EyeThupha

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Agasti 1. Ngalo mhla ku-1914, uHarry Hodgkin, i-Quaker yaseBrithani, noFriedrich Siegmund-Schulte, umfundisi waseLuthela waseJamani, basuka kwinkomfa yoxolo eKonstanz, eJamani. Babesebuthene apho kunye namanye ama-150 angamaKristu aseYurophu ukucwangcisa izenzo ezinokukunceda ukuguqula imfazwe eYurophu. Okulusizi kukuba, elo themba laphazanyiswa kwiintsuku ezine ezidlulileyo ngamanqwanqwa okuqala kwinto eyayiza kuba yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ukuphuma kwinkomfa, nangona kunjalo, uHodgkin noSiegmund-Schulte bathembisana ukuba bazakuqhubeka nokuhlwayela "imbewu yoxolo. nothando, nokuba ingantoni ikamva. ” Kwala madoda mabini, eso sibambiso sithetha okungaphezulu kokuthintela ukuthatha inxaxheba emfazweni. Oko kwakuthetha ukubuyisela uxolo phakathi kwamazwe abo amabini, nokuba yeyiphi na imigaqo yoorhulumente babo. Phambi kokuphela konyaka, la madoda ayencedisile ekufumaneni umbutho woxolo eCambridge, eNgilane obizwa ngokuba yiFellowship of Reconciliation. Ngo-1919, iqela laseCambridge lalisele liyinxalenye yoMbutho woXolelwaniso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (owaziwa njenge-IFOR), ”nekuthi kule minyaka ilikhulu izeleyo kuvelise amasebe namaqela amanyeneyo kumazwe angaphezu kwama-50 ehlabathi. Iiprojekthi zoxolo ezenziwa yi-IFOR zisekwe kumbono wokuba uthando lomnye lunamandla okuguqula imeko yezopolitiko, yezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho; Iiprojekthi ke ngoko zizinikele ekusombululeni iingxabano ngoxolo, ekulandeleni ubulungisa njengesiseko soxolo, kunye nokudilizwa kweenkqubo ezithiya intiyo. Imikhankaso yamazwe aphesheya ye-IFOR ilungelelaniswa yi-Ofisi kaNobhala wamanye amazwe eNetherlands. Umbutho ukwasebenza ngokusondeleyo nemibutho engekho semthethweni efana noRhulumente kwaye ugcina abameli abasisigxina kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Agasti 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1931, ileta ebhalwe ngu-Albert Einstein yafundwa kwingqungquthela elaliseLyon, eFransi yi-War Resisters 'International, i-network of antimilitarist kunye namaqela asemagqabini asebenza kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Njengososayensi owayephambili ngexesha lakhe, u-Einstein wenza umsebenzi wakhe wobunzululwazi ngokuzinikela. Nangona kunjalo, wayengumntu othanda ukulwa, owayelandela uxolo loxolo kwihlabathi liphela ebomini bakhe. Kwileta awayibhalela inkomfa yaseLyon, u-Einstein wabongoza “oososayensi behlabathi ukuba bangavumi ukusebenzisana ekwenzeni uphando lwezixhobo ezitsha zemfazwe.” Wabhalela abo babelwela inkululeko, wabhala wathi: “Abantu bamazwe angama-56 obameleyo banamandla amakhulu kunekrele…. Ngabo kuphela abanokuzisa izixhobo kweli hlabathi. ” Ubuye walumkisa abo baceba ukuya kwinkomfa yokuphelisa izixhobo eGeneva ngoFebruwari olandelayo ukuba “bangavumi ukunika uncedo emfazweni okanye kumalungiselelo emfazwe.” Ku-Einstein, la mazwi kungekudala angangqina engokwesiprofeto. Inkomfa yokuxhotywa kwezixhobo ayizange ibe nanto- ngenxa yokuba, ngokokubona kuka-Einstein, iinkomfa zazisilele ekuthobeleni isibongozo sakhe sokungajongani nemiba enxulumene nokulungiselela imfazwe. "Umntu akenzi ukuba iimfazwe zingabinakwenzeka ngokwakha imithetho yemfazwe," utshilo kwindibano noonondaba kutyelelo olufutshane kwinkomfa yaseGeneva. “Ndicinga ukuba inkomfa iza kulungelelwaniso olubi. Nasiphi na isivumelwano esenziweyo malunga neentlobo zeengalo ezivunyelwe emfazweni ziya kwaphulwa kwakamsinya nje ukuba kuqale imfazwe. Imfazwe ayinakwenziwa ngabantu. Inokupheliswa kuphela. ”

Agasti 3. Ngalo mhla ku-1882, i-United States Congress yadlulisa ilizwe Umthetho wokuqala wokufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Umthetho wokufuduka kwe-1882 wabeka inkqubo ebanzi yexesha elizayo le-US ngokufuduka komgaqo-nkqubo ngokumisela iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zabangaphandle "abengathandeki ukungena." Ukuqiniswa okokuqala nguNobhala weNondyebo ngokubambisana namazwe, lo Mthetho uvimbele ukungena " i-lunatic, idiot, okanye nayiphi na umntu ongenakukwazi ukuzikhathalela ngaphandle kokuba abe ngurhulumente. "Abo bangenakubonisa ukuba amandla okuxhasa imali abuyiselwe kumazwe abo asekhaya. Umthetho wenza, kodwa ke, wenza okungafaniyo nakwamanye amazwe angenakuthatyathwa ngabagwebi abagwetywe ngezopolitiko, bebonisa inkolelo yemveli yase-United States ukuba iMelika kufuneka inike indawo yokutshutshiswa. Sekunjalo, kamva ukutshintshwa koMthetho we-Immigration Act waba yinto engqongqo ngakumbi. Kwi-1891, iCongress yamisela ulawulo olulodwa lolawulo lwentlangano malunga nokufuduka. Kwi-1903, yenza isenzo sokuphelisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokwamkela abafudukayo abahlwempuzekileyo abajongene nokuhlawulwa ekhaya kwizonyango zobupolitika; Kunoko, iyakwenqabela ukufuduka kwabantu "abachasene noorhulumente obulungelelanisiweyo." Ukususela ngoko, umthetho wokufudukela kwamanye amazwe uye wongezelela uninzi olungagqithwanga ngokusekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe, kwaye waqhubeka nokucwasa abantu abafudukayo bacinga ukuba babe ngamatyala karhulumente. Umthetho awukwenzeki okwenene iphupha "umfazi onamandla onotshani" e-New York Harbour ethi, "Ndinike ukhathala, abahlwempuzekileyo / Abantu bakho abafisa ukuphefumula." Kodwa, I-Wall "iqhutywe yi-Trump yokulawula ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka emva kokutyhilwa komfanekiso, isigidimi sakhe sisimo esihle se-US esibonisa indlela yokubambisana kwabantu kunye noxolo lwehlabathi.

Agasti 4. Ngaloo mini kwi-1912, iqela elisebenza ngama-2,700 ase-US ahlasele iNicaragua, ehla kumachwebeni kuwo onke amabini asePacific naseCaribbean. Ukujongana nezidubedube kwilizwe apho belilandela khona ubuchule kunye nezorhwebo, i-US ijonge ukumisela nokugcina urhulumente eNicaragua onokuthi axhomekeke kwinkxaso yakhe. Kunyaka ongaphambi kwalowo, i-US yamnkela urhulumente wobumbano eNicaragua ekhokelwa ngumongameli ozimeleyo uJose Estrada. Abaphathi babevumele i-US ukuba ilandele umgaqo-nkqubo neNicaragua obizwa ngokuba "ziidola ngeembumbulu." Enye yeenjongo zayo yayikukujongela phantsi amandla ezemali aseYurophu kulo mmandla, onokusetyenziselwa ukukhuphisana nomdla wezorhwebo waseMelika. Enye yayikukuvula umnyango wokuba iibhanki zaseMelika ziboleke urhulumente waseNicaragua, eqinisekisa ulawulo lwe-US kwimali yelizwe. Umahluko kwezopolitiko kumanyano lwe-Estrada kungekudala wavela, nangona kunjalo. Ngokubanzi u-Luis Mena, owayenguMphathiswa Wezemfazwe owayenezimvo eziqinileyo zelizwe, wanyanzela u-Estrada ukuba arhoxe, ephakamisa usekela-mongameli wakhe, u-Adolfo Diaz, ukuba abe ngumongameli. Xa kamva uMena wavukela urhulumente wase-Diaz, etyhola umongameli "ngokuthengisa uhlanga kubabhanki baseNew York," uDiaz wacela uncedo oluvela e-US olwaphumela ekuhlaselweni kuka-Agasti 4 kwaye kwabangela ukuba uMena abaleke kwelo lizwe. Emva kokuba uDiaz wonyulwa kwakhona kunyulo olwaluphethwe yi-US ngo-1913 apho iinkululeko zenqabayo ukuthatha inxaxheba, i-US yagcina amaqela amancinci olwandle eNicaragua phantse rhoqo de kwangowe-1933. KumaNicaragua afuna inkululeko, iiMarines zazisoloko zisikhumbuza ukuba i-US wayekulungele ukusebenzisa amandla ukugcina oorhulumente abathobela i-US besemandleni.

