UCanzibe

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Meyi 1. Usuku lukaMeyi lusuku lwesiko lokubhiyozela ukuzalwa kwakhona kwi-hemisphere esemantla, kwaye-ukusukela ngesehlo se-1886 saseHaymarket eChicago-usuku oluninzi kwihlabathi ukubhiyozela amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nokulungiselela.

Kulo suku ku-1954 abemi beliphi iiparadesi evukile ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbini kunye nokugula okungapheliyo kwemisebe yabo ngokwabo kunye nenzalo kuba urhulumente wase-US kuvavanywa ibhomu le-hydrogen.

Kananjalo ngalo mhla ngo-1971 kwaqhutywa uqhankqalazo olukhulu ngokuchasene neMfazwe yaseMelika eVietnam. Kananjalo ngalolu suku ngo-2003 uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wahlekisa esithi "umsebenzi ufeziwe!" bemi kwisuti yenqwelomoya kwinqwelomoya yenqwelomoya eSan Diego Harbour njengoko kutshatyalaliswa i-Iraq.

Kwaye ngaloo mini kwi-2003 i-US Navy yasekugqibeleni yanikela ekukhuseleni koluntu kwaye yayeka ukuqhuma ibhomu kwisiqithi saseVique.

Kwakhona ngalo mhla kwi-2005, i NgeCawa yamaXesha yaseLondon ya papasha Minutes Street Street oye wabonisa umxholo we-Julayi 23, i-2002, intlanganiso yekhabhinethi yaseburhulumenteni waseBrithani kwi-10 Downing Street. Batshengise iinjongo ze-US zokuya ekulweni ne-Iraq kunye nokuxoka ngezizathu zokuba kutheni. Lo ngumhla omuhle wokufundisa ihlabathi malunga imfazwe ilala.

Ngamana 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1968, abacatshulwa bahlelwe ukuba bafike eWashington DC ukuze baqalise iPhulo eliPhuhlileyo labantu, ukunyuswa kwamalungelo okugqibela okubambisene nombono kaMartin Luther King Jr. ekusukeleni ukuguqulwa kwentlalo enobudlova eMelika. UKum ngokwakhe akazange aphile ukuze abone i-Campaign iqulunqwe; wayebulewe ngaphantsi kweenyanga. Nangona kunjalo, iNgqungquthela yakhe yaseMzantsi yobuKhokheli lobuKristu, kunye neenkokeli ezintsha kunye neendwendwe ezibanzi kunokuba nayiphi na uKumkani ngokwakhe wayesebenze, wasungula intshukumo ayifunayo kunye nokulibaleka kweeveki ezimbini. Ukususela ngoMeyi 15 ukuya kuJuni 24, i-1968, abantu abane-2,700 abampofu kunye nabasebenzi be-anti-poverty, abamele ama-African-American, ama-Asian-American, namaSpanishi kunye namaNative aseMerika avela kulo lonke ilizwe, bahlala kwi-National Mall yaseWashington ententeni eyaziwa njengovuko Sixeko. Indima yabo yayikubonisa ukuxhaswa kweemfuno zeeNkcazo ezi-5 eziphambili. Ezi zibandakanya iziqinisekiso zomthetho zomsebenzi onentsingiselo kumvuzo ophilayo kubo bonke abemi abaqashiweyo, kunye neengeniso ezikhuselekileyo kubantu abangakwazi ukufumana imisebenzi okanye ukusebenzela konke. Akukho mithetho esekelwe kule migqaliselo eyake yenziwa, kodwa iiveki ezintandathu zemiboniso kwiSixeko soVukayo azizange ziphumelele. Ukongezelela ekuboniseni uluntu iingxaki ezijongene nabantu abahluphekayo, ababonisi babe nexesha elingaphezu kweeveki ezintandathu ukuze babelane ngamava abo bahluphekileyo kunye nababonisi kwamanye amaqela. Abo batshintshiselwano babancedisa ukuzisa amaqela athile azimeleyo kunye namaqela acacileyo ndawonye njengombutho onamandla obanzi obambeleleyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje lo mzekelo wenhlangano uwamkelwe yi-Occupy Wall Street, i-Black Lives Matter, i-2017 Women's March, kunye ne-Campaign ye-Poor People's Campaign ye-2018.

Ngamana 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1919, uPete Seeger wazalelwa kwisixeko saseNew York. Uyise kaPete wafundisa umculo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley ngelixa umama wakhe efundisa ivayolin kwiSikolo iJuilliard. UmntakwaboPete, uMike, waba lilungu leNew Lost City Ramblers, kunye nodadewabo, uPeggy, imvumi yomculo eqhuba no-Ewan McColl. UPete wakhetha ubutshantliziyo bezopolitiko obuchazwe ngomculo wesintu. Ngo-1940, ukubhala kwengoma kaPete kunye nokwenza izakhono kwamkhokelela ekubeni ajoyine iqela labaphembeleli bemfazwe, iAlmanac Singers kunye noWoodie Guthrie. UPete wabhala ingoma engaqhelekanga enesihloko esithi "Mnumzana Mongameli othandekayo," ethetha ngemfuno yokumisa uHitler, eyaba yingoma yeAlbumac Singers Album. Emva koko, wakhonza ngexesha le-WWII, ebuyela ekuvuseleleni umculo wabantu baseMelika ngokujoyina i-Weavers, owaphefumlela i-Kingston Trio, i-Limelighters, i-Clancy Brothers, kunye nokuthandwa ngokubanzi kwendawo yabantu kuyo yonke i-1950s-60s. Abaluki ekugqibeleni babekwa kuluhlu lweCongress, kwaye uPete wabanjwa yiKomiti yezeNdlu engeyiyo eyaseMelika. UPete wenqabile ukuphendula kwezi zityholo, ecaphula amalungelo oLungiso lokuQala: "Andizukuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo malunga nomanyano lwam, iinkolelo zam zefilosofi okanye ezenkolo okanye iinkolelo zam kwezopolitiko, okanye indlela endavota ngayo kulo naluphi na unyulo, imicimbi. Ndicinga ukuba le yimibuzo engafanelekanga kuye nawuphi na umMelika ukuba abuzwe, ngakumbi xa enyanzelwa ngolu hlobo. ” UPete wafunyanwa enetyala lokudelela, emva konyaka, kwaguqulwa. UPete uqhubeke nokugcina ubutshantliziyo buphila ngokubhala iingoma ezinje ngala "Ziphi Zonke Iintyatyambo Zihambile" kwaye "Ukuba bendineHammer."

Meyi 4. Ngaloo mini kwi-1970 i-Ohio National Guard yaxoshelwa kwisihlwele saseKitro State University protestors esichukumisa abayisithoba kunye nokubulala abane. UMongameli uRichard Nixon ukhethwe ngokubanzi kwisithembiso sakhe sokuphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Ngo-Apreli 30th, uxela ukuba wayandisa imfazwe eCambodia. Iiprotesti zavela kwiikholeji ezininzi. E-Kent State kwakukho umkhosi omkhulu wokulwa nemfazwe owawulandelwa ukuqhuma kwidolophu. I-Ohio National Guard yayiyalwe eKeni. Ngaphambi kokuba bafike, abafundi batshisa isakhiwo seROTC. Ngomhla we-Meyi 4th abafundi be-2,000 badibana kwi-campus. Amalungu angama-asixhenxe anesibhozo asebenzayo asebenzisa i-gas and tear betshetshini abanyanzelisa ukuba baye kwi-commons kunye nentaba. Omnye umfundi, uTerry Norman, naye wayenomsiki wegesi kwaye wayexhobile nge-38 revolver. Wayefaneka ukuba ufotoze amajoni okhuselo. Kodwa abafundi abaningana baqaphela ukuba wayeyithatha imifanekiso yababhikishi. Emva komqhubi, waxoshwa. Ukukhwaza kwamapistol Njengoko uTerry wagijima waya kwelinye iqela labagcini be-ROTC, umphathi wakhe wabizwa, "Myekeni. Unompu ". UTerry wanikela isibhamu sakhe kwipolisi yamapolisa eyayimqeshe. Amalungu eWKYC abasebenza kwiTV awamva umcuphi wathi, "UThixo wam. Kuye kwaxoshwa izihlandlo ezine! "Ngaloo nto imikhosi eyayifumene phezulu kwintaba yayivile ukukhwaza kwepistol. Xa bacinga ukuba baxoshwa, baxosha i-volley kwisihlwele. Ezi ziphumo ezine zokufa kwabafundi zenze izibhikisho ezinkulu ezivaliwe iikholeji ze-450 ngaphesheya kwe-US. Ukutshuntshwa kweKent kwakuyiyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam.

