UTshazimpuzi

April 1
April 2
April 3
April 4
April 5
April 6
April 7
April 8
April 9
April 10
April 11
April 12
April 13
April 14
April 15
April 16
April 17
April 18
April 19
April 20
April 21
April 22
April 23
April 24
April 25
April 26
April 27
April 28
April 29
April 30

Epreli 1. Ngaloo mini kwi-2018 iUnited States ibanjwe iSuku saKho lweNcwadi yokuDala. UMongameli uDonald Trump waseka uSuku ngo-Epreli 1, 2017 nguMyalelo woLawulo. UMnyhadala weeNcwadi eziDliwayo weZizwe ngezizwe wasekwa ngo-2000 kwaye ubhiyozelwe kumazwe aquka i-Australia, iBrazil, i-India, i-Itali, iJapan, iLuxembourg, iMexico, iMorocco, iNetherlands, iRashiya neHong Kong. Kuye kwabhiyozelwa kwalapha e-US: ukusukela ngo-2004 e-Ohio, eLos Angeles ngo-2005, e-Indianapolis ngo-2006, naseFlorida njengenxalenye yeVeki yeLayibrari yeSizwe. Abacebisi bakaTrump baphikisa ngelithi uSuku lweeNcwadi eziDliwayo lithuba elihle kakhulu lokunikezela isiganeko esincinci kwinjongo yokuthanda ilizwe. Inokuba yindawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwikhalenda yeMfazwe kwiiNdaba zeFake kunye nokubhiyozela i-American Exceptionalism. UTrump waphefumlelwa ngokukodwa akuva ukuba ithala leencwadi lasePerkins eHastings College eNebraska lalibhiyozele uSuku lweNcwadi edliwayo ngo-2008 njengenxalenye yeVeki yeeNcwadi eziThintelweyo. Umyalelo olawulayo kaTrump umisele imigaqo ekufuneka ilandelwe.

1. Kuya kubanjwa rhoqo ngonyaka ngo-Ephreli 1.
2. Akuyi kuba yeholide kawonkewonke kodwa isiganeko soononophelo loluntu.
3. Abemi baya kujoyina ngaphambi okanye emva komsebenzi, okanye ngexesha lekhefu.
4. Abemi baya kubhala iicatshulwa abazikhethayo zokutya ngaloo mini kwi-Twitter.
5. I-NSA iza kubamba kunye nokubeka zonke izicatshulwa ezicatshulwa kwizenzo ezizayo.

Njengoko iTrump yathi xa ivakalisa iSuku lweNcwadi yeSizwe eDliwayo kwiimanyathelo zeThala leNkcazo yeCongress, "Lo suku ngumhla ogqwesileyo kuwo onke loo ngxelo yokukhohlisa athengisa apho ukuba adle amagama abo aze afike kunye nenkqubo kwaye Yenza iMelika Enkulu kwakhona. "U

Epreli 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1935, amawaka e-US abafundi baye batshabalalisa imfazwe. Abafundi beKholeji phakathi kwexesha le-1930 bade bekhulile bevakalelwa yi-WWI kulo lonke elaseFransi, iGreat Britain, naseUnited States, becinga ukuba imfazwe ayizuzanga mntu, kodwa isaba enye. Kwi-1934, umbhikisho wase-US kuquka nabafundi be-25,000 bebanjelwe ukukhumbula umhla we-US wangena kwiWWI. Kwi-1935, "iKomiti yokuLwa kweMfazwe yeKomiti" yaqaliswa e-US ithatha inkululeko enkulu kunazo zonke zabafundi be-700 baseKentucky University abajoyine i-175,000 ngaphezulu kwe-US kunye namawaka angaphezulu kwihlabathi. Abafundi abakwii-140 kumaziko ase-31 bashiya iiklasi zabo ngaloo mini: "Ukubhikisana nokuxhelwa kwamathambo kwakunenzuzo ngaphezu kweyure yeklasi." Njengoko ukukhathazeka kwanda malunga nemisebenzi yaseJamani, inkathazo phakathi kweJapan neSoviet Union, e-Italy naseTopiya, uxinzelelo eyakhelwe abafundi ukuba bathethe. Kwi-KU, uKenneth Born, ilungu leqela lempikiswano, waphendula i-$ 300 yezigidigidi ezazisetyenziswe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ephikisa ukuba "ingqiqo inokuvelisa isisombululo esingcono." Nangona wayesesikhulwini, isihlwele sasicacisa i-gas, kodwa uzalwe wawachukumisa abafundi ukuba bahlale ngokumemezela, "Uya kubhekana nokugqithiseleyo kunalokhu kwimfazwe." UCharles Hackler, umfundi wezomthetho, uchaze imiboniso njengezikhumbuzo zokuthi "imfazwe yayingenakugwema," kubiza i-ROTC yangoku. abaxhasi beempahla, kunye nabanye abaxhamli bemfazwe. "Abaninzi bala bafundi abafanayo bagqitywa ekulwa kwaye bafa eYurophu, e-Asiya, nase-Afrika ngexesha le-WWII, amazwi abo aye ahamba phambili.

Epreli 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1948, iSicwangciso seMarshall sasebenza. Ukulandela iWWII, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zaqala ukubonelela ngoncedo lwabantu kumazwe atshatyalalisiweyo eYurophu. I-US, engakhange ifumane monakalo mkhulu, yanikela ngoncedo lwezezimali nolwezomkhosi. UMongameli uTruman wonyula owayesakuba yi-Chief of Staff yase-US u-George Marshall, owaziwa njenge-diplomacy njengo-Nobhala Wezwe. UMarshall kunye nabasebenzi bakhe beza ne "Marshall Plan," okanye i-European Recovery Plan, ukubuyisela uqoqosho lwaseYurophu. ISoviet Union yamenywa kodwa yenqaba ukoyika ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwizigqibo zayo zezemali. Izizwe ezilishumi elinesithandathu zamkela, kwaye zakonwabela ukubuyela kwimeko yezoqoqosho phakathi kwe-1948-1952 ekhokelela kwi-North Atlantic Alliance, kwaye kamva kwi-European Union. Akuba efumene uNobel Peace Prize ngomsebenzi wakhe, uGeorge Marshall wathetha la mazwi nehlabathi: “Kubekho amagqabantshintshi malunga nokunikezelwa kweNobel Peace Prize lijoni. Ndiyoyika ukuba oku akubonakali kuphawuleka kum njengoko kubonakala kubonakala kwabanye. Ndiyazazi izinto ezininzi ezoyikisayo kunye neentlekele zemfazwe. Namhlanje, njengosihlalo weKhomishini yeZikhumbuzo zeMfazwe yaseMelika, luxanduva lwam ukongamela ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwamangcwaba omkhosi kumazwe amaninzi aphesheya kolwandle, ngakumbi eNtshona Yurophu. Ixabiso lemfazwe kubomi babantu lihlala lisasazeka phambi kwam, libhalwe ngokucocekileyo kwiincwadi ezininzi zeekholamu ezinamatye amangcwaba. Ndichukumiseke ngokunzulu kukufumana iindlela okanye indlela yokuphepha enye intlekele yemfazwe. Phantse yonke imihla ndiva ngabafazi, okanye oomama, okanye iintsapho zabawileyo. Intlekele eyenzeka emva kwayo iphantse yahlala iphambi kwam. ”