Agasti 5. Ngaloo mini kwi-1963, i-US, i-USSR, ne-Great Britain isayine umnqophiso wokunqanda uvavanyo lweekliya. UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wagijimela iofisi yokubambisa ukuphelisa ukuhlolwa kweempahla zenyukliya. Iifomethi ezifakwe kwiimveliso zentsimi kunye nobisi eMntla yaseMerika e-Ntsuntswana kwi-1950 zabakhokelela ekugwebeni isithuba se-WWII saloo mkhosi njengengcinezelo engavumelekanga yendalo. IKhomishoni yokuLawulwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo ifuna ukuphela kokuphela kwazo zonke iimvavanyo zenyukliya, ukuqala ukuxhatshazwa kwexeshana phakathi kwe-US kunye namaSoviet ukusuka kwi-1958-61. UKennedy uzame ukuvuna ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo ngaphantsi komhlaba ngokudibanisa neNkulumbuso yeSoviet yase Khrushchev kwi-1961. Ubungozi bokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kwabangelwa ukwesaba ukuhlola, kunye nokuvavanywa kwamaSoviet kwada kwada kwada kwafika iCrisis of Missile Crisis eyenza ihlabathi libe yinkqantosi yemfazwe yenyukliya. Amacala omabini ke avuma ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye i-hotline yaseMoscow-Washington yasungulwa. Iingxoxo zanciphisa uxinzelelo kwaye zakhokelela ku-Kennedy ingxaki engakaze yenzeke kuKhrushchev "kungekhona kwintambo yeengalo, kodwa kwintambo yoxolo." Iintetho zabo ezalandela zaholela ekubambeni izixhobo ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kunye neNkampani yokuThengwa kweeNyukliya eziNcinci okuvumela ukuvavanywa kwangaphantsi " njengoko kungekho mfucuza omsakazo owela ngaphandle kwemida yohlanga oluqhuba uvavanyo. "I-United Nations yagqitywa ekugqibeleni i-Comprehensive Test Nuclear Test Ban Treaty kwi-1996 yokunqanda konke, nangaphantsi komhlaba, ukuvavanywa kwenyukliya. Iintlanga ezingamashumi asixhenxe, ininzi ngaphandle kwezi zixhobo, zavuma ukuba imfazwe yenyukliya ayinakuzuza. UMongameli uBill Clinton wasayina isivumelwano esibanzi. I-Senate yase-United States, nangona kunjalo, kwivoti ye-48-51, ikhethe ukuqhubela phambili intambo yezixhobo zenyukliya.

Agasti 6. Ngale mini kwi-1945 ibhombu yaseMelika u-Enola Gay yaphosa ibhombu yeatom yeetoni ezintlanu- elingana neetoni ezingama-15,000 ze-TNT-kwisixeko saseJapan iHiroshima. Ibhobho yabhubhisa iikhilomitha ezili-square zesixeko kwaye yabulala abantu be-80,000. Kwiiveki ezalandelayo, amawaka amaninzi afa ngamanxeba kunye nobutyhefu. UMongameli uHarry Truman, owayesebenza esikhundleni sesithuba esingaphantsi kweenyanga ezine ngaphambili, wathi unokwenza isigqibo sokuyeka ibhomu emva kokuxelelwa ngabacebisi bakhe ukuba ukuyeka ibhomu kuza kugqiba imfazwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye bekuya kuphepheka imfuno yokuhlasela iJapan, eya kubangelwa ukufa kwezigidigidi zaseMerika. Le nguqulo yembali ayiyi kuhlolisisa. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili, uGeneral Douglas MacArthur, uMlawuli oyiNtloko weeLolly Allied kwiSouth Pacific Area, wathumela i-40-page mememo kuMongameli Roosevelt, eyasifingqa intsingiselo emihlanu eyahlukileyo yokuzinikela kwiindawo eziphezulu zaseJapan. I-USA, nangona kunjalo, yazi ukuba amaRussia aye enze inkqubela phambili kwimpuma kwaye kuyo yonke into yayiza kuba yiJapan ngoSeptemba, ngaphambi kokuba i-US ingene ukuhlasela. Ukuba le nto yayiza kudlula, iJapan yayiza kunika iRashiya, kungekhona i-US Le nto yayingavumelekanga kwi-US, eyayisivele iqulunqwe isicwangciso se-post-war se-hegemony yezoqoqosho kunye ne-geo-politics. Ngoko, nxamnye nenkcaso ekhuselekileyo evela kubaphathi bezempi nezopolitiko kunye nokuzimisela kweJapan ukuzinikela, ibhomu yachithwa. Abaninzi baye bathi le nto iyisenzo sokuqala seMfazwe yamaCold. UDwight D. Eisenhower uthe emva kweminyaka, "IJapan sele iyanqotshwa. . . ukuyeka ibhomu kwakungekho mfuneko. "

Agasti 7. Lo mhla ubonisa ukuzalwa kwi-1904 kaRalph Bunche, isazi senzululwazi ye-Afrika yase-Afrika, uprofesa kunye ne-diplomate aba yi-ofisi ephezulu ye-United Nations kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo. I-career yeBunche eyaziwayo yaqala nge-scholarship yokuphumelela emsebenzini kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, apho kwi-1934 yafumana i-Ph.D. kurhulumente nobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuchazwa kwakhe kobugqirha kwi-colonialism e-Afrika kwagqitywa iminyaka emibili kamva kwincwadi yakhe yeklasi kule ndaba, Umbono wehlabathi weRace. Kwi-1946, uBunche wamiselwa kwi-branch executive - okanye kwi-Secretariat-yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, apho wayejongene nokulawulwa kweenkoloni zangaphambili ezithembekileyo kwi-UN kunye nokubeka esweni inkqubela kwi-self-government kunye nokuzimela. Noko ke, intsebenzo ephawulekayo yeBunche, kamva, yalandelwa ukuqeshwa kwakhe njengentetho yeNtloko ye-UN kwiintetho ezijolise ekupheleni kweMfazwe yokuqala ye-Arab-Israel. Emva kwezinyanga ezintlanu zokuxolelana okungenakunzima kwaye kunzima, wakwazi ukuphumeza i-armistice ngoJuni 1949 ngokusekelwe kwizivumelwano phakathi kwamaSirayeli kunye namazwe amane ase-Arab. Ngaloo mlando we-diplomacy yamazwe ngamazwe, uBunche wanikezelwa i-1950 Nobel Peace Prize, waba ngumntu wokuqala wase-Afrika wase-Afrika ukuba ahlonishwe. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, uBunche waqhubeka nokudlala ngokubanzi ukugcina uxolo kunye neendibano zokudibanisa kwimibango ebandakanya amazwe asakhulayo. Ekupheleni kobomi bakhe kwi-1971, wayelungise ifa kwi-UN eyona nto iboniswe ngokugqithiseleyo ngesihloko esihloniphekileyo esisebenza nabo. Ngenxa yokuba uBunche wayekhulelwe, kunye nokuphunyezwa, ezininzi zobuchule nezicwangciso ezisetyenziselwa imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe, wayeye wabonwa ngokubanzi ngokuthi "nguYise Wokugcina Ukuthula."

Agasti 8. Ngaloo mhla kwi-1883, uMongameli uChester A. Arthur wadibana ne-Washakie oyiNtloko yesizwe sase-Eastern Shoshone kunye neNkulumbuso yeMnyama yaseNyakatho ye-Northern Arapaho kwi-Wind River Reservation e-Wyoming, ngaloo ndlela waba ngumongameli wokuqala wase-US ukuvakashela ngokusemthethweni ukugcinwa kweMveli yaseMelika . Ukumiswa kuka-Arthur e-Wind River kwakubonakele kwinjongo ephambili yokuhamba kaloliwe ode entshonalanga, eya ku tyelela iNxweme yaseJongstone kunye nokuthanda kwakhe ukuloba kwimifudlana yayo. Ukwahlula ukugcinwa kwemvume kuye kwamvumela ukuba ahlolisise ukufaneleka kwesicwangciso awayecetywayo kwi-1881 Umyalezo wonyaka weCongress for resolving what he called the "Indian complications." Isicwangciso, esagqitywa kwiDawes Umthetho we-1887, ubizwa ngokuba "isabelo kwiqela elithile," kumaNdiya njengoko ayeyifunayo, "kwindawo elinganayo [yokulima, okuya kuthi] iqinisekiswe yi patent, kwaye ... yenzelwe i-twenty-twenty iminyaka engabonakaliyo. "Akumangalisi ukuba iinkokheli zombini zigatye ngokucacileyo isicwangciso, kuba bekuza kubakho ubunini bomhlaba bomthonyama kunye nendlela yobomi obuphambili kubuntu babo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungaphumeleli komongameli kwi-Wind River kubonakala kunika isifundo esibalulekileyo kwixesha elide lokushishino. Ukufezekisa uxolo oluhlala ngonaphakade, iintlanga ezinamandla kufuneka zihloniphe ilungelo leentlanga eziphuhlisayo kunye nezentuthuko ukuze zenze uqoqosho lwazo kunye nentlalo yoluntu, kwaye zikulungele ukusebenza nabo ukuze zincede zidibanise iimfuno zabantu. Imbali sele ibonise ukuba iindlela zokunyanzelisa zivelisa ukucaphukisa, ukukhupha, kunye nokulwa rhoqo.