Meyi 5. Ngalo mhla ku-1494, uChristopher Columbus, ehambo lwakhe lwesibini ukuya eMelika, wafika kwisiqithi sase-West Indies saseJamaica. Ngeli xesha, isiqithi sasihlala ngama-Arawaks, abantu base-Indiya abalula nabanokuthula, bebala inani elingu-60,000, abahlala befama kunye nokuloba. UColumbus ngokwakhe wabona isiqithi njengendawo yokubamba impahla kunye nokuvelisa izityalo kunye nemfuyo ngelixa yena namadoda akhe befuna ilizwe elitsha eSpain eMelika. Nangona kunjalo, isayithi yaye yabetha abahlali baseSpeyin, kwaye kwi-1509 yayibanjelwe ngumbutho phantsi kwegosa laseSpeyin. Oku kuchaza inhlekelele kwiArawaks. Ukuphoqelelwa kwizakhono ezinzima ezifunekayo ukwakha inkunzi enkulu yaseSpeyin, kwaye ivuleleke kwizifo zaseYurophu ezazingenakuyichasa, zaza kutshabalala kwiminyaka engama-50. Njengoko abantu baseArawak baqala ukunyuka, amaSpanish angenisa amakhoboka aseNtshona-ntshona ukuze agcine abasebenzi babo. Emva koko, phakathi kwe-17^th kwinkulungwane, iNgesi yahlaselwa, ixutywa yiingxelo zezinto eziyimfuneko zendalo zaseJamaica. IsiSpanish sazinikela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye emva kokukhulula izigqila zabo, ezaziwa ngokuba yi "Maroons," zabalekela eCuba. Iimonon zangena kwiminyaka yokuxabana nabakholoni bamaNgesi, ngaphambi kokuba zikhululwe ngokupheleleyo nguMthetho wase-British Emancipation Act we-1833. Kwi-1865, emva kokuvuswa kwabahlwempuzekileyo phakathi kwamakholoni aseNgesi, iJamaica yaba yiCrown Colony yaseBrithani kwaye ithatha amanqanaba amanqanaba omphakathi, omgaqo-siseko kunye noqoqosho kwiintloko. Isiqithi sanikwa ukuzimela ngaphandle kweBrithani ngo-Agasti 6, 1962, kwaye ngoku ilawulwa njengombuso wentando yesininzi yephalamende.

Meyi 6. ONgaloo mhla ku-1944, uMahatma Gandhi, iminyaka eyi-73 ubudala, ekungabikho kwempilo, kwaye enesidingo sokuhlinzwa, wakhululwa ekugqibeleni kwakhe kwesikhombisa kunye nokugqitywa kokugqibela ngenxa yezenzo ezithatyathwe njengenkokeli yephulo elingenalugonyamelo lokuzimela kwe-India ukusuka eBrithani. Wayebanjwe ngo-Agasti 9, i-1942, emva kokuvunyelwa yiNdiya yeSizwe iNational Party ye-"Yeka iIndiya" isisombululo, esasungula Satyagraha umkhankaso wokungathobeli-jikelele ukuxhasa ngenkxaso yayo yokuzimela ngokukhawuleza. Xa ukuboshwa kukaGandhi kunomdla wokubundlobongela phakathi kwabalandeli bakhe, yaxosha iBrithani yaseBrithani ukuba imise ukulawula kwayo ngokuqinileyo kwaye izame ukuphazamisa uGandhi kunye nezobupolitika ezakhayo. Emva kokukhululwa kwakhe ejele emva kweminyaka emibini kamva, uGandhi ngokwakhe wayejongene nemvakalelo yamaSilamsi yokwahlula i-subcontinent ibe ngamaSilamsi kunye namaHindu, ingcamango ayichasayo. Ezinye iingxabano zezopolitiko zenzeke. Kodwa ekugqibeleni, zombini umphumo kunye nemigqaliselo yomzabalazo we-Indiya yokuzimela yenziwa yiBritani ngokwabo. Ekugqibeleni samkela ukungabikho kwamaphepha amabango aseNdiya, bazinikela ngokuzithandela iIndiya ukuzimela ngokwenza iPalamente ngoJuni 15, 1947. Ngokuchasene nethemba likaGandhi lokubumbene, inkolo eninzi eNdiya, uMthetho wama-Independence wase-Indiya wahlula i-subcontinent ibe ngamagunya amabini, e-Indiya nasePakistan, kwaye yabiza ukuba ngamnye anikwe ukuzimela ngokusemthethweni ngo-Agasti 15. Umbono ophezulu kaGandhi waqatshelwa emashumi eminyaka kamva, nangona kunjalo, xa ehlanganiswe kwi-TIME "Umntu we-Century". Ukuphawula ngomsebenzi kunye kunye nomoya wakhe, le magazini yathi "yavusa i-20^th inkulungwane kwimibono ekhonza njengobuncwane bokuziphatha kuwo onke amaxesha. "

Meyi 7. Ngalo mhla kwi-1915, IJamani yancinca eLusitania - isenzo esibi sokubulala abantu. The ELusitania bebephethe izixhobo kunye nemikhosi yaseBrithani - esinye isenzo esibi kakhulu sokubulala abantu. Eyona nto inobungozi, nangona kunjalo, kwakukho ubuxoki obuchazwe ngako konke. IJamani yashicilele izilumkiso kwiMaphephandaba eNew York nakwamaphephandaba e-United States. Ezi zi lumkiso zashicilelwe ngqo kwiintengiso zokuhamba ngomkhumbi ELusitania kwaye isayinwe yi-ambassy yaseJamani. Amaphephandaba abhale imibhalo malunga nezilumkiso. Inkampani yaseCunard yayibuziwe malunga nezilumkiso. Umongameli wangaphambili ELusitania sele sele sele ishiyeke - ngenxa yokuxinezeleka kokuhamba ngento eyenziwa yiJamani kwiindawo zemfazwe. Ngaloo nto uWinston Churchill ucatshulwa njengokuba uthe "Kubaluleke kakhulu ukutsala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwiindawo zethu eziselunxwemeni ngethemba ikakhulukazi lokubandakanya iUnited States neJamani." Wayephantsi komyalelo wakhe ukuba ukukhuselwa komkhosi waseBrithani kwakunganikezelwa ELusitania, nangona iCunard echazile ukuba yayibala kulo khuselo. USobhala welizwe lika-US uWilliam Jennings uBryan utyeshile ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwe-US. Oko ELusitania bephethe izixhobo kunye nemikhosi ekuncediseni iBrithani kwimfazwe ngokumelene neJamani yaxhaswa yiJamani kunye nabanye ababukeleyo, kwaye yayiyinyaniso. Nangona kunjalo urhulumente wase-United States uthe, kwaye iincwadi zaseburhulumenteni zase-US zithetha ngoku, ukuba abangenacala ELusitania wahlaselwa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, isenzo esityholwa ukuba sivumele ukungena kwimfazwe. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iUnited States yajoyina ngokusemthethweni kwi-World War I.

Usuku lomama ibhiyozelwa ngemihla eyahlukileyo kwihlabathi. Kwiindawo ezininzi ngeCawa yesibili ngoMeyi. Lo ngumhla omuhle wokufunda Isimemezelo Sosuku LamaMama kwaye ubuyisele kwakhona usuku loxolo.

Meyi 8. Ngaloo mini kwi-1945, eyaye yaphela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II eYurophu, u-Oskar Schindler wancenga amaYuda awayewusindise kwiinkampu zokufa zamaNazi ukuba angaziphindiseli kwiJamani eziqhelekileyo. USchindler wayengelona mzekelo wendlela yokuziphatha okanye yokuziphatha. Ukulandela amaNazi ePoland ngoSeptemba 1939, wakhawuleza ukuba enze izihlobo ezinkulu zeGestapo, azixhaphaze kunye nabasetyhini, imali kunye ne-booze. Ngoncedo lwabo, wathola i-enamelware factory eKrakow ukuze asebenze kunye nabasebenzi abangamaYuda abancinci. Ngexesha, ke, uSchindler waqala ukuvelana namaYuda aze afune ukunyaniseka kwamaNazi. Ehlobo lase1944, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-movie ye-1993 Uluhlu lukaSchindler, walondoloza i-1,200 yabasebenzi bayo abangamaYuda ukususela ekufeni kwangasese kwiindawo zamagesi zasePoland ngokuzithuthela kwindawo eyingozi enkulu kwifisi yefestile kwiSudetenland yamaCzechoslovakia yamaNazi. Xa wayethetha nabo emva kokukhululwa kwawo kwi-VE Day yokuqala, wakhuthaza ngokugqithiseleyo: "Gwema zonke izenzo zokuziphindezela nokukhukula." Izenzo kunye namazwi kaSchindler bayaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ithemba lehlabathi elingcono. Ukuba, ephosakeleyo njengoko wayenjalo, unokufumanisa imfesane kunye nesibindi kwizinto ezingalunganga ezilungileyo, kubonisa ukuba amandla anako sonke. Namhlanje, sifuna kwakhona iziqhamo zikaSchindler zibonise ukulwa nenkqubo yezinto ezixhasayo zenkampani ezixhaswa yimishini yokubulala kazwelonke eyenza inxaxheba yintambo embalwa kuphela. Ihlabathi lize lisebenze kunye ukuze lihlangabezane neemfuno zangempela zabantu abaqhelekileyo, okwenzeni ukuba sisinde njengento kunye nokufezekiswa kwamandla ethu okwenene.