Epreli 4. Ngaloo mini kwi-1967, uMartin Luther King wanikela intetho phambi kwebandla le-3,000 kwi-Churchside Riverside e-New York City. Inqaku elithi "Ngaphandle kweVietnam: Isikhathi Sokudiliza Ukuthula," intetho ibonakalise utshintsho kwindlalifa kaKumkani kwindlalifa yamalungelo oluntu kumprofeti weendaba zeentlalo. Ngaloo nto, akayikubeka kuphela inkqubo epheleleyo yokuphelisa imfazwe, kodwa, ngamanqaku afanayo, angabonakaliyo, atyhila "ingxaki ejulile ngaphakathi kwimoya yaseMelika" apho imfazwe yayimpawu. Simele, wathi, "uhlaziywa ngokutsha kwemilinganiselo .... Uhlanga oluqhubeka unyaka emva konyaka lokuchitha imali emininzi yokukhusela impi kunokuba kwiinkqubo zokuphakanyiswa kwezenhlalakahle zisondela ekufeni komoya. "Ukulandela intetho, uKumkani wayexhaswa ngokubanzi ngumbutho waseMelika. I-New York Times yachaza ukuba "isicwangciso sokudibanisa intlangano yoxolo kunye namalungelo oluntu ayenokuba yingozi kakhulu kubangelwa izibini zombini," kwaye ukugxekwa okufanayo kwavela kumaphephandaba omnyama kunye ne-NAACP. Nangona kunjalo, nangona i-down-down and racialist retribution, uKumkani akazange abuyele. Wayehamba kwikhondo elide kwaye waqala ukucwangcisa iPhulo lePosi labantu, iprojekthi yokudibanisa yonke iMelika ekhutshwe kuyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlanga okanye ubuzwe, kubangelwa sisisiseko esifanayo nesidima sabantu. Wachaza isimo sakhe sengqondo ngala mazwi: "Umnqamlezo ungathetha ukufa kokuthandwa kwakho." Nokuba kunjalo, "Thatha isiphambano sakho uze ubekezele. Yile ndlela endenze ngayo isigqibo sokuba ndihambe. Yiza into enokuthi, akukhathazeki ngoku. "Emva konyaka emva kwentetho, ngokuchanekileyo kwimihla, wabulawa.

Epreli 5. Ngale mini ngo-1946, uGeneral Douglas MacArthur wathetha ngokuvalwa kwemfazwe kubandakanywa njengeNqaku 9 loMgaqo-siseko waseJapan. Inqaku le-9 libandakanya ulwimi oluphantse lwangqinelana naleyo ye-Kellogg-Briand Pact apho amazwe amaninzi ebandakanyeka khona. "Ngelixa zonke izibonelelo zalo mgaqo-siseko mtsha zibalulekile, kwaye zikhokelela umntu ngamnye kunye ngokudibeneyo ukuya kwisiphelo esinqwenelekayo njengoko kuchaziwe ePotsdam," utshilo, "Ndinqwenela ngokukodwa ukukhankanya elo lungiselelo lijongene nokulahlwa kwemfazwe. Ukulahlwa okunjalo, ngelixa kwezinye izinto kulandelelana ngokulandelelana kokutshatyalaliswa kwamandla emfazwe eJapan, kuyaqhubeka ekunikezeleni kwelungelo lokuzimela lokulwa nezixhobo kumhlaba wamanye amazwe. I-Japan ke ibhengeza ukholo lwayo kuluntu lwezizwe ngemithetho enobulungisa, inyamezelayo kwaye isebenzayo yokuziphatha kwezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kwaye ibeka ukuthembeka kwayo kwilizwe. Umgxeki angajonga isenzo njengokubonisa kodwa ukholo olufana nolomntwana kwimibono efanelekileyo, kodwa umntu oyinyani uyakubona ukubaluleka okunzulu kuyo. Uya kuqonda ukuba kwindaleko yoluntu kuye kwafuneka ukuba umntu anikezele ngamalungelo athile. . . . Isindululo. . . kodwa ithathela ingqalelo elinye inyathelo kwindaleko yoluntu. . . . kuxhomekeke kubunkokheli behlabathi obungasweli isibindi sokuziphatha ukuphumeza ukuthanda kwabantu abenyanya imfazwe. . . . Ndiyasincoma ke isindululo saseJapan sokupheliswa kwemfazwe ukuze kuthathelwe ingqalelo bonke abantu behlabathi. Isalatha indlela - ekuphela kwendlela. ”

Epreli 6. Ngaloo mini kwi-1994, abaongameli baseRwanda kunye neBurundi babulawa. Ubungqina bubonisa umenzi wezemfazwe oqeqeshiweyo wase-US kunye ne-US-Paul-kamva weRwanda - njengomntu onetyala. Lo ngumhla omuhle wokukhumbula ukuba ngelixa iimfazwe zingenakukuthintela ukuhlaselwa kwezilwanyana, zingabangela. UNobhala-jikelele we-UN uBoutros Boutros-Ghali uthe "ukubulawa kwabantu e-Rwanda kwakuyikhulu lepesenti uxanduva lwabantu baseMerika!" Kungenxa yokuba iUnited States yaxhasa ukuhlasela kweRwanda ngo-Oktobha 1, i-1990, ngumkhosi wase-Uganda oholwa yi-US ababulali, kwaye baxhasa ukuhlaselwa kwabo eRwanda iminyaka emithathu nesigamu. URhulumente waseRwanda, ngokuphendula, akazange alandele umzekelo we-US ekufundisweni kweJapan ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwakungekho nto eyenza ingcamango yabaculi phakathi kwayo, njengokuba umkhosi ohlaselayo unemaseli asebenzayo e-36 eRwanda. Kodwa uRhulumente waseRwanda wabamba abantu be-8,000 kwaye wabambalela iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Abantu babalekele abahlaseli, bakha ingxaki enkulu yokubalekela ababaleki, bachitha ezolimo, bahlaziya ubutyebi, bahlalisa uluntu. I-United States kunye ne-West zixhobile izifudumala kwaye zasebenzisa uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo ngeBhanki yehlabathi, i-IMF ne-USAID. Phakathi kweziphumo kwandiswe ubundlobongela phakathi kwamaHutu kunye namaTutsi. Ekugqibeleni urhulumente wayeza kubetha. Okokuqala kwakuza kubulawa ukuxhelwa kwinqanaba elibizwa ngokuba yiRwanda eRwanda. Kwaye ngaphambi kokuba kufike ukubulawa kwababini ababongameli. Ukubulawa kwabahlali baseRwanda kuye kwaqhubeka ukususela ngoxa, nangona ukubulawa kwabuhlungu kakhulu eCongo, apho u rhu lumente ka-Kagame wathatha imfazwe - kunye ne-US inkxaso kunye nezixhobo kunye nemikhosi.