Agasti 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1945, ibhoksi yase-US B-29 ilahle ibhomu yenyukliya eNagasaki, eJapan, yabulala amadoda angama-39,000, abafazi kunye nabantwana ngosuku lokuqhuma ibhomu kunye ne-80,000 ekuqikelelwa ekupheleni konyaka. Ibhombu yaseNagasaki yeza kwiintsuku nje ezintathu emva kokusebenzisa okokuqala isixhobo senyukliya emfazweni, ukuqhushumba kweHiroshima kwathi ekupheleni konyaka kwathatha ubomi babantu abaqikelelwa kwi-150,000. Kwiiveki ngaphambili, iJapan yayithumele i-telegraph kwi-Soviet Union ivakalisa umnqweno wayo wokunikezela kunye nokuphelisa imfazwe. I-United States yaphule iikhowudi zaseJapan kwaye yafunda itelegram. Kwidayari yakhe, uMongameli uHarry Truman wabhekisa kwidayari yakhe "ngetelegram evela kuJap Emperor ecela uxolo." IJapan yakuchasa ukunikezela ngaphandle kwemeko kwaye yancama umlawuli wayo, kodwa i-United States yanyanzelisa loo miqathango de kwasemva kokuba kuqhushumbe iibhombu. Kwakhona nge-9 ka-Agasti iiSoviet zangena emfazweni ngokuchasene neJapan eManchuria. Uphando lwaseMelika lokuQhushumisa ngeBhombu luqukumbele ngelithi, “… ngokuqinisekileyo phambi komhla wama-31 kuDisemba, 1945, nakuzo zonke izinto ezazinokwenzeka phambi komhla woku-1 kuNovemba, 1945, iJapan ngeyayezinikezele nokuba iibhombu zeatom zazingazange ziphoswe, nokuba iRashiya yayingazange imfazwe, nokuba akukhange kucetywe okanye kucatshangwe uhlaselo. ” Umntu ophikisayo owavakalisa olu luvo lunye kuNobhala Wezomkhosi ngaphambi kokuba kuqhushumbe ibhombu yayingu-General Dwight Eisenhower. Usihlalo we-Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral uWilliam D. Leahy uvumile, esithi, “Ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo sinamandla e-Hiroshima nase-Nagasaki akusincedi nganto kwimfazwe yethu ne-Japan.”

Agasti 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1964, uMongameli wase-US uLyndon Johnson wasayinwa ngumthetho iGulf of Tonkin Resolution, evule indlela eya ekubandakanyekeni ngokupheleleyo kwe-US kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Kungekudala ngaphambi kobusuku ngo-Agasti 4, umongameli wayeseqhelile kwiprogram ye-TV rhoqo ukuba amemezele ukuba iinqanawa ezimbini zase-US zachithwa emanzini angamazwe ngamazwe eGulf of Tonkin ukusuka kunxweme elisenyakatho yeVietnam. Ekuphenduleni, wayeyalile iminyango yomoya emoyeni "kwiindawo zaseNyakatho Vietnam eziye zazisetyenziswa kule mihlaba enenzondelelo" - phakathi kwazo i-oil depot, imayini yamalahle kunye nesabelo esibalulekileyo seNew North Vietnam. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, iCongress yadlulisela isisombululo esivumeleneyo esagunyaze umongameli "ukuba athathe yonke imilinganiselo efunekayo ukuze ahlasele naluphi na ukuhlaselwa okuxhatshazelweyo nemikhosi yase-US kunye nokuthintela ulwaphulo olungakumbi." Esi sigqibo, esayinwe ngumongameli ngo-Agasti 10, 1964, ziza kukhokelela ekupheleni kwemfazwe kwi-1975 ekufeni kwe-3.8 yezigidi zaseVietnam kunye namakhulu amawaka aseLaotians kunye neCambodia kunye namalungu e-58,000 aseMelika. Kuza kuphinda kuphinde iphinde iqinisekise ukuba "Imfazwe lixoki" esekelwe kweli phepha malunga namaxwebhu e-200 kunye neempcazo ezinxulumene neGulf of Tonkin isiganeko esakhishwe ngaphezulu kwe-40 iminyaka kamva. Umfundi-mlando we-Arhente kaKhuseleko weSizwe uRobert Hanyok wenza isigqibo sokuba ama-air strikes ase-United States kunye nesicelo sokugunyazwa kwe-Congressional eqinisweni sisekelwe kwiimpawu eziphosakeleyo zobunkokheli obuye babonakaliswa ngumongameli kunye noNobhala wezokuthi uMnumzana uRobert McNamara " "Lokuhlaselwa okungakaze kwenzeke.

Agasti 11.  Ngaloo mini kwi-1965, izibhamu zatshatyalaliswa kwi-Watts yesithili seLos Angles emva kwesigxina esasemva xa igosa elimhlophe laseProatia laseKalifornia lithatha phezu kwemoto kwaye yazama ukumbamba umqhubi walo omnyama kunye nootyikisayo emva kokuba ehlulekile ukuvavanya. Kwimaminithi, amangqina okuqala kwisitima sezithuthi aye wahlanganiswa sisihlwele kunye nama-back-up police, okwakubangela ukuba uhlutha olubanzi. Iimvuthu zatshatyalaliswa kungekudala zonke iWatts, zihlala iintsuku ezintandathu, zibandakanya abantu be-34,000, kwaye kubangelwa ukuboshwa kwe-4,000 kunye nokufa kwe-34. Ekuphenduleni kwabo, amapolisa aseLos Angeles asebenze "ama-paramilitary" amaqhinga axelwe yiNtloko yabo, uWilliam Parker, othe wafanisa izibambiso kwi-Vietnam Congress. U-Parker wabiza nabo malunga ne-2,300 National Guard Guardsmen kwaye wamisa umgaqo wokubanjwa kwamanyathelo kunye neebhloko. Ngempindiselo, abaqhubi bajikijela izitena kwi-Guardsmen kunye namapolisa, kwaye basebenzisa abanye ukuba bahlasele izithuthi zabo. Nangona ukuvukela kwakunokukhishwa ngentsasa ka-Agasti 15, kwaphumelela ukukhumbuza ihlabathi le nyaniso ebalulekileyo. Xa naluphi na uluntu oluncinci kuluntu oluxhamlekileyo lugwetyelwe kwiimeko zokuhlala eziphantsi, izikolo ezihluphekileyo, ngokungekho namathuba okuzithuthukisa, kunye nokuphambana ngokuqhelekileyo kunye namapolisa, kuya kwenzeka ukuba ivukele ngokukhawuleza, ikhutshwe ngokufanelekileyo. Inkokeli yamalungelo ebutho uBadiard Rustin wachaza indlela impendulo engayi kuthintela ngayo kuWatts: "... Intsha engenamsebenzi, engenakho ithemba-ayiyiyo inxalenye yoluntu lwaseMerika .... [Sinawo] ukuba sifumane umsebenzi, izindlu ezifanelekileyo, imfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, ngoko banokuziva baziyinxalenye yesakhiwo. Abantu abaziva beyinxalenye yesakhiwo abayikuhlasela. "

Agasti 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1995, phakathi kwe-3,500 kunye ne-6,000 ababonisi baseFiladelphia bahlala kwenye yeerallies ezinkulu kunesihlwayo sokufa kwimbali yase-US. Abaqhankqalazi babefuna inkundla entsha ku-Mumia Abu-Jamal, owayengummangali wase-Afrika kunye nomlobi-ntatheli owayetyala kwi-1982 yokubulawa kuka-1981 kwipolisa yaseFiladelphia waza wagwetywa ekufeni e-Pennsylvania kwi-Greene State Correctional Institution. U-Abu-Jamal wayesele ekhona ekubulaweni okubulalayo, okwenzekayo xa yena nomntakwabo bexoshwa kwi-stop stop traffic kunye negosa lamapolisa labethela umzalwana ngefowuni ngexesha lokuqhuma. Sekunjalo, abaninzi abantu base-Afrika nabamaMerika babebaza ukuba u-Abu-Jamal wayekwenzile ukubulala okanye ukuba ubulungisa buya kusebenza ngokumenza. Ubungqina obunokubakho kobungqina obuye bwenzelwa ngetyala lakhe, kwaye kwakukho ukusola okusasazeka ukuba zombini ukugwetywa kwakhe kunye nokugwetywa kuye kwahlanjululwa ngokobuhlanga. Ngo-1982, u-Abu-Jamal wayeyaziwa kakhulu eFiladelphia njengomntu owayengumkhulumeli we-Black Panther Party kunye nomgxeki wezwi lopolisa obala ePhiladelphia. Entolongweni, waba ngumbonomathotholo weRadiyo yeSizwe soRuntu, ehlaziya iimeko ezinobungqina kwiintolongo zase-US kunye nokuvalelwa ngokungenakuphikiswa kunye nokubulawa kwabamnyama baseMelika. Udumo luka-Abu-Jamal olusakhulayo lwalushukumisela ukunyakaza kwamazwe ngamazwe "amahhala kaMagazi" ekugqibeleni owazala izithelo. Isigwebo sakhe sokufa sachithwa kwi-2011 kwaye sachithwa ekugqibeleni ubomi ejele laseFennsylvania kwiFrackville State Correctional Institution. Kwaye xa ijaji iphinda ibuyisele amalungelo akhe okubhenela ngoDisemba 2018, wanikelwa yiphi igqwetha elibizwa ngokuba "yithuba elihle esinalo lokuba nenkululeko kaMaga emashumi eminyaka."

