kwababulali ,… Nokuphembelela ukungcatsha umbuso ococekileyo. ” U-Kant ukwaquka nokuvalwa kwamatyala esizwe. Ezinye izinto ezikuluhlu lwakhe lwamanyathelo okuphelisa imfazwe zisondele nje ekuthini, "Akusayi kubakho mfazwe," enjengale: "Akukho rhulumente uya kuphazamisa uMgaqo-siseko okanye urhulumente welinye ilizwe," okanye lo oya entliziyweni yayo: "Imikhosi emileyo iya kupheliswa ngexesha." U-Kant uvule incoko ebifuneka kakhulu kodwa usenokuba wenze ububi obungaphezulu kokulungileyo, njengoko wabhengeza ukuba imeko yendalo yamadoda (nokuba yintoni na eyithethayo) yimfazwe, olo xolo luxhomekeke kuxolo lwabanye (ke sukuyiphelisa imikhosi yakho ngokukhawuleza). Ukwabanga ukuba oorhulumente abamele bazise uxolo, kubandakanya nabangengobantu base Yuropu “abahluphayo” awayebacingela njengabaphelileyo emfazweni.
Septemba 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1946, izilingo zase-Nuremberg ezikhokelwa yi-US zifumene i-22 zaseJamani ezinetyala, ngokuyinxalenye, ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa yi-United States kwaye luya kuqhubeka luzibandakanya. Ukuvalwa kwemfazwe kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact kwaguqulwa kwaba kukuvalwa kwemfazwe, kwaye abaphumeleleyo bathatha isigqibo sokuba ngabo kuphela aboyisiweyo abanengcwangu. Amaninzi eemfazwe zase-US ezingabonanga kutshutshiswa. Okwangoku, umkhosi wase-US waqesha ishumi elinesithandathu lamakhulu amaNazi ososayensi noogqirha, kubandakanya nabanye abasebenza ngokusondeleyo noAdolf Hitler, amadoda anoxanduva lokubulala, ubukhoboka, kunye nolingelo lomntu, kubandakanya amadoda agwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Amanye amaNazi azama eNuremberg wayesele esebenzela i-US nokuba yeyaseJamani okanye e-US ngaphambi kwezilingo. Abanye babekhuselwe kumaxesha abo adlulileyo ngurhulumente wase-US iminyaka, njengoko babehlala kwaye besebenza eBoston Harbour, eLong Island, eMaryland, eOhio, eTexas, eAlabama, nakwezinye iindawo, okanye baberhuqwa ngurhulumente wase-US baya eArgentina ukubakhusela ekutshutshisweni. . Iintlola zangaphambili zamaNazi, uninzi lwazo lwalusakuba ngama-SS, zaqeshwa yi-US kwimpi yasemva kwemfazwe eJamani ukuba ihlole-kwaye ithuthumbise-amaSoviet. Oososayensi bangaphambili be-rocket baqala ukuphuhlisa i-intercontinental ballistic missile. Iinjineli zangaphambili zamaNazi ezaziyilele ibunker kaHitler, zenzelwe iinqaba zangaphantsi zikarhulumente wase-US kwiiCatoctin naseBlue Ridge Mountains. AmaNazi angaphambili avelisa iinkqubo zeekhemikhali kunye nezixhobo zebhayiloji zaseMelika, kwaye babekwa ukuba baphathe iarhente entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiNASA. Amaxoki amaNazi angaphambili ayila iifomathi zobukrelekrele bexoka ngokuxoka isoyikiso seSoviet-ukuzithethelela kwabo bonke obu bubi.
Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.
Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.
Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.
Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.
Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.
Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.
Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.
umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.
Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.
Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.