Epreli 7. Ngaloo mini kumongameli we-2014 wase-Ecuador uRafael Correa utshele umkhosi wase-US ukuba ashiye ilizwe lakhe. ICorrea yayixhalabile "ngenani eliphezulu kakhulu" lamagosa omkhosi wase-US agxuphuleka kwimicimbi ye-Ecuador. Bonke abasebenzi basejoni baseMelika abangama-20, ngaphandle kokuncamathelwa emkhosini e-US, bachaphazeleka. Eli yayilinyathelo lokugqibela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwiinzame ze-Ecuador zokufumana kwakhona ubukhosi obuvela e-US kulawulo lwangaphakathi. Inyathelo lokuqala lalithathiwe ngo-2008 xa uCorrea wawuhlambulula umkhosi wakhe owawunemikhosi ekuthiwa ingenile yaza yaphenjelelwa yiCIA. Ke ngo-2009 i-Ecuador yagxotha amajoni ase-US ayemi apho xa ayengavumi ukuvuselela iminyaka eli-10 yokuqesha ngaphandle kwereyithi kwiziko lomkhosi wase-US kwisixeko sase-Manta kunxweme lwe-Pacific e-Ecuador. Umkhosi womoya wase-US ubhekisa kwisiseko njengeyona ndawo isemazantsi "Indawo yokuSebenza eQhubela phambili" ekucingelwa ukuba yayiyeke ukurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni eColombia. Ngaphambi kokuvalwa, uCorrea wenza isithembiso sokugcina isiseko sivulekile. "Siza kuhlaziya isiseko kwimeko enye," watsho, "ukuba basivumele sibeke isiseko eMiami-base-Ecuadorean." Ewe, iUnited States yayingenamdla kweso sicelo. Uhanahaniso lwendawo yase-US lwashwankathelwa liLungu leNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yase-Ecuadorean uMaria Augusta Calle lowo ENew York Times uxele esithi “Ngumba wesidima kunye nolawulo. Zingaphi iziseko zangaphandle ezikhoyo e-US? ” Ewe siyayazi impendulo. Kodwa kumbuzo wokuba ingaba iziseko zase-US kwamanye amazwe abantu zingavalwa na, ibali lika-Ecuador libonelela ngempendulo eyodwa.

Epreli 8. Ngaloo mini kwi-1898, uPaul Robeson wazalelwa. Uyise kaPawulos wasinda ebukhosini ngaphambi kokuhlala ePrinceton, kwaye waphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseLincoln. Nangona ulwahlulo lwabantu belizwe lonke, uPaul wathola i-scholarship eya kwiYunivesithi yaseRuthgers apho waphumelela khona njengeValedictorian ngaphambi kokuba aqhubele phambili kwi-Columbia Law School. Ubandlululo lwaphazamisa umsebenzi wakhe, ngoko wafumana enye inkundla yokukhuthaza imbali ne-American yaseAfrika. UPawulos waziwa ngokuba yindleko yokuphumelela kwimisebenzi efana nemidlalo Othello, Emperor Jones, yaye Zonke iChillun zikaThixo zineziphephe, kunye nokusebenza kwakhe okumangalisayo Old Man River in Showboat. Imisebenzi yakhe kwihlabathi liphela yashiya abaphulaphuli benqwenela ii-encores. URobeson wafunda ulwimi, kwaye wenza iingoma ngoxolo nobulungisa kumazwe angama-25. Oku kukhokelele kubuhlobo kunye nenkokheli yase-Afrika uJomo Kenyatta, wase-India uJawaharlal Nehru, WEB Du Bois, Emma Goldman, James Joyce, no-Ernest Hemingway. Ngo-1933, uRobeson wanikela ngemali evela kuye Yonke iChillun kaThixo kwiimbacu ezingamaJuda. Ngo-1945, wacela uMongameli uTruman ukuba apasise umthetho olwa ne-lynching, wabuza uMlo obandayo, wabuza nokuba kutheni ama-Afrika aseMelika elwela ilizwe elinobuhlanga obugqithisileyo. UPaul Robeson wabizwa ngokuba nguKomanisi yiKomiti yezeNdlu engeyiyo eyaseMelika, ephelisa umsebenzi wakhe. Amashumi asibhozo eekonsathi zakhe arhoxiswa, kwaye amabini ahlaselwa ngelixa amapolisa karhulumente ejonge. URobeson uphendule wathi: “Ndizakucula naphi na apho abantu bafuna ukuba ndicule khona… kwaye andizokoyikiswa yiminqamlezo evuthayo ePeekskill okanye naphina.” I-US irhoxise ipasipoti kaRobeson iminyaka esi-8. URobeson wabhala ngobomi bakhe Apha ndimi ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, okubonakala ngathi ilandele i-drugging kunye ne-electro-shock at the CIA.

Epreli 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1947, uhambo lokuqala lokukhulula inkululeko, "Uhambo lokubuyisana," lwaxhaswa yi-CORE ne-FOR. Ukulandela i-WWII, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States inqume ukuba ulwahlulo phakathi kwezitimela zangaphandle kunye neebhasi zazingekho mthethweni. Njengoko isigwebo sasinganyanzelwanga kulo lonke elaseMzantsi, iBambano yoLungano (i-FOR), kunye neqela labasibhozo base-Afrika-baseMerika kunye nabamhlophe abasibhozo abavela kwiCongress for Equality Equality (CORE), kubandakanywa iinkokheli zeqela iBayard Rustin kunye neGeorge House, baqala ukuhamba ngeebhasi kwaye ehleli ndawonye. Bahamba ngeebhasi zombini zeGreyhound ne-Trailways eWashington DC, beya ePetersburg apho iGreyhound yaya khona eRaleigh, kunye neTransways yeDurham. Umqhubi weGreyhound wabiza amapolisa njengoko bafike eOxford xa uRustin engavumi ukuhamba phambi kwebhasi. Amapolisa akenzanga nto njengoko umqhubi kunye noRustin baxela imizuzu ye-45. Zomibini iibhasi zenza iSukole Hill ngolu suku olulandelayo, kodwa ngaphambi kokushiya iGreensboro ngo-Ephreli 13, abagibeli abane (ababini base-Afrika nabamaMerika kunye nabamhlophe abamhlophe) baphoqelelwa kwisikhululo samapolisa esikufuphi, babanjwe, banikezelwa i-$ 50 bond. Esi siganeko sagxininisa abaninzi kuloo ndawo kubandakanye abashayeli bamatekisi abaningana. Omnye wabo wabetha umkhonto omhlophe uJacob Peck entloko njengoko ehlawule ukuhlawula iimbophelelo. UMartin Watkins, umkhosi wezemfazwe okhubazekile omhlophe, wabethwa ngabaqhubi bamatekisi ngokuthetha nomfazi waseAfrika-waseMelika esitobhini sebhasi. Zonke iindleko ezibhekiselele kubahlaseli abamhlophe zawa phantsi njengoko amaxhoba ahlawuliswa ngokukhuthaza abantu ugonyamelo. Umsebenzi wokuphulwa komhlaba lwaba khuseli bamalungelo oluntu ekugqibeleni wabakhokelela kwiiNkululeko zoKhuseleko ze-1960 kunye ne-1961.

Epreli 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1998, iSivumelwano seLwesihlanu esihle sasayinwa eNyakatho ye-Ireland, siphelela ekupheleni Iminyaka eyi-30 yenkqubela yenkolo eNyakatho ye-Ireland ebizwa ngokuba yi "Iingxaki." Impikiswano esonjululwe sisivumelwano yaqala phakathi kwe-1960s, xa amaProtestanti eMantla eIreland afumana uninzi lwabantu olwalubavumela balawule amaziko aseburhulumenteni ngeendlela ezazisingela phantsi iqaqobana lamaRoma Katolika. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60, umbutho osebenzayo wamalungelo oluntu egameni lamaKatolika wakhokelela ekuqhushumbeni, ekubulaweni, nasezidubedube phakathi kwamaKatolika, amaProtestanti, namapolisa ase-Bhritane kunye nemikhosi eyaqhubeka phaya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990. Kwasekuqaleni konyaka we-1998, amathemba oxolo eMantla eIreland ahlala ehlwempu. Umbutho wamaProtestanti u-Ulster Unionist Party (abaxhasi bemanyano ne-Bhritane) basala ukuthethana no-Sinn Fein, ubukhulu becala iphiko lezopolitiko lamaKatolika kunye ne-Iriphabliki yomkhosi weIrish Republican Army (IRA); kwaye i-IRA ngokwayo yahlala ingathandi ukubeka iingalo zayo. Ukanti, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zamaqela amaninzi, ezaqala ngo-1996, ezazibandakanya abameli baseIreland, amaqela ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo eMntla Ireland, kunye norhulumente wase-Bhritane, ekugqibeleni zathwala iziqhamo. Kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano esithi makonyulwe iNdibano ye-Northern Ireland ejongene nemicimbi emininzi yalapha, intsebenziswano phakathi kwemida phakathi koorhulumente base-Ireland nase-Northern Ireland, kunye nokuqhubeka kokubonisana phakathi koorhulumente base-Bhritane nabase-Ireland. Ngo-Meyi ka-1998, isivumelwano savunywa ngokumangalisayo kwireferendamu ebibanjelwe ngokudibeneyo e-Ireland nase-Northern Ireland. Kwaye nge-2 kaDisemba ngo-1999, iRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland yasusa umgaqo wayo kumhlaba wonke wesiqithi saseIreland, kwaye iUnited Kingdom yakhupha ulawulo ngqo loMntla Ireland.