Meyi 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1944, umongameli we-El Salvador, uMongameli uMaximiliano Hernandez Martinez, ushiye emsebenzini wakhe, emva kwesiteleka sikazwelonke esingenabundlobongela esilungelelaniso esivela kwiveki yokuqala kaMeyi eyayisicinezelekileyo kwezoqoqosho luka-El Salvador kunye noluntu. Emva kokungena emandleni ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930 ngenxa yoqhankqalazo, uMartinez wayedale umkhosi wamapolisa oyimfihlo kwaye waya ekwaphuleni umthetho iqela lamaKomanisi, evala imibutho yabalimi, ehlola amaphephandaba, evalela abavukeli, ejolise kubaphembeleli babasebenzi, kwaye athathe ngqo ulawulo kwiiyunivesithi. Ngo-Epreli ka-1944, abafundi baseyunivesithi kunye necandelo lezobuchwephesha baqala ukuququzelela ngokuchasene nolawulo, benza isitrayikhi somsebenzi esinoxolo kwilizwe lonke, ngeveki yokuqala ngoMeyi, ababandakanya abasebenzi kunye neengcali ezivela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ngomhla we-5 kaMeyi, ikomiti yothethathethwano yabaqhankqalazi yafuna ukuba umongameli ehle esikhundleni ngokukhawuleza. Endaweni yoko, uMartinez waya kwirediyo, ebongoza abemi ukuba babuyele emsebenzini. Oku kukhokelele kuqhankqalazo loluntu olwandisiweyo kunye namanyathelo amapolisa anobundlongondlongo abulala umbonisi wabafundi. Ukulandela umngcwabo wolutsha, amawaka abaqhankqalazi abonakalise kwisikwere esikufutshane neNdlu yeSizwe emva koko babalekela kwibhotwe ngokwalo, kodwa balifumana lilahliwe. Ngokukhetha kwakhe kuncipha kakhulu, umongameli wadibana nekomiti yothethathethwano ngoMeyi 8 kwaye ekugqibeleni wavuma ukurhoxa – isenzo esamkelwe ngokusemthethweni ngosuku olulandelayo. UMartinez watshintshwa njengo-Mongameli ligosa elilinganiselweyo, u-General Andres Ignacio Menendez, owayalela uxolelo kumabanjwa ezopolitiko, wabhengeza inkululeko yeendaba, kwaye waqala ukucwangcisela unyulo jikelele. Ukutyhala kwidemokhrasi kungqineke kukuphila ixesha elifutshane, nangona kunjalo. Kwiinyanga nje ezintlanu kamva, uMenendez ngokwakhe wabhukuqwa ngumbuso.

Ngamana 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1984, iNkundla yamaZwe eMazwe eHague, eNetherlands, ngokuqinisekileyo wanikezela isicelo saseNicaragua sokumisela ukulungiswa kwangaphambili okufuneka ukuba iUnited States imise ngokukhawuleza imayini yamanzi engaphantsi kwamanxweme aseNicaragua eyonakalise ubuncinane iinqanawa ezisibhozo kwiintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulileyo. I-US yamkele eso sigqibo ngaphandle kwesichaso, esibonisa ukuba sele isiphelile imisebenzi ngasekupheleni kukaKwindla kwaye ayiyi kuphinda iqale. Ukumbiwa kwemayini kwaqhutywe ngumbutho wee-US-finance guerrillas olwa noorhulumente waseSandinista, kunye nabasebenzi be-Latin American abaqeqeshwe kakhulu. Ngokwamagosa ase-US, imisebenzi yayiyinxalenye yesigqibo se-CIA sokulungisa isicwangciso seenqanawa, esaziwa ngokuba yi "Contras," kwiimvavanyo ezingaphumeleli zokubamba intsimi kwilizwe ukusabalalisa ngokwezoqoqosho. Izixhobo ezenziwe ngezandla zamagumbi ezisetyenziselwa ukuchitshiswa kwezimayini zanceda ngokufezekisa loo njongo ngokuphazamisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kunye nokungenayo. Ikofi yaseNicaragua kunye nezinye izinto ezithengiswa ngaphandle kwi-piers, kwaye ukuthengiswa kweoli kwithengiswa. Ngelo xesha, i-CIA yaqala ukuthatha indima ecacileyo ekuqeqesheni nasekukhokeleni abavukeli be-Sandinista, kwaye amagosa olawulo avumile umdla wokwenza ukuba urhulumente waseSandista abe "ngentando yesininzi" kwaye angabandakanyekanga eCuba naseSoviet Union. Ngenxalenye yalo, iNkundla yamazwe ngamazwe yongezela kwisigqibo sayo kwiimayini yaseMelika ingxelo eqinisekisa ukuba ukuzimela kwezopolitiko "kwakufanele kuhlonishwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ... kungabi nengozi nayiphi na imikhosi yempi okanye yezempahla." Kodwa le ndlela ayizange ifumane inkxaso. Nangona yamkelwa yi-14 kwi-1, umgwebi wase-US uStep Schwebel uvotele "Hayi."

Ngamana 11. Ngaloo mini kwi-1999, inkomfa enkulu yehlabathi jikelele yoxolo kwimbali yaqhubeka eHague, Netherlands. Inkomfa yaphawula ikhulu leminyaka lenkomfa yokuqala yoxolo yamazwe ngamazwe, eyayibanjelwe e-The Hague ngoMeyi ka-1899, neyayiqalise inkqubo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwemibutho yoluntu kunye noorhulumente ekujoliswe ekuthinteleni imfazwe nokulawula ukugqithisa kwayo. Ingqungquthela ye-Hague ye-1999 yeNkomfa yoXolo, eyabanjwa ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezintlanu, yayizinyaswe ngabaphembeleli abangaphezulu kwama-9,000, abameli bakarhulumente, kunye neenkokheli zasekuhlaleni ezivela kumazwe angaphezu kwekhulu. Umsitho ububaluleke kakhulu, kuba, ngokungafaniyo neengqungquthela zehlabathi ze-UN, wawungacwangciswanga ngoorhulumente, kodwa ngamalungu oluntu, azibonakalise ekulungele ukunyanzelisa world beyond war nokuba oorhulumente babo bebengekho. Ababekho, kubandakanya ababalulekileyo abanjengoNobhala Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan, u-Queen Noor wase-Jordan, kunye no-Archbishop Desmond Tutu wase Mzantsi Afrika, bathathe inxaxheba ngaphezulu kwe-400 yeepaneli, iindibano zocweyo kunye neetafile, bexoxa bexoxa ngeendlela zokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokwenza inkcubeko yoxolo. . Isiphumo yayisisicwangciso sokusebenza seenkqubo ezingama-50 ezicwangcisiweyo eziseta i-ajenda yamazwe aphesheya yokuthintela ungquzulwano, amalungelo oluntu, ukugcina uxolo, ukupheliswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokujongana nezona zinto zibangela imfazwe. Le nkomfa ikwachaze ngempumelelo uxolo ukuba ingathethi nje ukungabikho kongquzulwano phakathi nangaphakathi kwamazwe, kodwa ukungabikho kokungabikho kokusesikweni kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo. Olu lwandiso lwengcinga sele lwenze ukuba kube nako ukudibanisa ezendalo, abameli bamalungelo oluntu, abaphuhlisi, kunye nabanye ngokwesiko abangazicingeli njengabaphembeleli boxolo ukuze basebenze kwinkcubeko yoxolo.

Ngamana 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1623, iikholoni zaseNgilandi zaseVirginia zazibizwa ngokuba ziintetho zentetho kunye namaNdiya asePowhatan, kodwa zenza ngetyhefu iwayini abazinikeleyo, zibulala i-200 yasePowhatans ngaphambi kokudubula kunye nokwaba abanye i-50. Ukususela kwi-1607, xa iJamestown, isiNgesi sokuqala esingasigxina eMntla Melika, yasungulwa kumanxweme eMlambo uJames eVirginia, iikholoni zaye zaphuma kwaye zaphuma kwimfazwe yombutho wezizwe ezibizwa ngokuba yiPowhatan Confederation, ekhokelwa inkosi ephakamileyo, uPowhatan. Impikiswano ebalulekileyo yayiyi-incursions yamazwe ase-Indiya. Nangona kunjalo, xa intombi kaPowhatan uPoqahontas watshata nomkholisi oqhelekileyo waseNgilani kunye nomlimi wefodya uJohn Rolfe e-1614, uPowhatan wavuma ngokungazelelwe ukuba nomngqumbo ongenamkhawulo kunye nabakholoni. I-Pocahontas ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuphumeni kweJamestown, ngokunyanisekileyo ukugcina umphathi wesiNgesi uJohn Smith ukuba asebenze kwi-1607 kwaye, emva kokuguqulwa kwakhe kobuKristu kwi-1613, ukukhonza ngokuphumelelayo njengomthunywa wevangeli phakathi kwabantu. Ngokufa kwakhe ngokungenangqondo ngo-Matshi 1617, ithemba lokuqhubeka nokuthula laphela. Emva kokufa kukaPowhatan ngo-1618, umntakwabo omncinane wathatha umyalelo kwaye, ngo-Matshi 1622, wabakhokelela ekuhlaselweni konke apho kuhlala khona iindawo zokuhlala kunye nezityalo kunye neyesithathu sabemi bayo, malunga ne-350, badutshulwa okanye bafa. Yiyo le "Powhatan Uprising" eyabangela ukuba "i-parley peace" ekhohlakeleyo ngoMeyi, i-1623, apho iikholoni zenzelwe into engaphendukiyo. Uvuko lwaluye lwashiya indawo yaseJamestown kwi-disarray epheleleyo, kwaye kwi-1624 Virginia yenziwa ikoloni yasebukhosini. Kuza kuhlala kude ude uguquko lwaseMelika.