Agasti 13. Ngaloo mini ngo-1964, isigwebo sokufa senziwa okokuqala kwiGreat Britain, xa amadoda amabini angasebenzi, uGwynne Evans, 24, noPeter Allen, i-21, bexoshwe kwiintolongo ezahlukileyo ukubulawa kwe-53- Umqhubi omdala wengubo yokugcoba emzini wakhe eCumbria. Abahlaseli babenqwenela ukuphanga ixhoba, omnye wabo owaziyo, kodwa wagqiba ukumbulala. Kwabaphangi, ixesha lezenzo libonakalise lihlazo. Kwiinyanga ezimbini kuphela emva kokubulawa, iBandla laseBrithani labasebenzi laseBrithani liye lamandla kwiNdlu yeeNgingqi kunye nokuxhasa inkxaso yinto eyenziwa yi-1965 Homicide Act. Umthetho omtsha unqunywe isohlwayo senkunzi yaseBrithani iminyaka emihlanu, ukufaka endaweni yesivakalisi isigunyaziso sokubanjwa entolongweni. Xa uMthetho weza kuvota, wanikwa inkxaso eninzi kwiMinyano kunye neNdlu yeeNkosi. Inqanaba elifanayo lenkxaso liboniswe kwi-1969, xa kuvotelwa amavoti ukwenza uMthetho unaphakade. Kwi-1973, iNorthern Ireland nayo yaphelisa isigwebo sokufa sokubulala, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa ukusebenza kwayo yonke i-United Kingdom. Ngokuvuma i-50^th Isikhumbuzo somthetho wokubulala abantu kwi-2015, umlawuli weendaba ze-Amnesty International, u-Audrey Gaughran, wathi abantu base-UK banokuziqhenya ukuba baphile kwilizwe eliye lalisusa i-abolistist ixesha elide. Xa sisebenzisana ngokunyanisekileyo nemiphumo yecala lohlwayo, ngokukodwa ukuchaswa kwayo, kunokuba icele ukuba kubuyiselwe kwakhona "njengendlela yokulungisa ngokukhawuleza, ngokukodwa kumaxesha okhethweni," uthe, i-UK incede ekukhuthazeni ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwinani lokubulawa jikelele.

Agasti 14. Ngaloo mini kwi-1947, malunga ne-11: 00 pm, amawaka ama-Indiya ahlangene kunye nezakhiwo zikaRhulumente eDelhi ukuva idilesi nguJawaharlal Nehru, oza kuba ngumbongameli wokuqala welizwe labo. "Kudala-dala senza i-tryst ngekamva," watsho uNehru. "Ngexesha leyure ezinzulwini zobusuku, xa umhlaba ulele, i-India iya kuvuka ebomini kunye nenkululeko." Xa ilixa lifikile, libonisa ngokusesikweni ukukhululwa kwe-Indiya kulawulo lwase-Bhritane, amawaka ahlanganisene aba ngumsitho wokubhiyozela uSuku lwe-Independence lokuqala lwesizwe, ngoku olugcinwa minyaka le ngo-Agasti 15. Ngokuqaphelekileyo ebengekho kulo msitho, nangona kunjalo, yayiyenye indoda eyathi isithethi, iBritane U-Lord Mountbatten, wayedumise “njengomzobi wenkululeko e-India ngogonyamelo.” Ewe, yayinguMohandas Gandhi, owathi, ukusukela ngo1919, wakhokela umbutho wenkululeko wamaIndiya ongenabundlobongela owathi wakhulula ngokukhawuleza ulawulo lwamaBritane. UMountbatten waqeshwa njenge-viceroy yase-India kwaye wabekwa ityala lokurhweba ngokuzimela. Emva kokusilela ekuthethathethaneni ngesivumelwano sokwabelana ngamagunya phakathi kweenkokheli zamaHindu nezamaSilamsi, nangona kunjalo, waye wagqiba kwelokuba isisombululo ekuphela kwaso yayikukuhlukanisa ilizwe laseIndiya ukuze lilungiselele amaHindu eIndiya kunye namaSilamsi ePakistan – la mazwe afumana ubukhosi kusuku olungaphambili. Yile candelo elenza ukuba uGandhi aphoswe ngumsitho waseDelhi. Ngokombono wakhe, ngelixa isahlulo selizwekazi sinokuba lixabiso lenkululeko yaseIndiya, yayikwangumbono wokunganyamezelani ngokwenkolo kunye nokubetha koxolo. Ngelixa amanye amaIndiya ebhiyozela ukufezekiswa kwenjongo ekudala ifunwa, uGandhi wazila ukutya ngethemba lokutsala inkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa ubundlobongela phakathi kwamaHindu namaSilamsi.

Agasti 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1973, njengoko kufunwa ngumthetho we-Congressional, iUnited States yayeka ukuhlahlela amabhomu eCambodia, iphelisa ukubandakanyeka kwayo kwempi eVietnam nase-mpuma-mpa ye-Asia eyayibulala kwaye igawula izigidi zabantu, ngokuyininzi abahlali abangenakuhluthwa. Ngo-1973, imfazwe yavelisa inkcaso echanekileyo kwi-Congress ye-US. ISivumelwano Sokuthula SaseParis esisayinwe ngoJanuwari sasibiza ukuba kuphele ukuphela komlilo eMzantsi Vietnam kunye nokuhoxiswa kwawo onke amabutho ase-US kunye nabacebisi kwiintsuku ezingamashumi mathandathu. I-Congress iyakhathazeka, nangona kunjalo, ukuba oku akuyi kuthintela uMongameli uNixon ukubuyisela amandla amabutho ase-US xa kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa phakathi kweNyakatho neMzantsi Vietnam. Amalungu eSenffers Clifford Case kunye neFrank Church ngoko ke yazisa ibhajethi ngasekupheleni kweJanuwari 1973 eyayivimbela nayiphi na indlela ezayo yamandla ase-US eVietnam, eLaos naseCambodia. Umthetho-osazisiwe uvunyiwe yiSenate ngoJuni 14, kodwa waxeka xa uMongameli uNixon echasene nemithetho eyahlukileyo eya kuphelisa ukuqhunyiswa kwebhomu kwe-Khmer Rouge eCambodia. Isibhengezo seNkundla yeCala-eguquliwe sagqithiselwa ngokomthetho, sisayinwe ngumongameli ngoJulayi 1. Kwavumela ukuqhubhisa ibhomu eCambodia ukuba kuqhubekwe kude kube ngu-Agasti 15, kodwa kungavunyelwe konke ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ase-US kwi-mpuma ye-Asia emva kwaloo mhla ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwangaphambili kwiCongress. Kamva, kwabonakala ukuba uNixon wayethembise ngasese umongameli wase Vietnam waseVietnam Nguyen Van Thieu ukuba i-US iya kuqalisa ukuqhuma ibhomu eMntla naseMzantsi Vietnam ukuba bekuyimfuneko ukunyanzelisa ukuhlaliswa koxolo. I-Action Congressional inokuthi ithintele ukunyanzeliswa nokuhlupheka kubantu baseVietnam kunokuba imfazwe engabonakaliyo yase-US sele ibenzile.