Epreli 11. Ngaloo mini kwi-1996, iSivumelwano sasePelindaba sisayinwe eCairo, eYiputa. Xa kuphunyezwa, uMnqophiso uya kwenza ilizwekazi lonke laseAfrika libe yindawo engenazixhobo zenyukliya; Kwakhona kuya kujikeleza uludwe lwezinto ezinjalo ezinxulumene nalo lonke elasezantsi. Amazwe angama-anesibhozo ase-Afrika asayinwe umnqophiso, ofuna ukuba ngalinye iqela lingenzi "uphando, luphuhlise, luvelise, lugcine okanye lusetyenzise, ​​lube nalo okanye lube nokulawula nayiphi na isisombululo senyukliya naliphi na indlela naphi na." ISivumelwano sinqanda ukuvavanywa izixhobo zenyukliya; idinga ukutshabalaliswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo ezenziwe ngokutsha kunye nokuguqulwa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwanoma yiphina indawo eyenzelwe ukuyidala; kwaye uyakuvimbela ukulahlwa kwezinto ezifakwe kwi-radioactive kwindawo ehlanganiswe nesivumelwano. Ukongeza, ii-nyukliya zixelwe ukuba "zingasebenzisi okanye zisongela ukusebenzisa" izixhobo zenukliya nxamnye nayiphi na indawo kwiindawo ezingenanto yezixhobo zenukliya. Ngomso olandelayo, u-Aprili 12, 1996, ukhankanywe ngokubaluleka kweSivumelwano sasePelindaba, ekugqibeleni kwaqala ukusebenza emva kweminyaka eyi-13, ngoJulayi 15, 2009, xa ivunyiwe 28 efunekayo^th Urhulumente waseAfrika. Nangona iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lalinethemba lokuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza kwesiVumelwano, laqonda ukuba ukwamkelwa kwalo ngokomthetho ngaphezulu kwamazwe angama-40 ase-Afrika, kwaye phantse nangazo zonke izixhobo zezixhobo zenyukliya, kwenza "igalelo elibalulekileyo ku ... ukhuseleko. ” Ipapasho lakhe kumaphephandaba laqukumbela ngelithi: "IBhunga lezoKhuseleko lithathe eli thuba ukukhuthaza iinzame zemimandla… kwinqanaba lamazwe nelommandla elijolise ekufezekiseni indalo yolawulo lwenyukliya olungasebenzisi zixhobo."

April 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1935, abanye abafundi beekholeji ze-175,000 kuwo wonke amazwe aseMerika bahlanganyela emagqabini okufundela kunye nokubonakalisa uxolo apho bathembisa ukuba bangayi kuthatha inxaxheba kwimpikiswano. I-anti-war mobilization efana neye-1935 nayo ibanjwe e-US kwi-1934 ne-1936, eyanda ngamanani ukusuka kwi-25,000 kwi-1934 ukuya kwi-500,000 kwi-1936. Ngenxa yokuba abaninzi abafundi beekholeji bajonga ingozi yokulwa ne-fascism eYurophu njengoko zivela kwiingxabano eziveliswa yiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, nganye imiboniso yaqhutywa ngo-Apreli ukuba imake inyanga i-US yangena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ndikholelwa ukuba kuphela ishishini elikhulu Iminqweno yenkampani izuze kule mpi, abafundi bazondayo oko babonayo njengokubulala okungenangqondo kwezigidi kwaye bafuna ukucaca ukungathandi kwabo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwenye imfazwe engenanto engaphandle. Okunomdla kukuba, inkcaso yabo yokulwa nemfazwe yayingekelwe kwimibutho ye-anti-imperialist okanye imibono yezopolitiko yodwa, kodwa ngokuyinhloko kwintlupheko yokomoya eyayingumntu okanye ivela kubulungu kumbutho owawukhuthaza. I-anecdote enye ibonakala ibonisa ngokucacileyo oku. Ku-1932, uRichard Moore, umfundi eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley, wayezibandakanya kwimisebenzi yokulwa nemfazwe. Kamva wachaza ukuba, "Isikhundla sam," andiyikholelwa ekubulaleni, kwaye ezimbini: Andizange ndizimisele ukuzithoba kumphathi ophezulu, nokuba ngaba nguThixo okanye iUnited States of America. " Ububungqina bunokuthi uchaze ukuba kutheni amawaka eenkulungwane zamadoda amancinane ayekholelwa ukuba imfazwe inokupheliswa xa bonke abaselula benqabela ukulwa.

April 13. Ngalo mhla kwi-1917, uMongameli uTolrow Wilson wamisela iKomidi yolwazi oluLuntu (CPI) ngolawulo olulawulayo. I-brainchild kaGeorge Creel, intatheli-ntatheli yexesha elikhethwe ngumongameli wayo, i-CPI ijolise ukuhlawula umkhankaso wokunyusa i-propaganda yokwakha ukwesekwa kwamanye amazwe nakwamanye amazwe ukuba kungene ukungena kweMelika kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I nje ngeveki ngaphambili. Ukufeza umsebenzi walo, i-CPI idibanisa iindlela zokuthengisa zanamhlanje kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kweengqondo zabantu. Kwizinto ezazisondela ngokucacileyo, zaqalisa "izikhokelo zokuzithandela" ukulawula iingxelo zemidiya malunga nemfazwe, kwaye zikhusele iziteshi zenkcubeko ngezinto zokulwa. Icandelo leCandelo leNdaba leCPI lasasazwa ngokushicilelwa kwee-6,000 ukuba iveki nganye izaliswe ngaphezu kwee-columns ze-20,000. Ulwahlulo lwayo lweMicandelo eQinisekisiweyo efunyenwe abaqulunqa iincwadana, abanoveli kunye nabalobi bebali abancinci ukuba badlulise umgca karhulumente osemthethweni ngendlela elula ukugaya abantu abayizigidi ezilishumi elinambini inyanga nganye. ICandelo loPapasho loPhuloli labeka iipowusta ezinamandla, ngemibala yokuthanda izwe, kwiibhodi zebhodi kwilizwe lonke. Abaphengululi babesetyenziselwa ukunyathela iimpapasho ezinje Izenzo zeMfazwe zaseJamani kwaye Ukuwunqoba kunye neKultur. Kwaye iCandelo leeFilimu lavelisa ama-movie kunye nezihloko ezifana I-Kaiser: Isiqhamo saseBerlin. Ngokudalwa kwe-CPI, i-US yaba lizwe lokuqala lokusasaza ipropaganda kwizinga elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokwenza njalo, kunika isifundo esibalulekileyo: Ukuba ngaba urhulumente wengqungquthela otyunjelwayo, unganqwenela ukuya ekulweni, unokufuna ukudibanisa isizwe esahlukileyo ngasemva kwiphulo elibanzi kunye nexesha elide lobuxoki .