Meyi 13. Ngaloo mini kwi-1846, i-US Congress ivotelwe ukuvuma isicelo sikaMongameli uJames K. Polk sokumemezela imfazwe eMexico. Imfazwe yachukunyiswa ziimpikiswano zomda ezibandakanya iTexas, eyathi ngo-1836 yaphumelela inkululeko yayo isuka eMexico njengeriphabliki ezimeleyo kodwa yaba lilizwe lase-US elandela umgaqo weCongress of the US / Texas Treaty of Annexation esayinwe ngo-Matshi 1945 ngumanduleli wePolk, uJohn Tyler. Njengombuso wase-US, iTexas ibanga iRio Grande njengomda wayo osemazantsi, ngelixa iMexico ibanga njengomda osemthethweni woMlambo iNueces kumantla mpuma. NgoJulayi ngo-1845, uMongameli Polk wayalela umkhosi ukuba ungene kumhlaba ophikisanayo phakathi kwemilambo emibini. Xa iinzame zothethathethwano zingaphumeleli, umkhosi wase-US waya phambili eRio Grande. Abantu baseMexico baphendula ngo-Epreli 1846 ngokuthumela imikhosi yabo eRio Grande. Ngomhla we-11 kaMeyi, uPolk wacela iCongress ukuba ibhengeze imfazwe eMexico, esithi amajoni aseMexico "angene kumhlaba wethu kwaye aphalaze igazi labanye abantu kumhlaba wethu." Isicelo sikaMongameli savunywa ngokumangalisayo yiCongress kwiintsuku ezimbini emva koko, kodwa ikwaveze isimilo kunye nengqondo elulekayo evela kumanani aphambili kwezopolitiko nakwinkcubeko yaseMelika. Ngaphandle koku, ungquzulwano lwaye lwasonjululwa ekugqibeleni ngokwemigaqo engakhethi bulungisa, kodwa ngamandla aphezulu. Isivumelwano soxolo esiphelisa imfazwe ngoFebruwari 1848 senza iRio Grande umda osemazantsi weTexas, kwaye sanikezela iCalifornia neNew Mexico eMelika. Ukubuya, i-US yayihlawula iMexico isixa esiyi- $ 15 yezigidi kwaye iyavuma ukuhlawula onke amabango abemi base-US ngokuchasene neMexico.

Meyi 14. Ngaloo mini kwi-1941, xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ibesele iqhutywe eYurophu, inqabana yokuqala yase-United States inqaba ukuchazela kwinkampu yomsebenzi kwi-Patapsco State Forest e-Maryland, ukulungele ukunikezela ngenkonzo ekhethekileyo kwilizwe labo. Kwabaninzi abachasayo, ithuba lokuphinda lenze le ndlela yenze ukuba kukho ukuqonda ngokubanzi koluntu ngendlela inkolo inokujamelana ngayo nenkolo. Ngaphambili, phantse bonke abakwa-American abafanelekayo abaqulunqiweyo babefanelekile ukuba bahlale benelungelo lokwenzela unembeza ngenxa yobulungu babo "kwiicawa zoxolo," njengamaQuaker kunye namaMennonites. Kodwa-ke, uMthetho weCandelo loQeqesho noCwangciso lweeNkonzo ze-1940, lwaluye lwandiselela ukufaneleka kweso simo kubantu abafumene iinkolelo kunoma yiphina imvelaphi yenkolo ebangela ukuba bachase zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi yenkonzo yempi. Ukuba kubhalwe, abantu abanjalo banokubelwa "umsebenzi wokubaluleka kwesizwe phantsi kolawulo lwabantu." Inkampu yasePatcoco yayiyinkampu yokugqibela ye-152 e-US nasePuerto Rico, phantsi kweprogram ebizwa ngokuba yiNkonzo kaRhulumente yabasebenzi, yandisa kakhulu ukufumaneka kwalo msebenzi. Inkonzo inikezela imisebenzi yabasebenzi abathile be-20,000 benqaba ukuya empini ngenxa ye-1941 ukuya kwi-47, ikakhulukazi kwimimandla yamahlathi, ukulondolozwa komhlaba, ukulwa komlilo kunye nolimo. Intlangano ekhethekileyo yenkqubo inokunceda ekunciphiseni ubandlululo loluntu ngokuchasene nokuchasa inkxaso yembali yoluntu kwimisebenzi yamashishini abucala. Iinkampu zaqulunqwa zaqhutywa ngamakomiti eMasonon, Brethren, nakwiiCheaker, kwaye yonke inkqubo ibiza urhulumente kunye nabakhokhi berhafu. Izidwephe zenziwa ngaphandle kwemvuzo kwaye amabandla abo kunye neentsapho zabo zineembopheleleko ngokupheleleyo zokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo.

Meyi 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1998, iPalestina ibambe umhla wayo wokuqala weNkba, usuku lohlaselo. Usuku lwasungulwa nguYasser Arafat, uMongameli weGunya lesiZwe lakwaPalestina, ukuba akhumbule ukufuduka kwamaPalestina ngexesha lokuqala leMfazwe yase-Arab (i-1947-49). Usuku lweNkba luwela ngosuku emva koSuku loKumela kwe-Israel. Ngo-Meyi 14, i-1948, usuku lwamaSirayeli luchaza ukuzimela, malunga namaPalestina ase-250,000 sele sele ebalekile okanye axoshwe kulokho okwaba nguSirayeli. Ukususela ngoMeyi 15, i-1948 phambili, ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestina kwaba ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo. Kuphela, ngaphezu kwe-750,000 Arabs yasePalestina babaleka okanye baxoshwa emakhaya abo, malunga neepesenti ze-80 ze-Arabhu yasePalestina. Uninzi lwaba bantu babalekela ePalestina ngaphambi kokuxoshwa. Kulabo bangenawo ndlela, abaninzi bahlala kwiinkampu zababaleki kumazwe angummelwane. Izizathu ze-exodus zabaninzi kwaye ziquka ukutshatyalaliswa kweedolophu zaseArabhu (phakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-600 iipilali zasePalestina zatshitshiswa kwaye iPalestina yasezidolophini yachitheka); Ukuqhubela phambili kwemikhosi yamaYuda kunye nokwesaba kolunye ulwaphulo olwenziwe ngamabutho aseZiyon emva kokubulawa kweDeir Yassin; imiyalelo yokuxoshwa kwabasemagunyeni base-Israel; ukuwa kweenkokheli zasePalestina; kunye nokungafuni ukuhlala phantsi kolawulo lwamaYuda. Kamva, uchungechunge lwemithetho eyadluliswa nguRhulumente wokuqala wase-Israel wathintela amaPalestina ukuba abuyele emakhaya abo okanye afune ipropati yawo. Kulolu suku abaninzi basePalestina kunye nenzala yabo bahlala bebabaleki. Imoya yabo njengababaleki, kunye nokuba i-Israel iya kubanika ilungelo labo lokuba babuyele emakhaya abo okanye bahlawuliswe, yimiba ephambili kwinkqubela eqhubekayo yase-Palestina yasePalestina. Abanye ababhali beembali-mlando baye bachaza ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestina njengento yokucoca uhlanga.