Agasti 16. Ngaloo mini kwi-1980, abasebenzi be-union syndicate kwi-shipdards yaseGdansk ePoland bajoyina nezinye izinyunyana zabasebenzi basePoland ukuba baqhube umbandela oza kudlala indima enkulu ekugqibeleni kolawulo lweSoviet kwi-Central kunye neMpuma Yurophu. Isibambiso esihlanganyelweyo sasikhuthazwe sisigqibo esizimeleyo sabaphathi beeyadi zokuthumela umsebenzi emsebenzini kumfazi kwimisebenzi yemanyano kwiinyanga ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Kwiimanyano zabasebenzi zasePoland, eso sigqibo sasishukumise umbono omtsha wobufundisi, siphakamisa kulamlo olulawulwa ngurhulumente ngemicimbi emxinwa yesonka kunye nebhotolo kwimibutho ezimeleyo yokulandela amalungelo oluntu ngokubanzi. Ngosuku olulandelayo e-Gdansk, iikomiti zoqhankqalazo ezimanyeneyo zabeka phambili amabango angama-21, kubandakanya nokusekwa komthetho weemanyano zabasebenzi ezizimeleyo kunye nelungelo lokugwayimba, nto leyo eyamkelwa ngurhulumente wobukomanisi. Nge-31 ka-Agasti, umbutho wase-Gdansk wavunywa ngokwawo, emva koko iimanyano zabasebenzi ezingamashumi amabini zadityaniswa phantsi kobunkokheli buka-Lech Walesa kumbutho omnye wesizwe obizwa ngokuba yi-Solidarity. Ngexesha le-1980s, iSolidarity isebenzise iindlela zokuchasa uluntu ukuqhubela phambili amalungelo abasebenzi kunye notshintsho kwezentlalo. Ukuphendula, urhulumente wazama ukuyitshabalalisa le manyano, okokuqala ngokunyanzelisa umthetho wempi kunye nengcinezelo yezopolitiko. Ekugqibeleni, nangona kunjalo, iingxoxo ezintsha phakathi kukarhulumente kunye nabachasi bemanyano zakhe zakhokelela kunyulo olungenasiphelo ngo-1989. Kwasekwa urhulumente wobumbano okhokelwa nguMbutho, kwathi, ngoDisemba 1990, uLech Walesa wonyulwa njengoMongameli wasePoland kunyulo olukhululekileyo. Oko kwamisa uxolo oluchasene nobukomanisi kulo lonke elaseMbindi naseMpuma Yurophu, kwaye, ngeKrisimesi, ngo-1991, iSoviet Union uqobo lwayo yayingasekho kwaye yonke imimandla eyayikade iphinda yaphinda yaba yimimandla ezimeleyo.

Agasti 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1862, amaNdiya aseMadota aphelelwe yinto ahlasele umlambo omhlophe ecaleni loMlambo waseMinnesota, eqala iMfazwe yaseDadota eyingozi. AmaNdiya aseMinnesota aseDinnesota aquka amaqela amane eentlanga ezazihlala kwindawo yokugcina indawo eMzantsi Minnesota, apho babefuduswe khona ngesivumelwano kwi-1851. Ekuphenduleni ukunyuka kwamanzi abahlali abamhlophe, uhulumeni wase-United States unqobile kwi-Dakotas ukunika ii-acre ezingama-24 zamazwe abo azalisekileyo eningizimu-ntshona-Minnesota ngemali engama-dollar amathathu ngemali kunye nonyaka. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kwe-1850s, ke ke, iintlawulo zemali ehlawulwayo ziye zanda ngokunyaniseka, zabangela ukuba abahwebi banqabe i-credit kwii-Dakotas ngokuthenga okubalulekileyo. Ehlobo lase1862, xa ama-cutworms abhubhisa ininzi yesityalo se-Dakotas, iintsapho ezininzi zajamelana nendlala. Isilumkiso somfundisi waseMinnesota esithi "Uhlanga oluhlwayela ukuphanga luya kuvuna igazi" kungekudala luza kuba ngumprofeti. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 17th, inzame yabasemagunyeni abane baseD Dakota ukutsala amaqanda kwintsapho emhlophe yokulima yajika yinobudlova kwaye yaholela ekufeni kwamalungu omalungu amahlanu. Ebona ukuba isiganeko singayilwa ne-US engenakukhunjulwa, iinkokeli zaseDadota zathatha iqela laza lahlasela ama-arhente karhulumente wengingqi kunye nokuhlala okumhlophe kwe-New Ulm. Ukuhlaselwa kwabulawa kwabahlali be-500 abamhlophe kwaye kwabangela ukungenelela kwe-Army yase-US. Kwiinyanga ezine ezizayo, ezinye i-2,000 Dakotas zagqitywa kwaye ngaphezu kwe-300 amadoda anqabileyo agwetywa ukufa. Imfazwe yaphela ngokukhawuleza ngoDisemba 26, 1862, xa amadoda e-38 eDadota exhonywa kwi-mass mass execution kwimbali yase-US.

Agasti 18. Ngaloo mini kwi-1941, malunga neenyanga ze-4 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan IPearl Harbor, uWinston Churchill wadibana nekhabhinethi yakhe kwi10 Downing Street. Izitatimende ezibhalwe ngunkulumbuso zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uMongameli Roosevelt wayekulungele ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinxamnye neJapan eziza kwenza i-US ibe yimfazwe yehlabathi yesibili ininzi yabantu baseMerika abanqwenela ukuyiphepha. Ngamazwi kaChurchill, uMongameli wayemxelele ukuba "kufuneka kwenziwe yonke into ukunyanzelisa isiganeko." Ngokuqinisekileyo uChurchill wayenethemba elide lokuba iJapan iya kuhlasela iUnited States. Ukubandakanyeka kwezempi zase-Yurophu kubaluleke kakhulu ekunqobeni amaNazi, kodwa ukuvunywa kweCongress kwakungenakwenzeka kuba amaNazi awazange afake ingozi kumkhosi wase-US Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuhlaselwa kweJapan kumkhosi wezempi wase-US kwakuya kwenza u Roosevelt avakalise imfazwe eJapan kwaye, ukongezwa, i-Axis ally, eJamani. Ngokuvisisana naloo mva, uRoosevelt wayekhuphe umyalelo olawulayo ngoJuni ephosayo iimpahla zaseJapan, kwaye zombini i-US kunye neBrithani beyinqumbile i-oyile kunye netsimbi e-Japan. Ezi zinto zazingcatshulwa ngokucacileyo ukuba igosa lase-US liyazi ukuba liya kuyanzela impendulo yezempi yaseJapan. Kuba uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson, umbuzo "wendlela esimele sibaqhube ngayo ekuqhubeni ukudubula okokuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kithi." Impendulo yayingenangqondo, kodwa kulula. Ekubeni iikhowudi eziphukileyo zityhilele ukuhlaselwa komoya waseJapan kwiPearl Harbor ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, uMbutho woMlambo wawuza kugcina iinqwelo zawo kwindawo kunye nabanqwelisi bawo emnyama malunga nesiteleka esilindelekileyo. Kwafika ngomhla weDisemba 7, kwaye umhla olandelayo iCongress yavotela imfazwe.

Agasti 19. Ngaloo mini kwi-1953, i-Central Central Intelligence Agency (i-CIA) yase-United States yenze i-coup d'Etat eyayisusa urhulumente okhethwe ngentando yeninzi wase-Iran. Imbewu yokubambisa yayitshalwe kwi-1951, xa uNdunankulu uMoses Mossadegh wenza ilizwe lombutho wase-Iran, lalawulwa yi-Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. UMosadeade ukholelwa ukuba abantu base-Iranian banelungelo lokuzuza kwiindawo zabo zokugcina iioli. UBrithani, nangona kunjalo, wayezimisele ukubuyisela utshalomali lwangaphandle lwentengiso. Ukususela kwi-1953, i-CIA yasebenza noBulumko baseBrithani ukuphazamisa urhulumente ka-Mossadegh ngezenzo zokugxekwa, ukunyaniseka, kunye neengxabano. Ekuphenduleni, unkulumbuso wabiza abalandeli bakhe ukuba bathabathe ezitratweni ngokubhikisha, bebangela ukuba u-Shah ahambe kweli lizwe. Xa ubulumko beBrithani buxhaswa ekudambiseni, i-CIA yasebenza yodwa kunye ne-Shah-force namasosha ase-Iranian ukulungiselela ukulwa nokulwa noMoses. Abanye abantu be-300 babulawa emlilweni eTehran, kwaye i-prime minister yachithwa yagwetywa iminyaka emithathu entolongweni. U-Shah wabuyela ngokukhawuleza ukuba athathe amandla, asayine iipesenti ezingama-40 zama-oli e-Iran kwiinkampani zase-US. Ephakanyiswe yiidola zase-US kunye neengalo, wagcina ubulawuli bokunyanzelisa iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini. Kwi-1979, nangona kunjalo, i-Shah yanyanzeliswa ngamandla kwaye yatshintshwa yiRiphabhliki yaseMbusweni. Kamva ngaloo nyaka, ama-ambulensi athukuthele abamba i-ambassy yase-United States eTehran waza wabamba abasebenzi baseMerika kwaze kwaba nguJanuwari 1981. Lawa awona aqalayo emva kokulandelwa kwexesha elilandelayo emva kokuphazamiseka kolawulo lwentando yesininzi luka-Iran oluya kuphazamisa uMbindi Mpuma kwaye lubonise ukuba iziphumo.