April 14. Ngaloo mini kwi-1988, ipalamente yaseDenmark idlulisele isigqibo sokuba i-rhu lumente iyazisa zonke iinqwelo zemfazwe zangaphandle ezifuna ukungena kumachwebeni aseDenmark ukuba zimele zixhomekeke ngokuqinisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba zenze njalo nokuba zithatha okanye zithwale izixhobo zenukliya. Nangona iDenmark ye-30 eneminyaka emininzi yemigaqo yokunqanda izixhobo zenukliya kwindawo ethile kwintsimi yayo, kubandakanywa nezibuko zayo, umgaqo-nkqubo wawusoloko ukhunjulwa yiDenmark yenkqubo eqeshwe yi-United States kunye namanye ama-NATO. Eyaziwayo njenge-NCND, "ayiqinisekisi okanye ayikhanyeli," le nkqubo ivumelekile iinqanawa zeNATO ukuba zithwale izixhobo zenukliya kwizibhendi zaseDenmark ngokuthanda. I-entsha, imithintelo, isisombululo, nangona kunjalo, ivelise iingxaki. Ngaphambi kwendima yayo, ummeli waseMerika eDenmark wayexelele izombusazwe zaseDenmark ukuba isisombululo sinokugcina zonke iinqwelo zemfazwe ze-NATO zingashenyuli eDenmark, ngaloo ndlela ziphelisa ukuqhuba okuqhelekileyo olwandle kunye nokuphazamisa intsebenziswano yempi. Ekubeni ngaphezu kweepesenti ze-60 zamaDan efuna ilizwe labo kwi-NATO, izisongelo zithatyathwa ngokungqongqo ngumbuso-ilungelo likaRhulumente waseDenmark. Yabiza unyulo ngoMeyi 10, oluye lwaphumela ekubeni kugcinwe i-conservatives amandla. NgoJulayi 2, xa umkhosi wezemfazwe waseMelika ufikelela kwisibheno saseDanishi wenqaba ukuchazela uhlobo lweempahla zasohlwayo, ileta ephoshelwe esi sikhephe esilulekisayo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha waseDanish wawungenakunqunyulwa ukubuyela echwebeni. NgoJuni 8, iDenmark yafikelela kwisivumelwano esitsha kunye ne-US eya kuphinda ivumele iinqanawa ze-NATO zingene kwizibuko zaseDenmark ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika ukuba ziphethe izixhobo zenukliya. Ukunceda ukubeka i-nuclear nyuvesi ekhaya, iDanmark yayalela oorhulumente be-NATO ithuba elide lokunqandwa kwezixhobo zenukliya kwintsimi yabo ngexesha loxolo.

Epreli 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1967 enkulu kunazo zonkeImfazwe yaseVietnam imbonakalo kwimbali yase-US, kwada kweso sihlandlo, senzeka eNew York, eSan Francisco, nakwezinye izixeko ezininzi e-United States. ENew York, uqhankqalazo luqale eCentral Park lwaphela eKomkhulu leZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ngaphezulu kwe-125,000 yabantu abathathe inxaxheba, kubandakanya uGqirha Martin Luther King, Omnci., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, kunye noGqirha Benjamin Spock. Ngaphezulu kwe-150 yamakhadi ayilwayo atshisiwe. Enye i-100,000 ihambe ukusuka kwisitalato iSibini kunye neMakethi eDolophu yedolophu iSan Francisco isiya eKezar Stadium eGolden Gate Park, apho umdlali weqonga uRobert Vaughn kunye noCoretta King bathetha ngokuchasene nokubandakanyeka kweMelika kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam. Omabini la matshi ayeyinxalenye yokuHanjiswa kweNtwasahlobo yokuphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Iqela eliququzelelayo laseNtwasahlobo lahlangana okokuqala nge-26 kaNovemba ngo-1966. Laliqhutywa ngusihlalo wegqala lomzabalazo woxolo u-AJ Muste kwaye libandakanya uDavid Dellinger, umhleli Ukukhulula; Edward Keating, umvakalisi Ramparts; USidney Peck, weCase Western Reserve University; noRobert Greenblatt, weYunivesithi yaseCornell. NgoJanuwari 1967, babiza uMfundisi uJames Luther Bevel, ugxa osondeleyo kaMartin Luther King, Omnci, njengomlawuli weNtlakohlaza. Ekupheleni kohambo lwaseNew York, uBevel wabhengeza ukuba indawo elandelayo iza kuba eWashington DC Ngomhla wama-20 ukuya kowama-21, ngo-1967, ama-700 omzabalazo wemfazwe ahlanganisene apho kwiNkomfa yokuHamba kweNtlakohlaza. Injongo yabo yayikukuvavanya imiboniso ka-Epreli kunye nokutshata ikhosi yexesha elizayo yentshukumo yomlo. Benze ikomiti yolawulo- iKomiti yeSizwe yokuHambisa iMfazwe eVietnam- ukucwangcisa imicimbi ezayo.

Epreli 16. Ngaloo mini kwi-1862, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln watyikitya ibhajethi ephelisa ubugqila eWashington, DC Olu lusuku lokukhululwa eWashington, DC Ukuphelisa ubukhoboka eWashington, DC, kungabandakanyekanga emfazweni. Ngelixa ubukhoboka kwenye indawo e-United States begqityiwe ngokudala imithetho emitsha emva kokubulala ikota ezintathu zezigidi zabantu kumasimi amaninzi amakhulu, ubukhoboka eWashington, DC, kwagqitywa ngendlela obupheleliswe ngayo kwihlabathi liphela, oko kukuthi ngokutsiba phambili kwaye ngokulula ngokudala imithetho emitsha. Umthetho ophelisa ubukhoboka eDC wasebenzisa inkululeko yokuhlawulwa. Akuzange kubabuyekeze abantu ababenziwe amakhoboka, kodwa kunoko abo babebakhobokisa. Ubukhoboka kunye ne-serfdom zazingumhlaba jikelele kwaye ubukhulu becala zaye zapheliswa kwinkulungwane, ubukhulu becala ngenkululeko ehlawulelweyo kunakwimfazwe, kubandakanya neekholoni zase-Bhritane, iDenmark, iFrance, ne-Netherlands, kwaye uninzi lwe Mzantsi Melika kunye neCaribbean. Ekubuyiseleni emva ngokuqinisekileyo kujongeka njengokulungileyo ukuphelisa okungekho sikweni ngaphandle kokubulawa kwabantu kunye nokutshatyalaliswa, okungaphaya kobubi babo kwangoko nako okusilela ekupheliseni ukungabikho kokusesikweni, kwaye kuthanda ukuzala ingqumbo kunye nogonyamelo. NgoJuni 20, 2013, i IAtlantic Magazine wapapasha into ebizwa ngokuba "Hayi, uLincoln Wayenakukwazi 'Ukuthengwa Ngezigqila'." Kutheni? Ewe, abanini bekhoboka abafuni ukuthengisa. Linyani ngokwenene. Abazange, kungekhona. Kodwa The Atlantic igxininisa kwelinye ingxabano, oko kukuthi bekuza kuba kubi kakhulu, ukuxabisa okungenani i-$ 3 billion (kwi-1860 imali). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufunda ngokukhawuleza, umbhali uyavuma ukuba imfazwe ixabisa ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini loo mali.