Meyi 16. Ngaloo mini kwi-1960, ingqungquthela ebalulekileyo ye-diplomatic eParis phakathi koMongameli wase-US uDwight Eisenhower kunye noNkulumbuso waseSoviet uKitita Khrushchev, owamabini amathemba kunokubangela ukuba ubudlelwane obusondeleyo obuphakathi, kunoko waqhekeka ngomsindo. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesibhozo ngaphambili, ama-Soviet miss-air-air-missed aircraft ayenokuqala ukudubula i-US high-atmospheric U-2 spy plane kwintsimi yeSoviet njengoko yayithatha imifanekiso eninzi yeefakelo zomkhosi emhlabathini. Emva kweentsuku ezingamashumi amabini anesibini ezidlulileyo ze-U-2, iKrushchev ekugqibeleni yayinobungqina obunzima beprogram yaseU.S. ngaphambili. Xa u-Eisenhower enqabe imfuno yakhe yokunqabela zonke iindiza zeenqwelo-moya zexesha elizayo, uKrushchev wanyuka ngokukhawuleza kwintlanganiso, ngokugqibeleleyo ekupheleni kwesi sibano. I-spy air-over-flights yayiyi-brainchild ye-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Ukususela kwi-1953, i-agesi yayiphethwe ngu-Allen Dulles, owathi, ngomoya olwabalaseleyo kunye noxanduva lobungqingili, wabangela urhulumente ofihlakeleyo ngokuzimela. Iziphene zayo ezininzi zilandelwa nguDavid Talbot kwincwadi yakhe yokuvula i-2015 I-Chessboard kaMtyholi.... Kwakuyi-CIA, amanqaku kaTalbot, aqalise "utshintsho lolawulo" kunye nokutshatyalaliswa nokubulawa kweenkokeli zangaphandle njengezixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika wangaphandle. UTalbot uphakamisa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-CIA yakha iCuban Bay yePigs ukuhlasela ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ukunyanzelisa isandla sikaMongameli uKennedy ukuba aqhube ibhomu kwisiqithi aze athumele eMarines. Uluhlu olunjalo lwentsimbi kunye nokungcatsha, ukuba luyinyaniso, kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukunyaniseka kweMfazwe yeSholongwane kwaphazamisa ezombusazwe zaseMerika, kwaphazamisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi yelizwe, kwaye kwakhuthaza isimo esimnyama sokulungelelanisa ukunyanzeliswa kwenyama kunye nokuziphatha kwabo.

Meyi 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1968, abantu abayisithoba batshisa iifayile ezifakwe kwiConsonsville, eMadgan. UBawo Daniel noYise Philip Berrigan kunye nabamkeli bamaLungelo angamaKatolika uDavid Darst, uJohn Hogan, uTom Lewis, uMarjorie Bradford Melville, uTomber Melville, uGeorge Mische noMary Moylan babanjwe ngokususa amanqaku ayingxelo kwiiofisi zokuSebenza kwiCatonsville, , Kwaye ubatshabalalise nge-napalm eyenziwe ngokwabo ngokubhikisha koyilo kunye ne-Vietnam eqhubekayo. Ukuvalelwa kwabo emva kokubanjelwa kwenyameko amaninzi njengoko amaphephancwadi abelana nalo bali. Ngamazwi kaBawo uDaniel, "Siyaxolisa, bahlobo bam, ngenxa yokuqhekeka kokuhleleka, ukutshisa iphepha endaweni yabantwana ... asikwazi, ngoko kusinceda uThixo enze okunye." Njengoko ityala laqala eBaltimore, " EziNtshonalanga "zaxhaswa ngamaqela avela kulo lonke ilizwe elichasene nokuchasene nesayilwayo. Inkqubela yokulwa nemfazwe yathatha inkxaso ngakumbi evela kubafundisi, Abafundi beDemocratic Society, abafundi baseCornell kunye neBaltimore Welfare Workers Union. Amawaka ahamba ngezitrato zaseBaltimore ecela ukukhululwa kweNtshonalanga, kwaye ukuphela "koButhathaka okukhethiweyo" obekwe ngumqulu wokubuyisela imperiyali ekhulayo akubonakali kuphela kwiVietnam, kodwa eMzantsi Melika, eAfrika nakwihlabathi lonke. Eyesithoba yacaca ngexesha lokuvavanywa ukuba abemi abanakho ukhetho ngaphandle kokungathobeli komthetho xa imigaqo yokuziphatha, yenkolo kunye neyokuthanda izwe ingavumelani. Abasithoba abazange baphikise izenzo zabo, kodwa bagxile kwiinjongo zabo. Le njongo iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abo bachasayo ukugwetywa kwentsha yaseMerika kwiimfazwe ezingapheliyo nangona iigwetyala, inkolelo, kunye nesigwebo esibekwe kwi-Nine objectors.

Meyi 18. Ngaloo mini kwi-1899 kwiNkomfa yeHague Peace. Le ngqungquthela yaphakanyiswa yiRashiya "egameni lokungaxhatshali kunye nokuthula ngonaphakade kwehlabathi." Iintlanga ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu, kuquka nee-US, zadibana ukuze zixubushe ezinye iindlela zokulwa nemfazwe. Iindwendwe zahlula zibe ngamakhomishini amathathu ukubonisa iingcamango. Ikhomishini yokuqala yavumelana ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba "ukunciphisa imirhumo yemikhosi enokunyanzelisa ihlabathi kunqweneleka kakhulu." Ikhomishoni yesibili iphakanyiswe ukuhlaziywa kokubili iSibhengezo saseBrussels malunga nemithetho yemfazwe, kunye neNkomfa yaseGeneva yokwandisa ukukhuselwa unikezwe yi-Red Cross. Ikhomishana yesithathu ifuna ukulungiswa kwemibambano yokulungisa iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngoxolo, ekhokelela kwiNkundla yamaZwe eHlabathi. Abagwebi abangamashumi amabini anesibini abakhethiweyo babekhethwa njengabanamalungelo abajongene nokungabandakanyeki ukuba bajongise imithetho kunye neenkqubo zokwenza umgaqo-mthetho. Ngomhla we-Meyi 18, i-1901, inkundla yasungulwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebalulekileyo phambili, yomntu wobuzwe wonxibelelwano, oye wanyuswa ngamagunya ahlangeneyo, njengoko ekugqibeleni kufuneka ugqithise imfazwe, kwaye ngokubhekiselele, ukucinga ukuba isizathu uxolo luya kunenzuzo enkulu ngokulungiswa kwendlu yenkundla kunye nethala leNkundla yeNkundla yokuBambela ... "Ngeminyaka engama-7, izivumelwano zokubambisana kwe-135 zasayinwa kunye ne-12 equka i-US. Izizwe zivunyelwene ukuba zingenise ukungqubana kwazo kwi-Tribunal yeHague xa zingaphulaphuli "ukuzimela, inhlonipho, iminqweno ebalulekileyo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lwamazwe athengisayo, kwaye kunikezele ukuba akunakwenzeka ukufumana isisombululo esilungileyo ngokuthetha iingxoxo zengxoxo ngokuzenzekelayo okanye nayiphi na enye indlela yokudibanisa. "

Ngamana 19. Ngaloo mini kwi-1967, i-Soviet Union yavuma isivumelwano esivumele ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ekujikelezeni umhlaba. Isivumelwano sikwathintele izizwe ekusebenziseni inyanga, ezinye iiplanethi, okanye nayiphi na enye "imizimba yesibhakabhaka" njengemikhosi yasemkhosini okanye iziseko. Phambi kokuqinisekiswa kweSoviet, "iSivumelwano sasemaJukujukwini," njengoko isivumelwano sasibizwa njalo xa sasiqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthobha u-1967, sasisele sityikityiwe kunye / okanye samkelwa yi-United States, yi-Great Britain, kunye nezinye izizwe. Imele impendulo yamazwe aphesheya, ikhokelwa ziZizwe eziManyeneyo, kuloyiko olubanzi lokuba i-US kunye neSoviet Union zinokukwazi ukwenza umda olandelayo wezixhobo zenyukliya. I-Soviets ngokwazo ekuqaleni zazibambe ukuvuma ukuthintelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya esithubeni, zanyanzelisa ukuba basamkele isivumelwano esinjalo kuphela ukuba i-US iqale isuse iziseko zakwamanye amazwe apho yayisele imise imijukujelwa yomgama omfutshane kunye nephakathi-ibango i-US iyalile. I-Soviets ziye zalahla imfuno, nangona kunjalo, emva kokutyikitya kwi-US / Soviet limited Test Ban Treaty ngo-Agasti 1963, eyayithintela uvavanyo lwenyukliya naphina ngaphandle komhlaba. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, umkhosi wase-US nangona kunjalo walandela ukusetyenziswa kwesithuba sokwenza imfazwe kunye namanyathelo awaphikiswayo yiRussia kunye nezinye izizwe ukuvala zonke izixhobo zesithuba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya esithubeni. Ukusetyenziswa kweesathelayithi ekujoliseni imijukujelwa, kunye nokuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kwezixhobo zasemajukujukwini kuyinxalenye yento umkhosi wase-US ubhekisa kuyo njengeyona njongo “yolawulo olupheleleyo” - umbono osabandakanya oko uMongameli uRonald Reagan abhekisa kuko njenge-Star Wars okanye iMissile. Ukhuselo.