Agasti 20. Ngobusuku balo mhla ku-1968, i-200,000 i-Warsaw Pact namasikwi e-5,000 ahlasela iCzechoslovakia ukuba anqumle ixesha elifutshane lokukhulula kwilizwe lamaKomanisi elibizwa ngokuba yi "Spring Spring". Ekhokelwa ngumhlaziyi u-Alexander Dubcek, kwinyanga yakhe yesibhozo njengo-Nobhala Wokuqala weqela eliphambili leqela lobukomanisi, umbutho wenkululeko wanyanzelisa unyulo lwentando yesininzi, ukupheliswa kolawulo, inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nenkolo, kunye nokupheliswa kwezithintelo kuhambo. Inkxaso yoluntu kulonto uDubcek ayibiza ngokuba "sisocialism enobuso bomntu" yayisekwe ngokubanzi kangangokuba iSoviet Union kunye neesathelayithi zayo zakubona njengesoyikiso kulawulo lwabo lweMpuma Yurophu. Ukulwa nesoyikiso, imikhosi yeWarsaw Pact yacelwa ukuba ingene eCzechoslovakia ize nayo esithendeni. Ngokungalindelekanga, imikhosi yayihlangatyezwa kuyo yonke indawo zizenzo zokunganyangeki ezazibathintela ekufumaneni ulawulo. Ngo-Epreli 1969, nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo lwezepolitiki olungapheliyo eSoviet lwaphumelela ekunyanzeleni uDubcek emandleni. Uhlengahlengiso lwakhe lwatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye iCzechoslovakia yaphinda yaba lilungu lentsebenziswano yeWarsaw Pact. Nangona kunjalo, i-Prague Spring yenza ekugqibeleni idlale indima yenkuthazo ekubuyiseleni idemokhrasi eCzechoslovakia. Kuqhankqalazo lwasesitratweni oluzenzekelayo oluqala ngo-Agasti 21, 1988, igosa lama-20^th isikhumbuzo sokuhlasela kwabaseSoviet, abaqhubi bavakalisa igama likaDubcek bacela inkululeko. Ngomnyaka olandelayo, umdlali we-Czech kunye ne-essayist i-Vaclav Havel bekhokelela intlangano engabonakaliyo ebizwa ngokuthi "iVelvet Revolution" ekugqibeleni yanyanzelisa ukuphela kolawulo lwaseSoviet. Ngomhla kaNovemba 28, i-1989, iqela lekomiti yamaCzechoslovakia lazisa ukuba liya kuphelisa amandla kwaye lidibanise urhulumente weqela elinye.

Agasti 21. Ngaloo mini kwi-1983, uFinigno (Ninoy) u-Aquino, waseFilipino, wabulawa yintambo ekhanda kwisibhedlele saseManla International emva kokungena kwinqwelo elalimbuyisele ekhaya ukusuka kwiminyaka emithathu yokuthunjwa e-United States. Ngo-1972, uAgasino, uSenator we-Party ye-Liberal kunye nomgxeki obalaseleyo wolawulo oluxinzelelekileyo lukaMongameli uFerdinand Marcos, wayeye wathandwa kakhulu kwaye unqwenela ukunqoba uMarcos kwi-1973 ukhetho likamongameli. UMarcos, nangona kunjalo, wamemezela umthetho we-karate ngoSeptemba 1972, ongagcini nje ukukhupha inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko kodwa wenza u-Aquino ube ngumthinjanga wezopolitiko. Xa uAcino ehlaselwa intliziyo ejele entolongweni ye1980, wavunyelwa ukuba ahambe eUnited States ukuhlinzwa. Kodwa, emva kokukhulisa ukuhlala kwakhe kwimigangatho yezemfundo yase-US, waziva ufuna isidingo ngo-1983 ukuba abuyele ePhilippines aze amkholise uMongameli uMarcos ukuba abuyisele intando yesininzi ngeendlela ezinokuthula. Inqwelomoya yesibhulophu yaphela loo mishini, kodwa, ngexesha lokungabikho kwe-Aquino, ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kwiiPhilippines kwase kubangele ukuxhamla kwabantu. Ekuqaleni kwe1986, uMarcos wacindezelwa ukuba abize i-snap ukhetho likamongameli apho wayebalekela khona umfazi ka-Aquino, uCorazon. Olu hlanga lugxininisa kakhulu "UCory," kodwa ukunyenga nokukhwabanisa kwenzile ukhetho olukhetho. Ukungabi nalunye ukhetho, ezinye izigidi ezimbini zasePhilippines, zihlabelela "Cory, Cory, Cory," zenze iinguqu zabo ezingenanjengegazi ngaphandle kweManla. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 25, i-1986, i-Corazon Aquino yavulwa nguMongameli waza waqhubeka nokubuyisela intando yeninzi ePhilippines. Sekunjalo, iiPhilippines nazo zigubha minyaka yonke indoda eyanikezela i-spark yokuguqulwa kwayo. Kwabaninzi, u-Ninoy Aquino uhlala "ngumongameli omkhulu esingakaze sibe nawo."

Agasti 22. Ngaloo mini kwi-1934, umhlala-phantsi waseMarine Corps uGeneral General Smedley Butler wanconywa ngumthengisi weekhonkco kwi-Wall Street yemali ukukhokela Umzabalazo ngokuchasene noMongameli Roosevelt kunye norhulumente wase-US. Izicwangciso zokubambisana ziye zaphuhliswa yi-Wall Street yezimali abaye baxhatshazwa ngokukodwa nguMongameli we-Depression of-Depression of the Standard Standard, ekholelwa ukuba yayiya kutshabalalisa bobabini kunye nobutyebi boshishino kunye nokukhokelela kwi-bankruptcy yesizwe. Ukukhusela loo ntlekele, umthunywa we-Wall Street watshela uButler ukuba abacebisi baqokelele i-500,000 veterans yeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala eyayinokuba namandla kwilizwe elinobukhosi obunamandla bokuthula kwaye livule indlela yokudala urhulumente obuthathekayo oya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwi-shishini. Butler, bakholelwa, wayengumgqatswa ogqwesileyo wokukhokela ukukhankanya, njengoko wayehlonishwa ngabadlali bezilwanyana ekuxhaseni uluntu kwiprogram yeBonus Army yokuhlawulwa kwangaphambili kwemali eyongezelelweyo urhulumente ayebathembise yona. Noko ke, abacebisi babengazi into ebalulekileyo. Nangona u-Leader owayengenangqondo enkokheli ekulweni, wayenomdla wokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezempi njenge-cudgel yenkampani. Ngo-1933, wayeqale ukugxeka obala mabhanki kunye nobungxowankulu. Sekunjalo, naye wahlala e-patriot. Ngomhla kaNovemba 20, 1934, uBoler wabika iqhinga lokubhikisha kwiKomiti yeeNkcubeko zaseMelika, apho ingxelo yayo yavuma ubungqina obunyanzelisayo bokucwangcisa, kodwa akuzange kube necala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yakhe, uSomedley Butler waqhubeka ukupapasha Imfazwe yiRacket, eyayikhuthaza ukutshintshwa komkhosi wase-US ube ngumkhosi wokhuselo kuphela.

Agasti 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-1989, abantu abaqikelelwa kwezigidi ezimbini bahlangene ngezandla kwi-chain ye-400-mile kwilizwe laseBaltic yase-Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania. Ngomboniso ongabonakaliyo ongenamvikelo othiwa "i-Baltic Way," babhikisha ukulawulwa kwamazwe abo yiSoviet Union. Ukuqhankqalaza kwamanzi kwakubakho kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ye-Hitler-Stalin engeyona inkohlakalo yo-Agasti 23, i-1939, i-breched yiJamani kwi-1941. Kodwa isivumelwano esifanayo sasiqulethe iinkqubo ezifihlakeleyo ezichazwe ngendlela amazwe amabini aya kuhlengahlengisa ngayo iintlanga zaseMpuma Yurophu ukuba zihlangabezane neziphumo zazo. Kwakungaphantsi kwezi protoksi ukuba i-Soviet Union iqale kuqala i-Baltic kwi-1940, iphoqelela abantu babo baseNtshona ukuba baphile phantsi kolawulo lwamaKomanisi. Kodwa, kude kube yi-1989, iiSoviets zithi i-Hitler-Stalin Pact yayingenayo iprotocol, kwaye ukuba amazwe aseBaltic ayezijoyina ngokuzithandela kwiSoviet Union. Kwindlela yokubonakalisa i-Baltic Way, abathathi-nxaxheba bafuna ukuba i-Soviet Union ivume ngokucacileyo iiprogram kwaye ivumele amazwe aseBaltic ekugqibeleni avuselele ukuzimela kwabo kwimbali. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukubonakaliswa okukhulu, okuye kwagqithisa iminyaka emithathu yemibhikisho, kwenza ukuba i-Soviet Union ivume ukugqitywa kwiimigaqo kwaye ivakalise ukuba ayivumelekanga. Ngokubambisana, iminyaka emithathu yemibhikisho engabikhoyo yembonakaliso ibonise indlela enamandla ngayo umkhankaso wokuchasana, ukuba uphumelela injongo efanayo kubomzalwana noodade. Eli phulo linikeze njengomzekelo omhle kwamanye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu afuna ukuzimela, kwaye wabonisa ukuvuselela inkqubo yokuhlanganisana eJamani. I-Baltic yabuyisela kwakhona ukuzimela kwayo emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngoDisemba 1991.