Epreli 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1965, ukuhamba okokuqala eWashington malunga nemfazwe yaseVietnam. Abafundi boMbutho weDemokhrasi (i-SDS) baqalise umngcelele wokuzoba abafundi abali-15,000-25,000 kulo lonke uhlanga, iStrike soXolo sabaseTyhini, iKomiti yokuLungelelanisa yaBafundi engaSebenzi, uBob Moses waseMississippi Freedom Summer, neemvumi uJoan Baez noPhil Ochs. Imibuzo ebuzwe ngumongameli we-SDS uPaul Potter isasebenza nanamhlanje: “Luhlobo luni lwenkqubo olwenza ukuba i-United States okanye naliphi na ilizwe lithathe ikamva labantu baseVietnam kwaye libasebenzise ngokungakhathali ngenjongo yalo? Luhlobo luni lwenkqubo olwenza ukuba abantu bangabi namalungelo eMzantsi, lishiya izigidi ngezigidi zabantu kwilizwe liphela behlwempuzekile kwaye bekhutshelwe ngaphandle kwizithembiso kunye noluntu lwaseMelika, oludala amaziko angenabungqina nawoyikekayo kwaye enze ezo ndawo apho abantu bachitha ubomi babo khona. kwaye benze umsebenzi wabo, obeka izinto eziphathekayo phambi kwexabiso lomntu-kwaye usaqhubeka nokuzibiza ukhululekile kwaye usaqhubeka nokuzifumana ukulungele ukuba ngamapolisa kwihlabathi? Yeyiphi indawo ekhoyo yamadoda aqhelekileyo kule nkqubo kwaye angayilawula njani… Kufuneka siyibize loo nkqubo. Kuya kufuneka siyinike igama, silichaze, silicazulule, siliqonde kwaye silitshintshe. Kuba kulapho kuphela xa le nkqubo itshintshiwe kwaye iphantsi kolawulo apho kungabakho naliphi na ithemba lokumisa imikhosi edala imfazwe eVietnam namhlanje okanye ukubulala eMzantsi ngomso okanye zonke izinto ezingenakubalwa, ezingenakubalwa abantu lonke — ngalo lonke ixesha. ”

Epreli 18. Ngaloo mini kwi-1997, isenzo se "Chofoza Ubomi" senzeke kwiFifors yezixhobo zezixhobo eKarlskoga, eSweden. Igama "amakhuba" abhekisa kumbhalo womprofeti uIsaya owathi izixhobo ziya kubethwa zibe ngamakhuba. Izenzo zamakhuba ziye zaziwa kwii-1980s zokuqala xa amatshantliziyo aliqela eyonakalisile i-warhead yentloko yenyukliya. IBofors yayithumela izixhobo eIndonesia. Njengoko kubaliswa ngumzabalazo u-Art Laffin, amatshantliziyo amabini oxolo ase-Sweden, u-Cecelia Redner, umfundisi kwicawa yase-Sweden, kunye no-Marja Fischer, ongumfundi, bangena kumzi-mveliso we-Bofors Arms e-Kariskoga, e-Sweden, batyala umthi we-apile bazama ukuphanga umkhosi Uluhlu lwangaphandle luyathunyelwa e-Indonesia. UCecilia wahlawuliswa ngelinge lokuzama ukonakalisa umonakalo kunye noMarija ngokuncedisa. Bobabini batyholwa ngokwaphula umthetho okhusela amaziko “abalulekileyo eluntwini.” Omabini la mabhinqa agwetywa nge-25 kaFebruwari 1998. Baxoxa, ngokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo yijaji, ukuba, ngamazwi kaRedner, "Xa ilizwe lam lixhobisa uzwilakhe andivumelekanga ukuba ndenze izinto kwaye ndithobele, kuba oko kungandenza ndinetyala. kulwaphulo-mthetho lokubulawa kwabantu e-East Timor. Ndiyazi ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni kwaye andinakugxeka ubuzwilakhe base-Indonesia okanye urhulumente wam. Ukusebenza kwethu ngamakhuba yayiyindlela yokuba sithathe uxanduva kwaye senze ngokubambisana nabantu base-East Timor. ” UFischer wongeze wathi, "Sizamile ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye oko kuyimbopheleleko ngokomthetho wethu." URedner wagwetywa isohlwayo kunye neminyaka engama-23 yemfundo yoluleko. UFischer wagwetywa isohlwayo kunye neminyaka emibini wagwetywa isigwebo. Akukho sigwebo sasentolongweni.

Epreli 19. Ngaloo mini kwi-1775, ukuguqulwa kwe-US kwaguquka ngokulwa ne-Lexington ne-Concord. Olu tshintsho luye lwalandela ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kweendlela ezingenabundlobongela zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nexesha langoku, kubandakanya uqhankqalazo olukhulu, amakhwenkwe, ukukhuthazwa kwemveliso yendawo kunye nokuzimela, uphuhliso lweekomiti zembalelwano, kunye nokuthathwa kwamandla asekhaya kwiindawo ezininzi ezisemaphandleni eMassachusetts. Imfazwe enobundlobongela yokuzimela ngaphandle kweBritane yayiqhutywa ikakhulu ngabanini bamhlaba abacebileyo abamhlophe kwiindawo zamakholoni. Ngelixa iziphumo zazibandakanya okwangoku okwakusenzeka ngexesha lomgaqo-siseko kunye noMthetho oYilwayo wamaLungelo, inguquko yayiyinxalenye yemfazwe enkulu phakathi kwamaFrentshi nabaseBritane, ngekhe iphumelele ngaphandle kwamaFrentshi, amandla agqithisiweyo asuka komnye umntu aye kwelinye, amiselwe Akukho senzo sokulingana, wabona imvukelo ngamafama ahluphekayo kunye nabantu abakhobokisayo njengakuqala emva, kwaye wabona abantu bephuma ebukhobokeni bexhasa icala laseBritane. Isizathu esinye semfazwe yayikukugcinwa kobukhoboka, kulandela ukukhula kombutho wokupheliswa kweBritane kunye nesigwebo senkundla yase-Bhritane esakhulula indoda egama linguJames Sommerset. UPatrick Henry "ndinike inkululeko okanye undinike ukufa" kwakungabhalwanga nje emva kwamashumi eminyaka uHenry eswelekile, kodwa wayenabantu njengamakhoboka kwaye wayengenabungozi bokuba ngomnye. Inkuthazo yemfazwe yayingumnqweno wokunweba ngasentshona, uxhela kwaye uphanga abantu bomthonyama. Njengeemfazwe ezininzi zase-US ukusukela, eyokuqala yayiyimfazwe yokwanda. Ukuhanahanisa ukuba imfazwe ayinakuphepheka okanye iyanqweneleka incediswa ngokungayihoyi inyani yokuba iCanada, i-Australia, i-India kunye nezinye iindawo bezingadingi mfazwe.