Meyi 20. Ngaloo mini kwi-1968, iCawa ye-Unitarian Church yaseBoston eqhubela phambili yeyona ndawo yayiyindlu yokuqala yonqulo yokunikezela indawo engcwele kwiVietnam yaseVietnam. Kuzo zombini ezizingcwelisiweyo, uWilliam Chase, ijoni elingekho ngaphandle kwekhefu, linikezelwa kumagunya omkhosi emva kweentsuku ezisi-9, efumene iziqinisekiso ngokuphathelele isikhundla sakhe njengenqaba ngenxa kanembeza. Kodwa uRobert Talmanson, i-drafte eyahluleka ukuphumelela ukuphumelela ekufakweni kwakhe kwimikhosi yempi, yabanjwa kwiplitipiti ye-US ngamashishini kunye nokuhanjiswa ngaphandle kwababhikishi ngaphandle kwenkxaso yamapolisa eBoston. Ngokunikezela ingcwele yayo, iBandla laseArlington Street lalikhokele phambili kwi-Yale University Yayiprofesa uWilliam Sloane Coffin, owancenga ukuba avuselele isiko sasendulo njengendlela yokufanisa ukuxhathisa inkolo kwimfazwe engalunganga eVietnam. I-Coffin yenze isibheno ngexesha lokubonakalisa ukulwa nemfazwe ebandleni kwi-Oktobha yangaphambili. Kulo, amadoda e-60 atshisa amakhadi abo alungileyo kwi-kancel yecawa, kwaye enye i-280 yanikela ngamakhadi abo okubhaliweyo kubakhonzi abane, kubandakanywa no-Coffin no-Arlington Street uNgqongqoshe uDkt. Jack Mendelsohn, bonke abo babeka umngcipheko kwizigwebo ezinokwenzeka ngokubambisana nabahlaseli bemfazwe. NgeCawa elilandelayo, uDkt. Mendelsohn unikezele amagama athile ngokubhekiselele kwibandla lakhe elichaza ngokubaluleka kwesi siganeko: "Xa ... zikhona ezo, ngubani na, sele ephelelwe amandla ngaphandle kwefuthe zonke iindlela ezisemthethweni zokuchasa ubugebengu obukhulu egameni labo ngurhulumente wabo ... kwaye ukhethe esikhundleni sokuba iGethsemene yokungathobeli kwabantu, njani icawa ukuba iphendule? Uyazi ukuba [icawa] yaphendula njani ngoMvulo odlulileyo. Kodwa impendulo eqhubekayo, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, ingeyakho. "

Ngamana 21. Ngalo mhla kwi-1971, Amalungu e-American Indian Movement (AIM) ahlala kwisikhululo sezindiza sase-US eMilwaukee, eWisconsin. Umsebenzi walandela ukuthatha ngokufanayo kwiintsuku ezintlanu ngaphambili ngamalungu e-AIM kunye neminye imibutho yaseIndiya kunye nezizwe zesikhululo seenqwelomoya esikufutshane sokuvala kufutshane neMinneapolis, apho baceba ukuseka isikolo samaIndiya kunye neziko lenkcubeko. Eli nyathelo lagwetyelwa ngokwenqaku le-6 lesiVumelwano se-Sioux sowe-1868, apho ipropathi eyayingeyamaIndiya kwakufuneka ibuyele kubo ukuba urhulumente wayishiya. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ukuthatha kuka-Meyi 21 kwesikhululo saseMilwaukee esishiyiweyo kuphazamise ukusebenza kwemikhosi yaselwandle, abahlali beziko laseMinneapolis babanjwa, bephelisa izicwangciso zabo. I-AIM yasekwa ngo-1968 ukulandela iinjongo ezintlanu zaseMelika zaseMelika: ukuzimela kwezoqoqosho, ukuvuselela inkcubeko yemveli, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni, ukuzimela kwiindawo zobuzwe, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamazwe athathwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukulandela ezi njongo, umbutho ubandakanyeke kuqhankqalazo olungenakulibaleka. Babandakanya ukuhlala kwe-Alcatraz Island ukusuka ngo-1969 ukuya kowe-1971; ukumatsha kwe1972 eWashington ukuyokukhalazela ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano sase-US; kunye nokuthatha indawo ngo-1973 kwindawo eyonzakeleyo ukujongana nemigaqo-nkqubo yaseburhulumenteni yase-India. Namhlanje, umbutho, usekwe kwilizwe lonke, uyaqhubeka nokulandela iinjongo zawo zokuseka. Kwiwebhusayithi yayo, i-AIM ithi inkcubeko yamaMelika aseMelika ifanelekile "ukuba neqhayiya nokuzikhusela" kwaye ibongoza bonke abantu baseMelika ukuba "bahlale bomelele ngokomoya, kwaye bahlale bekhumbula ukuba intshukumo ingaphezulu kwezinto ezifezekisiweyo okanye iimpazamo zeenkokheli zayo."

Meyi 22. Ngaloo mini kwi-1998 Abavoti eNyakatho ye-Ireland kunye neRiphabhliki yase-Ireland bavumile isivumelwano soMnqophiso weNorthern Ireland, sazi njengeSivumelwano esiLwesihlanu esilungileyo, siphela malunga neminyaka eyi-30 yempikiswano phakathi kwamaNational and Unionists eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Isivumelwano, ekuvunyelwene ngaso eBelfast ngolwesiHlanu oLungileyo, nge-10 ku-Epreli 1998, sinamacandelo amabini, isivumelwano samaqela amaninzi phakathi kwamaqela ezopolitiko aseMantla e-Ireland (iDUP, iDemocratic Unionist Party, yayikuphela kweqela elalingavumi) kunye nehlabathi. isivumelwano phakathi koorhulumente baseBritane kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland. Isivumelwano sidale amaziko aliqela adibanisa uMantla eIreland kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland, kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland kunye neUnited Kingdom. Oku kubandakanya iNdibano yaseMantla eIreland, amaziko anqumla imida kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland, kunye nomzimba odibanisa iindibano kwi-UK (eScotland, eWales, naseMantla eIreland) kunye neepalamente eUnited Kingdom naseRiphabhliki yaseIreland. Eyona nto iphambili kule mvumelwano yayizizivumelwano malunga nolawulo, amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkcubeko, ukupheliswa kwezixhobo, ukuthotywa umkhosi, ubulungisa kunye nobupolisa. U-Gerry Adams, uMongameli we-Northern Ireland Nationalist Organisation u-Sinn Fein, uvakalise ithemba lokuba umsantsa wembali wokuthembana phakathi kwe Nationalists kunye ne-Unionists "uza kuvalwa ngokulingana. Silapha sisa isandla sobuhlobo. ” Inkokeli ye-Ulster Unionist uDavid Trimble uphendule wathi wabona “ithuba elihle. . . ukuqala inkqubo yokuphilisa. ” UBertie Ahern, inkokheli yeRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland, wongeze ngelithi unethemba lokuba umgca ngoku ungabhalwa phantsi "kwegazi elidlulileyo". Isivumelwano saqala ukusebenza nge-2 kweyoMnga ngo-1999.

Meyi 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-1838 yaqala ukutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela kwabemi baseMelika kwiindawo zabo zookhokho kwi-Mpuma-mpuma yeMntla yaseMerika ukuya kummandla osentshonalanga kuMlambo wase-Mississippi owamiselwa njenge-Indian Territory. Ngama-1820s, abahlali baseYurophu kwi-mpuma-mpuma babefuna umhlaba ongaphezulu. Baqala ukuzinza ngokungekho mthethweni kumazwe amaNdiya kwaye becinezela urhulumente wobumbano ukuba asuse amaIndiya kuMazantsi mpuma. Ngomnyaka we-1830, uMongameli Andrew Jackson wakwazi ukuba noMthetho wokuSuswa kwamaNdiya owenziwe yiCongress. Lo Mthetho wagunyazisa urhulumente wobumbano ukuba awucime isihloko kumhlaba osemazantsi mpuma amaIndiya. Ukufuduswa ngenkani, nangona abanye bechasa ngokuchaseneyo, kubandakanya ne-US Congressman uDavy Crockett waseTennessee, walandela ngokukhawuleza. Umthetho uchaphazele amaMelika aseMelika abizwa ngokuba ziiNkcubeko eziHlanu eziphucukileyo: iCherokee, iChickasaw, iChoctaw, iCreek kunye neSeminole. I-Choctaw yaba yeyokuqala ukususwa, ukuqala ngo-1831. Ukususwa kwee-Seminoles, ngaphandle kokuchasa kwabo, kwaqala ngo-1832. Ngo-1834 kwasuswa iCreek. Kwaye ngo-1837 yayinguChickasaw. Ngo-1837, ngokufuduswa kwezi zizwe zine, ama-Indiya angama-46,000 ayesuswe kumazwe abo, kuvulwa iihektare ezingama-25 ezigidi ukulungiselela indawo yaseYurophu. Ngo-1838 kwasala iCherokee kuphela. Ukufuduswa kwabo ngenkani kwenziwa ngamajoni kaRhulumente nawasekuhlaleni, ajikeleza iCherokee kwaye ibabeka ezinkampini ezinkulu nezixineneyo. Ukubonakaliswa kwezinto, ukusasaza ngokukhawuleza izifo ezithathelwanayo, ukuxhatshazwa ngabantu abasemngceleni wendawo, kunye nemilinganiselo enganeleyo yabulala ukuya kuma-8,000 kuma-Cherokee angaphezu kwama-16,000 aqala ukuhamba. Ukufuduswa ngenkani kweCherokee ngo-1838 kwaziwa njengoMzila weenyembezi.