Agasti 24. Ngale mini ngo-1967, u-Abbie Hoffman noJerry Rubin baphosa amatyala angama-300 eerandi kwibhalkoni kumgangatho weNew York Stock Exchange ukuphazamisa ishishini njengesiqhelo. UAbbie Hoffman, isazi sengqondo somthandi wezothando, washukuthela eNew York kwi-1960 njengoko abavukeli be-anti-war-protestors bebehamba ngokuhamba kunye nokuhamba kwiCentral Park. UHoffman wayebandakanyeke kunye neqela lokulwa neqela elibandakanyekayo kwi-theater, i-Diggers, eSan Francisco. Ngamava apho, wafunda ukubaluleka kweentsebenzo ngokubhekiselele ekubambiseni izizathu, njengoko imibhikisho kunye nokuhamba kwezinto zaziqhelekile ngezinye iinkhathi ngezinye iinkcukacha zazingenakwamkelwa ngamajelo. UHoffman wadibana nombhikisho uJerry Rubin owabelana ngokunyaniseka kwakhe ngenxa ye-capitalist njengengcinezelo yemfazwe nokungalingani e-United States. Kanye nomdlali ongu-gay-rights activist uJim Fouratt, uHoffman noRubin baququzelele umboniso kwiNew York Stock Exchange abamema uMarty Jezer, umhleli we-War Resisters League kwiphephancwadi leWIN, i-Korean War veteran uKeith Lampe, kunye nomshushisi woxolo uStewart Albert, kunye nabanye abalishumi, kunye nabanyathelisi. Iqela lacela ukutyelela isakhiwo se-NYSE apho iHoffman yabelana ngezandla zeedola zeerhafu nganye phambi kokuba zikhokelwe kumgangatho wesibini apho zazimi zikhangela phantsi kubathengi baseWall Street. Iindleko zaye zatshitshiswa ngaphaya komzila wesitimela, ziwa phantsi phantsi. Abanqatyisi banqamle ukuthengisa kwabo njengoko bekhawuleza ukuqokelela iindleko ezininzi njengoko kunokwenzeka, ezikhokelela kubango lokulahleka kwezorhwebo. UHoffman kamva wachaza wathi: "Ukugubha imali kubathengi baseWall Street kwakuyi-TV yobudala bokutshintsha abaguquli bemali ethempelini."

Agasti 25. Ngaloo mini kwi-1990, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe-UN linike i-navies yehlabathi ilungelo lokusebenzisa amandla ukuze ayeke ukuphulwa kwezohlwayo zorhwebo kwi-Iraq. I-United States ibhekile ukuba isenzo sisinqoko esikhulu. Kwakusebenza nzima ukwenza i-Soviet Union, iChina, kunye namazwe angama-Third World awakhuphaza ukuba kwakudingeka ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo okukhawuleza ukujonga ukuphulwa kwezohlwayo zoqoqosho olubanzi olubekwe e-Iraq emva kokuhlasela kwayo kwe-Agasti 2 yaseKenya. Kodwa, izigwebo, ke, zahluleka ukuphoqa ukuhoxiswa kwemajoni aseIraq. Baye baxoshwa kwimpi ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 1991 kwi-Gulf ye-Gulf led War. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-Kuwaiti ukuzimela, izigwebo zagcinwa endaweni, ekuthiwa yiphakamiso lokunyanzelisa i-Iraq kunye nezinye iinjongo. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, i-US kunye ne-UK babedla ngokucacileyo ukuba baya kuvimba nayiphi na indlela yokulungisa okanye ukulungiswa ngokutsha kwezonyanziso nje ngokuba uSaddam Hussein wayengumongameli wase-Iraq. Oku kwakunobungqina obuqinileyo bokuthi izigwebo zahluleka ukunyanzelisa iSaddam kodwa zazilimaza kakhulu izakhamuzi zase-Iraq ezingenacala. Le miqathango ithintela kude kube ngoMatshi 2003, xa i-US kunye ne-UK baphinde baxabana ne-Iraq baza baxosha urhulumente waseSaddam. Kungekudala emva koko, i-United States imemezele kwaye ifumene ukunyuswa kwezigwebo ze-UN, ukuyilawula ngokugcwele kwii-oil oil and industry. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu yezohlwayo, ivelise ukuhlupheka kwabantu. Esi siphumo siye savusa ukungathandabuzeki kulo lonke uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokuphumelela kwezohlwayo zoqoqosho ekufezekiseni iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokusemthethweni phantsi komthetho wamazwe olawula unyango kunye namalungelo oluntu.

Agasti 26. Ngaloo mini kwi-1920, uNobhala weSizwe we-US uBainbridge Colby uqinisekisile i-19^th Ukulungiswa kokufakwa kuMgaqo-siseko wase-US, ukunika abafazi base-US ilungelo lokuvota kuzo zonke ukhetho. Oku kwangaphambili kwimbali yamalungelo aseburhulumenteni ase-US kwaba yintsika yokunyuka kwamabhinqa, abuye abuyele phakathi kwe-19^th ngenkulungwane. Ukusebenzisa amaqhinga afana neengqungquthela, ukunyamezela, kunye neendlala, abafazi baphishekela amaqhinga ahlukeneyo kwilizwe lonke ukuphumelela ilungelo lokuvota-ngokusoloko bejamelene nokuchasana ngokukrakra kwabo bachasayo, bavalelwe, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha baxhatshazwa. Nge-1919, i-suffragettes yayinamalungelo okuvota apheleleyo kwiindawo ezilishumi elinesihlanu ezimashumi mane anesibhozo, ikakhulukazi ngasentshonalanga, kwaye zanelisekile kuninzi kwabanye. Ngelo xesha, nangona kunjalo, imibutho yamandla eninzi ihlangene inkolelo yokuba amalungelo apheleleyo okuvota kuwo onke amazwe angaphunyezwa kuphela ngohlengahlengiso. Oko kwaba ngumgomo osebenzayo emva kokuba uMongameli uWilson eveze inkxaso yakhe yokulungiswa kwi-1918. Watshela i-Senate: "Ndiyabona ukunwabalala kwabasetyhini njengento ebalulekileyo ekutshutshiseni ngokuphumelelayo imfazwe enkulu yabantu esiphila kuyo." Umzamo wokukhawuleza ukupasa isilungiso esicetywayo kwahluleka kwi-Senate ngamavoti amabini nje . Kodwa ngo-Meyi 21, i-1920, yagqithiswa ngokugqithiseleyo yiNdlu yabameli, kwaye ezimbini iiveki emva kweSenate kunye nesininzi sesibini kwisidingo. Isilungiso sagunyazisiwe ngo-Agasti 18, 1920, xa iTennessee yaba yi-36^th I-48 ithi iyayivuma, ngaloo ndlela ifumene isivumelwano esilindelekileyo sesithathu-sinezi zizwe.

Agasti 27. Lo ngumhla, kwi-1928, apho i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yokulwa nemfazwe yaqinisekiswa eParis ngeentlanga ezinkulu zehlabathi. Ebizwa emva kwababhali bayo, Unobhala Wezangaphandle wase-US uFrank Kellogg kunye noMphathiswa Wezangaphandle wase-France u-Aristide Briand, isivumelwano saye saqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 1929. Yayishiya imfazwe njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe yaze yatsho ukuba zonke iingxwabangxwaba zamazwe aphesheya nangaluphi na uhlobo kufuneka zilungiswe kuphela yi-pacific. kuthetha. Yonke imfazwe ukusukela nge1928 iphule lo mnqophiso, othintela iimfazwe ezithile kwaye wasebenza njengesiseko sokutshutshiswa kokuqala kolwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni ekupheleni kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, ukusukela ngelo xesha izizwe ezizizityebi ezixhobileyo zingakhange ziye emfazweni. enye-ekhetha endaweni yokulwa kwaye iququzelele imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe ahluphekayo. Emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, uloyiso lwommandla lwaluphelile. Unyaka we-1928 waba ngumda wokwahlulahlula ukuba loluphi uloyiso olusemthethweni kwaye lungekho. Iikholoni zayifuna inkululeko, kwaye amazwe amancinci aqala ukubakho ngamashumi amaninzi. Umnqophiso weZizwe eziManyeneyo ujije isivumelwano soXolo soMlo ekunqandeni iimfazwe ezingazikhuselanga okanye ezingagunyaziswanga liZizwe eziManyeneyo. Iimfazwe ebezingekho mthethweni naphantsi kwe-Charter ye-UN, kodwa uninzi oluye lwathi okanye lwacinga ukuba lusemthethweni, zibandakanya iimfazwe e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Libya, Yemen nase Syria. Phantse iminyaka engama-90 emva kokusekwa kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact, iNkundla yamaTyala oLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe yamkela umgaqo-nkqubo wokutshutshisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kodwa oyena mntu wenza imfazwe, i-United States, ubanga ilungelo lokusebenza ngaphandle komthetho. .