Epreli 20. Ngaloo mini kwi-1999, abafundi ababini kwiColumbine High School eLittleton, Colorado, bahlaselwa ngokudubula abantu, babulala abantu be-13 baze balimaza ngaphezu kwe-20 abanye ngaphambi kokuba bajike izibhamu baze bazibulale. Ngeli xesha, le nto yayiphononongo ephakamileyo kunazo zonke kwizikolo zase-US kwaye yaqhuba ingxabano yesizwe ekulawuleni izibhamu, ukhuseleko lwesikolo, kunye nemikhosi eyayibangele ukuba bahlasele abantu ababini, u-Eric Harris, i-18, no-Dylan Klebold, i-17. Ukujongana nokulawulwa kwebhamu, i-National Rifle Association yenze umkhankaso wesikhangiso obonakala ngathi uyamkela njengento efanelekileyo yokutshekisha kwimeko yangaphambili efunekayo kwiindawo zokugcina izibhamu kunye neentengiso ze-pawn ukuya kwimiboniso yebhamu, apho izixhobo zababulali zithengwa ngobuqhetseba ngumhlobo. Nangona kunjalo, i-NRA yenze i-$ 1.5-million-lobbying effort eyenza ukuba iphumelele ekubulaleni ibhilikhwe ngokuchanekileyo imfuno enjalo kulindeleke kwiCongress. Kwakhona kwenziwa iinzame zokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesikolo ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhamera zokhuseleko, izixhobo zetsimbi kunye nabalindi bokhuseleko obongezelelweyo, kodwa zange zingenakwenzeka ekupheliseni ubundlobongela. Phakathi kwemizamo emininzi yokuqonda i-psychopathology yababulali, ifilimu ye-documentary kaMichael Moore Bowling kuColumbine yaxininisa ngokukrakra kwenkcubeko phakathi kwezenzo zababulali kunye ne-American penchant yokulwa nemfazwe eboniswa yimibutho yemfazwe kunye nobukho obusondeleyo bukaCloheed Martin, umenzi omkhulu wezixhobo. Omnye umbuyekezi wefilimu kaMoore ubonisa ukuba ezi ziboniso, kunye nomnye obonisa imiphumo yobuhlwempu ekudibaniseni ubudlelwane beentsapho, uchaze ngokucacileyo zombini imithombo yobutshabhaka kwimimandla yase-US kwaye yindlela kuphela yokupheliswa ngempumelelo.

Epreli 21. Ngaloo mini kwi-1989, abanye abafundi baseYunivesithi baseXnumX baseYinum bahlangene eBeijing Tiananmen Square ukukhunjulwa kokufa kukaHu Yaobang, inkokeli eguqulelwe inguqu yeqela lamaKhomanisi aseTshayina, nokuvakalisa ukunganeliseki kwabo nolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni baseChina. Ngomhla olulandelayo, kwi-memorial memorial service eyayibanjelwe iHu e-Tiananmen kwiHolo enkulu yabantu, uRhulumente ujikezele imfuneko yabafundi ukudibana neNkulumbuso Li Peng. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni umfundi atyunde iinqununu zeTshayina, ukufowunelwa kweenguqu zokuguqulwa kwentando yesininzi, kwaye, nangona izilumkiso zikahulumeni, uhambo lomfundi ukuya eTiananmen Square. Ngeeveki ezilandelayo, abasebenzi, abahlakaniphileyo kunye nabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni bajoyina umboniso wabafundi, kwaye phakathi kweeMeyi amakhulu amabini abonkqonkqo bexakeke kwizitrato zaseBeijing. Ngomhla we-Meyi 20, urhulumente wamemezela umthetho we-kartial kwisixeko, ebiza amabutho kunye namathangi ukuba ahlakaze izihlwele. Ngomhla ka-Juni 3, imikhosi, phantsi kwemiyalelo yokucacisa ngokucacileyo izithuthi zeTiananmen Square kunye nezitrato zaseBeijing, zaxutywa ngamakhulu emiboniso kunye namawaka abanjwe. Nangona kunjalo, izibhengezo zokufuna uxolo lolawulo lwentando yesininzi xa zijongene nokunyanzeliswa ngokugqithiseleyo zikhuphe ububele kunye nentukuthelo evela kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Inkalipho yabo yayenzelwe ukuba yenzeke ngokugqithisileyo ngeendaba ngoJuni 5^th yesithombe esinobugcisa obubonakalisa umntu oyedwa omhlophe, obizwa ngokuba yi "Tank Man," egxininiswe ngokunyaniseka phambi kwekholam ya-disperant-dispersing tanks. Kwiiveki ezintathu kamva, iUnited States namanye amazwe abeka izigwebo zoqoqosho eChina. Nangona izigwebo ziye zabuyisa umnotho welizwe, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaphinda luqaliswe ngasekupheleni kwe1990, ngenxa yecandelo lokukhululwa kweChina kwamakhulu angamakhulu amabini abavalelwe entolongweni.

Epreli 22. Lo Mhla woMhlaba, kunye nomhla wokuzalwa ka-Immanuel Kant. J. Sterling Morton, intatheli yaseNebraska eyayikhuthaza ukutyalwa kwemithi kuwo onke amathafa aseburhulumenteni ngo-1872, ichaza umhla we-10 ku-Epreli njengo “Mhla woTyalo lweMithi”. Usuku lweArbor lwaba liholide esemthethweni kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, lwaza lwasiwa ku-Epreli 22 ngembeko yomhla wokuzalwa kukaMorton. Olu suku belubhiyozelwa kwilizwe liphela njenge "xesha lokugawulwa kwemithi "elethwe kukwanda kwe-US phakathi kwe-1890 kunye ne-1930 yokugawula amahlathi. Ngo-1970, ukunyuka kweengcambu ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela indalo ekungcolisweni kwendalo kwaxhaswa nguGavana waseWisconsin uGaylord Nelson kunye nomgqugquzeli waseSan Francisco uJohn McConnell. Umngcelele wokuqala "woMhla woMhlaba" wenzeka ngeNtwasahlobo ye-Equinox kwakuloo nyaka, nge-21 Matshi 1970. Imisitho yoSuku loMhlaba iyaqhubeka ukubanjwa e-US nge-21 Matshi ne-22 ka-Epreli. UImmanuel Kant, isazinzulu nesithandi sobulumko saseJamani, naye wazalwa ngomhla wama-22 ku-Epreli ngo-1724. UKant wenza izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwezenzululwazi, kodwa waziwa kakhulu ngegalelo lakhe kwifilosofi. Ifilosofi yakhe yayijolise kwindlela esizenzela ngayo ngokwethu imihlaba yethu. Ngokwezenzo zabantu bakaKant kufuneka zibanjelwe kwimithetho yokuziphatha. Isiphetho sikaKant malunga nento eyimfuneko ngokwenyani kuthi ngamnye kuthi ukuba afumane umhlaba ongcono kukuzabalazela ezona zinto zilungileyo kuthi sonke. Ezi ngcinga zilungelelaniswe nabo baxhasa ukugcinwa koMhlaba, kunye nabo basebenzela uxolo. Kumazwi kaKant, "Ukuze kulawulwe uxolo eMhlabeni, abantu kufuneka batshintshe babe ngabantu abatsha abafunde ukubona yonke into kuqala."

Epreli 23. Ngale mini kwi-1968, abafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia babamba izakhiwo beqhankqalaza uphando ngemfazwe kunye nokonakaliswa kwezakhiwo eHarlem kwindawo yokuzivocavoca umzimba. IiYunivesithi eziseMelika zichasene ngabafundi bebuza imibuzo indima yemfundo kwinkcubeko ekhuthaza ukuphazamiseka kwemfazwe, ulungelelaniso olungapheliyo, uhlanga oluxhaphakileyo kunye nobulili. Ukufunyanwa komfundi kwamaphepha abonisa ukubandakanyeka kuka-Columbia kunye neNkxaso yeSebe loKhuselo loKhuselo loKhuseleko okwenza uphando kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, kunye nezibophelelo zalo kwi-ROTC, kwakhokelela ekubhikeleni ngabaFundi beDemocratic Society (SDS). Baye bahlanganiswa baninzi, kubandakanywa noMbutho we-Afro-American Society (SOS) owaye wachasa umzobo wokuzivocavoca owakhiwe nguColumbia eMasternside Park ukufuduka amakhulu amakhulu aseMerika ahlala phantsi ngeHarlem. Iphoyisa elisebenzayo likhokelela kwisiteyimu somfundi-sikhokelo esivimbela iColumbia ukuya kusele ye-semester. Ngoxa iimbambano zaseColumbia zaqhuba ukubetha nokubanjwa kwabafundi be-1,100, ngaphezu kweminye imiboniso ye-100 eyenziwa kwi-US kwi-1968. Lo waba ngumnyaka wabafundi babone ukubulawa kukaMartin Luther King noRobert F. Kennedy, kunye namaqela angamawaka angama-anti-war protestors abethwa, ahlaselwa, abanjwe ngamapolisa kwiDemocratic National Convention e-Chicago. Ekugqibeleni, imibhikisho yabo yaphefumlela utshintsho oluninzi olufunekayo. Ucwaningo lwemfazwe olukhethiweyo aluzange luqhutyelwe e-Columbia, i-ROTC ihambe kwikampus kunye nabasemkhosini kunye nabaqashi be-CIA, imbono yokuzivocavoca yashiywe, inkokheli yesifazane kunye nezifundo zohlanga. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, imfazwe yaseVietnam, kunye nequlunqo, yaphela.