Meyi 24. Ngomhla ngalunye ngonyaka, i-International Day Day Women's Peace and Disarmament (IWDPD) ibhiyozelwa kwihlabathi jikelele. Ifakwe eYurophu kwii-1980s zokuqala, i-IWDPD iqaphela iinzame zembali nezangoku zabasetyhini kwiiprojekthi zokwakha uxolo kunye nezixhobo. Ngokwesibhengezo se-IWDPD kwiwebhu, abo balwela amalungelo abantu ababhinqileyo iyabahlonipha ubundlobongela njengesisombululo kwimiceli mngeni yehlabathi kwaye basebenzele ilizwe elinobulungisa nelinoxolo elihlangabezana neemfuno zabantu hayi ezomkhosi. Ukulwa kwabasetyhini ngoxolo kunembali ende, eyaqala ngaphambi kowe-1915, xa abafazi abayi-1,200 abavela kumazwe omabini angalwiyo nabangathathi hlangothi babonisa ngokuchasene neMfazwe Yehlabathi I e-Hague, eNetherlands. Ngexesha loMlo obandayo, amaqela olwela amalungelo abantu ababhinqileyo kwihlabathi lonke aququzelela iinkomfa, amaphulo emfundo, iisemina, kunye nemiboniso ejolise ekupheliseni ingqokelela yezixhobo, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemichiza kunye nezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Njengoko inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yayisondela esiphelweni, umbutho woxolo wabasetyhini wayandisa kakhulu i-ajenda yayo. Iqhutywa ziimbono zokuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobundlobongela basekhaya, kubandakanya ubundlobongela kwabasetyhini, zinokunxulunyaniswa nobundlobongela obufunyenwe emfazweni, kwaye uxolo lwasekhaya lunxulunyaniswa nembeko yenkcubeko yabasetyhini, amaqela omzabalazo ngaphakathi kombutho aqala ukulandela iinjongo ezimbini zokuphelisa izixhobo kunye amalungelo abasetyhini. Ngo-Okthobha u-2000, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo lamkela isigqibo malunga nabasetyhini, uxolo nokhuseleko esikhankanya ngokuthe ngqo isidingo sokubandakanya iindlela zesini kuyo yonke imimandla yenkxaso yoxolo, kubandakanya ukupheliswa kwezixhobo, ukupheliswa kwemikhosi, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo. Olu xwebhu lusasebenza njengendawo yokujika eyimbali yokwamkela igalelo labasetyhini ngqo kwinjongo yoxolo.

Meyi 25. Ngaloo mini kwi-1932, i-Bonus Army ye-War World War I yabonisa iWashington, DC, kwaye yahlaselwa i-gasgesi yeRablas MacArthur. Abadala be-WWI bathembisa ibhonasi yiCongress ngokumisela ukuba baza kufuneka balinde ukuhlawula i-1945. Ngo-1932, ukuxinezeleka kwashiye amaninzi amanqindi asebenzi kunye nabangenamakhaya. Mayelana ne-15,000 ehlelwe njenge-"Bonus Expeditionary Force," yahambela eWashington, kwaye ifuna iintlawulo zazo. Bafaka ndawonye iindawo zokuhlalisa iintsapho zabo, bahlala eminqubeni emlanjeni ukusuka eKapitol njengoko bekulindele impendulo evela kwiCongress. Uloyiko lwabantu basekuhlaleni lukhokelela kumntu ngamnye wezilwanyana kufuneka ukuba anikezele ngeikopi zeempahla zabo ezihloniphekileyo. Intloko ye-BEF, uWalter Waters, yathi ke: "Sifikile ixesha elide kwaye asiyi kulamba. Siya kuzigcina sisemhlanganweni wezilwanyana ezinyulu. Ukuba iBhonus iyahlawulwa, iya kunciphisa imeko enkulu yezoqoqosho. "NgoJuni 17^th, ibhonasi yavotelwa, kwaye amaqhawe aqala ukuthula "Ukufa ngoMatshi" kwiCapitol kwaze kwaba yilapho iCongress idluliselwa ngoJulayi 17^th. NgoJulayi 28, iAtty. Jikelele wabuya ukuthuthwa kwabo kwipropati karhulumente ngamapolisa afike abulala abatsha bahamba. UMongameli uHoover wayala umkhosi ukuba ucacise bonke abanye. Xa uGeneral Douglas MacArthur kunye noMnumzana Dwight D. Eisenhower wathumela abamahashe bekhokelwa nguMajor George Patton kunye neetanki ezintandathu, abaphathi bezilwanyana babecinga ukuba baxhaswa. Esikhundleni saloo nto, babefuthwa ngegesi yeendabiso, iikampu zabo zatshiswa ngomlilo, kwaye iintsana ezimbini zafa njengendawo yezibhedlele ezizaliswe ngamaqhawe.

Meyi 26. Ngaloo mini kwi-1637, iikholoni zaseNgesi zaqalisa ukuhlaselwa ebusuku ebusuku kwidolophana enkulu yase-Mystic, eConnecticut, iyatshisa kwaye ibulale yonke i-600 kwi-700 yabemi bayo. Ekuqaleni yayiyinxalenye yendawo yokuhlala amaPuritan eMassachusetts Bay, amakholoniyali amaNgesi ayesasazeke eConnecticut aza ke aba nempixano kunye nePequot. Ukubetha uloyiko kumaIndiya, iRhuluneli yaseMassachusetts Bay uJohn Endicott walungiselela umkhosi omkhulu entwasahlobo ka-1637. U-Pequot, nangona kunjalo, wakukhaba ngawo omane oko, endaweni yoko bathumela ama-200 amajoni abo ukuba ahlasele indawo yokuhlala, babulala amadoda amathandathu nabasetyhini abathathu. . Ukuziphindezela, iikholoni zahlasela ilali yasePequot eMystic kwinto ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiMystic Massacre. UCaptain John Mason wobukoloniyali, ekhokela umkhosi oxhaswe phantse ngama-300 uMohegan, uNarragansett, kunye namajoni aseNiantic, wakhupha umyalelo wokuba kutshiswe ilali kwaye kuvalwe iindawo zokuphuma ezibini kuphela ezazivela kuyo. UPequot owayebanjiwe owayezama ukukhwela ngaphezulu kwepalisade wadutyulwa, kwaye nabaphi na abaphumeleleyo babulawa ngabalwi baseNarragansett. Ngaba le yayiyimbubhiso, njengoko ababhali-mbali abaninzi besitsho? Ukapteni wobukoloniyali, uJohn Underhill, owayekhokele umkhosi wamadoda angama-20 ngexesha lohlaselo, khange abe nangxaki ekuthetheleleni ukubulawa kwabasetyhini, abantwana, abantu abadala kunye nabantu abagulayo. Walatha kwisibhalo, esithi "abafazi nabantwana kufuneka batshabalale nabazali babo .... Sasinokukhanya okwaneleyo okuvela eLizwini likaThixo kwinkqubo yethu. ” Ukulandela ukuhlaselwa okongeziweyo kwiidolophana zasePequot ngoJuni nangoJulayi 1637, iMfazwe yePequot yaphela kwaye uninzi lwamaIndiya asaphilayo lwathengiswa ebukhobokeni.

Meyi 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1907, umbhali onobugcisa kunye noovulindlela waseMelika uRaily Carson wazalelwa eSilivali Spring, eMaryland. Kwi-1962, iCosonon yavelisa ingxoxo ephakamileyo ngokupapashwa kwayo Spring Spring, incwadi yakhe ephawulekayo ngeengozi ezibangelwa ziinkqubo zendalo ngokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi efana neDDT. UCarson unokukhunjulwa ngenxa yokugxekwa kwakhe ngokubanzi kuluntu lwase-US. Wayeyinxalenye yovukelo olukhulu phakathi kwezazinzulu kunye nabasali abasekhohlo bee-1950s kunye nee-60s ezavela ekuqaleni ngenxa yenkxalabo malunga nefuthe lemitha evela kuvavanyo lwenyukliya olungaphezulu komhlaba. Ngo-1963, kunyaka ongaphambi kokusweleka kwakhe ngenxa yomhlaza wamabele, uCarson wazichaza okokuqala "njenge-ecologist" kwintetho ephambi koogqirha abali-1,500 eCalifornia. Ngokuchasene nokuziphatha okukhoyo okusekwe ekubaweni, kulawulo, nasekukholelweni ngokungakhathali kwinzululwazi engathotyelwanga mgaqo wokuziphatha, waphikisa ngelithi bonke abantu bayinxalenye yomdibaniselwano wendalo nonxibelelwano lwendalo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwabo abasoyikisayo kuphela emngciphekweni wabo. . Namhlanje, njengoko kungqinwa sisiphithiphithi semozulu, izoyikiso zenyukliya, kunye nokufuna izixhobo zenyukliya "ezinokusetyenziswa", abantu behlabathi basengozini- nangona besenokuba yingozi ngakumbi - yimithetho yentlalo uCarson afuna ukuyiguqula. Ngoku, kunanini na ngaphambili, lixesha lokuba amaqela okusingqongileyo ajoyine iinzame zolawulo lweengalo kunye nemibutho elwa imfazwe eyakhayo isebenzela uxolo. Ukunikezelwa kwezigidi zabo zamalungu azinikeleyo, loo maqela angayakha ngokufanelekileyo imeko yokuba izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nemfazwe zizisongelo eziphambili kubume obunxibelelanayo behlabathi.