Agasti 28. Ngaloo mini kwi-1963, amaLungelo oLuntu aseMerika awakhuthaza uMartin Luther King Jr. wanikela nge-TV yakhe yesizwe esithi "Ndiyaphupha" inkulumo phambi kwesihlwele sabantu base 250,000 ngoMashi eWashington. Le ntetho yenze ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule kwezipho zikaKing kwimibongo yokubhala, eyamenza wakwazi ukubanga amalungelo alinganayo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngokubhenela kumoya odibeneyo odibanisa ukwahlukana kwabantu. Ukulandela amagqabantshintshi, uKing wasebenzisa isikweko ukuchaza ukuba abarhwebi bebeze kwikomkhulu bezobhatala "inqaku lesithembiso" eliqinisekisa ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nokufuna ukonwaba kuwo wonke amaMelika, kodwa ngaphambili babebuyele kubantu bebala kubhalwe “ukungoneli kwemali.” Malunga nesiqingatha sentetho, uKumkani wemka kwisicatshulwa sakhe esilungisiweyo ukuze akhuphe kwimemori uvavanyo lwakhe lwangaphambili oluthi "Ndiphupha". Elinye lala maphupha ngoku alinakucimeka kulwazelelelo lwesizwe: "ukuba abantwana bam abane abancinci bayakuhlala kwilizwe apho bangayi kugwetywa ngombala wolusu lwabo kodwa ngokuqulathwe bubuntu babo." Intetho iqukunjelwe ngoqhushululu lokugqibela lwengoma enesingqi, esekwe kwingoma ethi "Mayikhulule inkululeko": "Xa siyivumela ukuba ikhale kwilali nganye nakuzo zonke iidolophana…," watsho uKing, "sizokwazi ukuyikhawulezisa loo mini. xa bonke abantwana bakaThixo… beza kuba nakho ukudibanisa izandla kunye nokucula ngamazwi okomoya wakudala weNegro: 'Ndikhululekile ekugqibeleni! Sikhululekile ekugqibeleni! Enkosi Thixo uSomandla, sikhululekile ekugqibeleni! '”Ngo-2016, ixesha Umagazini waqaphela intetho njengenye yezihlandlo ezilishumi kwiimbali.

Agasti 29. Ngomhla ngamnye unyaka, iMini yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiNtshontsho zeNyukliya iyaqwalaselwa. Imibutho yoxolo emhlabeni jikelele isebenzisa lo Mhla ukufundisa uluntu malunga nesidingo sokuphelisa iimvavanyo zezixhobo zenyukliya jikelele, eziza kubakho ingozi ebantwini kubantu, kwindalo kunye nomhlaba. Okokuqala kuboniswe kwi-2010, uSuku lweSizwe ngeziNzame zeNyukliya luphefumlelwe ngokuvalwa ngomhla ka-Agasti 29, i-1991 kwisiza sokuhlola izixhobo zenukliya eKazakhstan, ngoko yingxenye yeSoviet Union. Amakhulu amajoni enyukliya aye ahlanjululwa apho kwiminyaka engamashumi amane, ngasentla nangaphantsi komhlaba, kwaye wabangela umonakalo omkhulu ngexesha eliya kubantu abajikelezile. Njengoko kwe-2016, amanqanaba emisebe emhlabathini kunye namanzi kufuphi nedolophu yaseSemey (eyayisakuba yiSemalatinsk), i-100 mayela ngasempuma kweso sakhiwo, yayisishumi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweshumi. Iintsana zaqhubeka zizalwe zikhubazekile, kwaye, isiqingatha sabantu, ixesha lokuphila lihlala lingaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-60. Ukongezelela kwizilumkiso zalo malunga neengozi zokuhlolwa kweempahla zenyukliya, uSuku lweZizwe ngeziMvavanyo ngeNyukliya luyakhumbuza umhlaba ukuba umnqophiso owamkelwe yi-UN ukuphelisa uvavanyo olunjalo alusebenzi. I-1996 Comprehensive Test Treaty Ban Treaty (CTBT) iya kuvimbela zonke iimvavanyo zenyukliya okanye ukuqhuma kwiphina indawo. Kodwa oko kunokukwenza kuphela xa zonke i-44 zithi zithathe inxaxheba ekuthathethathethwano ukuze zenze isivumelwano, kwaye zinezixhobo zamandla enyukliya okanye i-reactors yecwaningo ngexesha, ziye zavuma. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini emva koko, amazwe asibhozo, kuquka iMelika, ayengakwenzi njalo.

Agasti 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1963, iqhagamshelo le-"Line Line" linxibelelwano phakathi kweNdlu ye-White kunye ne-Kremlin eyenzelwe ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ukutshintshana kwezopolitiko phakathi kweenkokheli zeentlanga ezimbini xa kwenzeka unxunguphako. Ukutsha kwakushukunyiswe yiCuban Missile Crisis ka-Okthobha u-1962, apho ukuthunyelwa ngefowuni kwathatha iiyure ukufikelela kwelinye icala, nto leyo eyonyusa uthethathethwano esele lukhona phakathi kwamagunya ehlabathi axhobileyo. Ngeteknoloji entsha eshushu, imiyalezo yefowuni echwethezwe kumatshini weeteleyitha inokufikelela kwelinye icala ngemizuzu nje. Ngethamsanqa, akukho sidingo soMnxeba oshushu kwavela kude kube ngo-1967, xa uMongameli uLyndon Johnson wayisebenzisa ukwazisa iNkulumbuso ye-Soviet ngelo xesha u-Alexei Kosygin ngesicwangciso sobuchule awayecinga ngaso ngongenelelo kwi-Arab-Israel-Day-Day War. Ngo-1963, uMongameli uKennedy kunye neNkulumbuso yaseSoviet uNikita Khrushchev babesele bemisele ubudlelwane obunemveliso ngokusekwe kukuqonda kunye nokuthembana. Ubukhulu becala yayiyimveliso yotshintshiselwano oluzinzileyo lweminyaka emibini iileta ezisemthethweni nezobuqu. Elinye ihlumelo eliphambili lembalelwano yayikukulalanisa okuqiqileyo okuphelise iCrisis Missile Crisis. Ikwanike nefuthe kokubini kwisivumelwano esilinganiselweyo sovavanyo lwenyukliya ngo-Agasti 5, 1963, kunye nentetho kaMongameli waseMelika kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo kubudlelwane be-US-Soviet. Apho, uKennedy wacela "kungekuphela nje uxolo kweli xesha lethu kodwa uxolo lwexesha lonke." Kwileta awayibhalela uKennedy emva kokubhubha kwakhe, u-Khrushchev wamchaza njengendoda eneembono ezibanzi eyayifuna ukujonga imeko elizweni kwaye ikhangele iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki ezingazinzanga kwilizwe jikelele ngothethathethwano.

Agasti 31. Ngaloo mini kwi-1945, abantu abangamawaka amabini eWilminster Central Hall Hall yaseLondon bavakalisa umxholo othi "Ubumbano behlabathi okanye ukutshabalaliswa kwehlabathi" ekudibaniseni ukusasazeka kwezixhobo zenuzi. E-Westminster, njengoko ijikeleze ihlabathi, iibhomu zeHiroshima kunye neNagasaki kuphela kwiiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba kubangele amawaka abantu ukuba bajoyine kwi-crusade eyaziwayo ukuze basindise uluntu kwiintshatshazi zenukliya. Ekuqaleni, uloyiko lwenkqantosi yehlabathi lwenyukliya lwaye lwahamba kunye nombono woorhulumente wehlabathi. Kwaye yaxhaswa nguBertrand Russell, phakathi kwabanye, kwaye yadibanisa izihlwele zamawaka kwiintlanganiso zoluntu apho zaxoxwe ngazo. Ibinzana elithi "Ihlabathi elilodwa okanye akukho" lalingenalo nguRussell kuphela, kodwa nguGandhi noEinstein. KwaseLondon Maxesha wathi "kufuneka kube yinto engenakwenzeka kwimfazwe ukuqala, okanye mhlawumbi uluntu luyabhubha." Kodwa kwiinyanga ezizayo kunye neminyaka, izithethi kwiintlanganiso zamaBrithani zokulwa nemfazwe, ngelixa ziqhubeka zilahla iimbombo zeJapan, zaqala ukuxhasa iintonga zenyukliya ulawulo kunye nokungabikho kwemida. Ngama-1950, "iLizwe elilodwa" yayingeyona nto ingumxholo wokubhukuda kwebhokisi, kodwa ngokukodwa iinjongo ze-pacifists kunye nabameli boorhulumente behlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokugxininisa intlekele engafanelekanga yezixhobo zamandla enyukliya, uxolo kunye namaqela okungaxhatshazwanga eBrithani nakulo lonke elaseNtshona liye lancedisa ukuguqula ukucinga okuqhelekileyo ekuvunyelwene ngakumbi kwemida kulawulo lukazwelonke. Ejongene nemingcipheko engakaze ibe yinto yemfazwe yenyukliya, abantu babonisa ukuzimisela okukhulu ukuvuma ukucinga ngokutsha ngamazwe ngamazwe. Umbulelo wethu kumbhali-mlando uLawrence S. Wittner, onobhala bakhe obunzulu kwiinkqubo zokulwa nenyukliya wanikezela ulwazi ngale nqaku.

Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.

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Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.

Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.

umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.

Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.

Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.