Meyi 28. Ngaloo mini kwi-1961, i-Amnesty International yasungulwa. Kwinqaku evela Umgcini, Iibanjwa ezilibalekileyo, "ummeli waseBrithani uPeter Benenson ucetyise ukuba inhlangano yolungelo lomntu yayimfuneko ukunyanzelisa i-1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UBenenson wabhala ngokukhathazeka kwakhe malunga nokunyuka kweNqaku 18: "Wonke umntu unelungelo lokukhululeka kwengcamango, isazela kunye nenkolo ... kunye neCandelo le-19: Wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana inkululeko yombono kunye nokuthetha: eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokubamba izimvo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kunye nokufuna, ukufumana nokunikela ulwazi kunye neengcamango ngaluphi na unxibelelwano nangaphandle kwemida ... "AmaDutch aqala ukusebenza kunye noBenenon ekukhuseleni amalungelo oluntu kwi-1962, kwaye i1968 Amnesty International yaseNetherlands yazalwa. Iphulo labo lokuphelisa ukuhlushwa, ukuphelisa isigwebo sokufa, ukuyeka ukubulawa kwabantu kwezopolitiko, nokugqitywa kweentlanga ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, okanye ukulala ngokwesini kubakho kwiCandelo lamazwe ngama-Amnesty kumazwe amaninzi asekelwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisixhenxe emhlabeni jikelele. Uphando lwabo oluphando, uphando kunye namaxwebhu aphethwe kwii-archives ezigcinwe kwi-International Institute of History of Social including the tapes of interviews and propaganda materials from the story of theories. Ubunobhala beZiko loLuntu luqulethe iifayile ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu njengabanjwa bezazela abagwetywa ngamazwe abasebenzisa ngokungenalo mthethweni ukuvalelwa kwiimfuno zabo. U-Amnesty International ugxekwa ngenxa yokwala kwawo ukuchasa imfazwe, nangona echasene neentlungu ezininzi ezidalwe yimfazwe, kunye nokunceda ekuqaliseni iimfazwe zeNtshona ngokuxhasa iziganeko ezimbi ezinokusetyenziswa njengepropaganda.

Meyi 29. Ngaloo mini kwi-1968, iqela lePolor Peoples Campaign laqala. KwiNgqungquthela yobuKhokeli bamaKristu eMzantsi ngoDisemba 1967, uMartin Luther King wacebisa umkhankaso wokuphelisa ukungalingani nentlupheko eMelika. Umbono wakhe wukuthi abahlwempuzekileyo banokuhlela kunye nokudibana namagosa karhulumente eWashington ukujongana nemfazwe eqhubekayo, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, umvuzo omncinci, imfundo kunye nelizwi lokukhula kwabantu abadala kunye nabantwana abasweleyo. Eli phulo laxhaswa ngamaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo kuquka amaNdiya aseMelika, amaMexico aseMelika, iiPuerto Ricans, kunye noluntu olummandla olumgangatho omhlophe. Njengoko iqela laqala ukubonisa ingqalelo yelizwe, uKumkani wabulawa ngo-Apreli 4, 1968. UMninimzi uRalph Abernathy wathatha indawo kaKumkani njengenkokeli ye-SCLC, waqhubeka nomkhankaso, wafika eWashington kunye namakhulu emiboniso kuMhla kaMama, ngoMeyi 12, 1968. UCoretta Scott King wafika kunye namawaka amabhinqa abiza i-bill yezoqoqosho, kwaye wenza isibhambathiso sokwenza imihla ngemihla kwii-arhente zentlangano ukuxoxa ngemiba yokungalingani nokungabi nabulungisa. Ekupheleni kweveki, nangona imvula enkulu ivula i-Mall edakeni, iqela labalinganisa i-5,000 ebeka iintente kunye neenkampu zathi "uMvuko Wesixeko." Umfazi kaRobert Kennedy wayengomnye wooMama woSuku lokufika, kunye kunye nabanye hlabathi, bebukele ngokungakholelwa njengoko indoda yakhe yabulawa ngoJuni 5. Umngcwabo kaKennedy wamngcwaba wabuyela kwisiXeko sovuko esiya kwi-Arlington National Cemetery. ISebe leNgaphakathi liye laphoqelela ukuvalwa kweSixeko sovuko esichaza ukuphela kwephemithi ekhutshelwe ukusetyenziswa kwepakethi yomhlaba wepaki.

Meyi 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1868, iSuku loSikhumbuzo sabonakala kuqala xa amabhinqa amabini eColumbus, MS, ibeke iintyatyambo kwiindawo zombini ze-Confederate kunye neManyano. Eli bali malunga nabafazi baqonda ubomi abadiniweyo kwicala ngalinye ngenxa yeMfazwe Yomphakathi ngokuvakatyelela amathuba ngeentyantyambo ezandleni zabo ngokwenene kwenzeka iminyaka emibini ngaphambili, ngo-Aprili 25, 1866. Ngokutsho kwe Iziko loPhando loPhuhliso lweMpi, kwakukho abafazi abaninzi, oomama kunye neentombi bachitha ixesha emangcwabeni. Ngo-Ephreli we-1862, umfundisi waseMichigan wajoyina amanye amantombazana aseArlington, VA ukuhlobisa amangcwaba eFredericksburg. NgoJulayi 4, i-1864, ibhinqa elivakatye ingcwaba likayise elihlangene nabaninzi abaye balahlekelwa nguyise, amadoda kunye noonyana bashiya iinqaba kwiingcwaba eBoalsburg, PA. Ngentwasahlobo ye-1865, udokotela ogqirha, owayeza kuba ngu-Surgeon Jikelele we-National Guard e-Wisconsin, wabona ubungqina besifazana bebeka iintyatyambo emangcwabeni kufuphi no-Knoxville, TN njengoko wayegqithisa ngesitimela. "Iintombi zaseNingizimuland" zenza okufanayo ngo-Ephreli 26, 1865 eJackson, MS, kunye nabasetyhini baseKingston, GA, naseCharleston, SC. Kwi-1866, abafazi baseColumbus, iMMS inomdla wokuba ukhumbule usuku, ukukhokelela kwisibongo esithi "i-Blue and Gray" nguFrancis Miles Finch. Umfazi nentombi yomntu oshonile uColumbus, GA, kunye neqela elilililayo evela eMemphis, TN benza izibheno ezifanayo kuluntu lwabo, njengabanye abavela eCarbondale, IL, kunye nobabini basePetersburg kunye neRichmond, VA. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani owokuqala ukukhulelwa komhla wokukhumbula izilwanyana, ekugqibeleni wavunywa nguRhulumente wase-US.

Meyi 31. Ngaloo mini kwi-1902, iSivumelwano saseVereeniging siphelile iMfazwe yaseBoer. Ngexesha leemfazwe zaseNapoleon, abaseBrithani bathathe ulawulo lwe-Dutch Cape Colony ngasezantsi eMzantsi Afrika. I-Boers (i-Dutch abalimi) abahlala kule ndawo yonxweme kuba ii-1600 zifudukela enyakatho ziya kwiindawo zaseAfrika (i-Great Trek) ezikhokelela ekusungulweni kweeRiphablikhi ze-Transvaal ne-Orange Free State. Ukufunyanwa kwabo kwedayimane negolide kwiindawo ezikhawuleza kwakhokelela ekuqhubheni kwamanye amabritish. Njengoko abaseBrithani bathabatha imizi yabo kwi-1900, amaBhoars aqalise imfazwe enobudlova. Ibutho laseBrithani liphendule ngokuzisa imikhosi eyaneleyo yokulwa nama-guerilla, ukutshabalalisa amazwe abo, nokuvalela abafazi babo nabantwana kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo apho i-20,000 ihlupheka ngenxa yokufa ngenxa yendlala nezifo. Ngo-1902, iBoers yavuma isivumelwano seVereeniging esamkela ukubusa kweBrithani ngokutshintshela ukukhululwa kwamabutho eBoer kunye neentsapho zabo, kunye nesithembiso solawulo oluzimeleyo. Ngo-1910, iBritish yakha iManyano yaseMzantsi Afrika, ilawula iKapa yeGood Hope, uNatali, iTransvaal kunye ne-Orange State njengeenkoloni zaseUnited Kingdom. Njengoko ukuxhatshazwa kwande eYurophu, uMongameli waseMerika uTheodore Roosevelt wabiza inkomfa ekhokelela ekusebenzisaneni komthetho, kunye neenkundla zamazwe ngamazwe ezithintela ukuthatha impi. Le nxeba kwisenzo yamukelwa nguMongameli uRoosevelt iNkokheli yoKhuseleko lweNobel, kwaye yakhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-British colonialism e-Afrika. I-Boers yaphinda ilawulwe ngokuzimeleyo kwama-republics njengoko ixhalaba ngamazwe kwaye imfuno yokuphendula ingxelo yatshintsha indlela yehlabathi "kwimithetho" yemfazwe.

Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.

Yiya kwiifayile zomsindo.

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Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.

Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.

umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.

Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.

Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.