April 24. Ngaloo mini kwi-1915, amaqela angamawaka angama-Armenian abahlakaniphileyo aqokelelwe, abanjwe, aze athunjelwe kwisixeko esikhulu saseTurkey eConstantinople (ngoku ngoku i-Istanbul) ukuya kummandla waseAnkara, apho ekugqibeleni ininzi yabulawa. Ebhekiswe liqela labaguquli ababizwa ngokuba yi "Young Turks," abaye baqala amandla ku-1908, urhulumente waseMuslim waseMbusweni wase-Ottoman wajonga ukuba amaKristu angewona amaTurkey ayisongelo kukhuseleko lolawulo. Ngokwababhali beembali-mlando, ngoko-ke kuboniswe ukuba "Bahlambuluke," okanye bahlambuluke ngokobuhlanga, ubuqhetseba ngokuxoshwa okanye ukubulala abantu abangamaKristu aseArmenian. Kwi-1914, iiTurkey zangena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngapha kweJamani naseMbusweni wase-Austro-Hungarian, kwaye yazisa imfazwe engcwele kuwo wonke amaKristu angabonakaliyo. Xa amaArmenian aququzelela amabutho amavolontiya ekuncedeni umkhosi waseRashiya balwa namaTurkey kwidolophu yaseCaucasus, i-Young Turks yanyusa ukukhutshwa kwabemi baseArmenian kwimimandla yemfazwe e-Eastern Front. Ama-Armenia aqhelekileyo athunyelwa emagqabini okufa ngaphandle kokutya okanye amanzi, kwaye amanye amashumi amawaka abulawe ngokubulawa kwabantu. Ngama-1922, ngaphantsi kwe-400,000 yezigidi ezimbini zase-Armenia eziziimvelaphi zahlala eMbusweni wase-Ottoman. Ukususela ekuzinikeni kwayo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, urhulumente waseTurkey uye watsho ngamandla ukuba akazange ahlasele ama-Armenian, kodwa izinto eziyimfuneko zokulwa nabantu babonwa njengezitha. Kwi-2010, nangona kunjalo, iphaneli ye-Congressional yase-United States ekugqibeleni yabona ukubulawa kobuthathaka njenge-genocide. Isenzo sanceda ukunqwalasela ukuba ukungahloneli lula okanye ukwesaba kweminye, phakathi kweengxabano zangaphakathi okanye zamazwe ngamazwe, kunokunyuka kwintlawulo yokuzondla eyadlula yonke imida yokuziphatha.

Epreli 25. Ngaloo mini kwi-1974 i-Revolution Revolution yabuyisa urhulumente wasePortugal, ulawulo lolawulo lobunyanzeliso olwalusesikhundleni ukususela ngo-1933 - ubukhosi obude kunabo bonke obuhlala eYurophu eNtshona. Oko kwaqala njengokubhukuqwa komkhosi, okuququzelelwe yi-Armed Forces Movement (iqela lamagosa asemkhosini elalichasene nolawulo), ngokukhawuleza kwaba luvukelo olwalungenagazi njengoko abantu babelutyeshela ubizo lokuhlala emakhayeni abo. I-Carnation Revolution ifumana igama kwigama elibomvu-babekwixesha lonyaka-bafakwa kwimixokelelwane yemipu yamajoni ngabantu ababezibandakanya nabo ezitalatweni. Oluvukelwano lwachukunyiswa lunyanzeliso lolawulo lokugcina amakoloni, apho babesilwa khona nabavukeli ukusukela ngo-1961. Ezi mfazwe zazingathandwa ngabantu nangabaninzi emkhosini. Ulutsha lwalufuduka ngenjongo yokuphepha ukubhaliswa. I-40% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwasePortugal lwasetyenziswa kwiimfazwe e-Afrika. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba inkululeko yoqhankqalazo yanikezelwa kwiikholoni zasePortugal zaseGuinea Bisau, eCape Verde, eMozambiki, eSão Tomé nasePríncipe, eAngola naseMpuma Timor. I-United States yadlala indima enkulu kwi-Carnation Revolution. UHenry Kissinger wayechasene nokuyixhasa, ngaphandle kwengcebiso eyomeleleyo evela kummeli wase-US. Wanyanzelisa ukuba ngumvukelo wobukomanisi. Kuphela kusemva kotyelelo ePortugal nguTeddy Kennedy kunye nengcebiso yakhe eqinileyo yokuxhasa uguquko apho i-US yathatha isigqibo sokwenza njalo. EPortugal, ukubhiyozela umsitho, u-Epreli 25 ngoku yiholide yesizwe, eyaziwa njengeSuku lweNkululeko. Inguquko kwiCarnation ibonisa ukuba awunyanzelekanga ukuba usebenzise ubundlongondlongo kunye nokufezekisa uxolo.

Epreli 26. Ngalo mhla kwi-1986, Ingozi yenyukliya eyona yimbi yenzeke kwiChernobyl isityalo samandla enyukliya kufuphi nasePpypyat, eUkraine, kwiSoviet Union. Ingozi yenzeke ngexesha lovavanyo ukuze ubone indlela izityalo eza kusebenza ngayo xa ilahlekelwe ngamandla. Abaqhubi bezityalo benza iimpazamo eziliqela ngexesha le nkqubo, ukudala indawo engaqinisekanga kwi-Nombolo ye-4 eyenziwa ngumlilo kunye nokuqhuma kwezinto ezintathu ezikhupha i-1,000-ton. Njengoko i-reactor iyancibilika, iilangatye zatyezela i-1,000 ezinyaweni kwizithuba ezimbini iintsuku, zikhupha izinto ezisasazwa ngama-radioactive ezazisasaza kwi-Soviet Union naseYurophu. Abaninzi abahlali be-70,000 kule ndawo babethatyelwa kakhulu ngetyhefu, apho kuye kwafa amawaka, njengabalinganiselwa be-4,000 abasebenza ngokucoca kwiziko laseChernobyl. Imiphumo eyongezelelweyo ibandakanye ukufuduswa ngokusisigxina kwabemi be-150,000 kwi-18-mile radius ejikeleze iChernobyl, ukwanda okwenyukayo kwiimpazamo zokuzalwa kuloo ndawo, kunye neemeko eziphezulu eziphindwe kabini zomdlavuza we-thyroid kulo lonke elase-Ukraine. Ukususela kwentlekele yaseChernobyl, iingcali ziye zabonisa imibono eyahlukileyo kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwamandla enyukliya njengomthombo wamandla. Njengokuba, The New York Times ingxelo ngokukhawuleza emva kwenhlekelele yenyukliya yeNatshi ye-2011 eJapan yaseFukushima Daiichi isityalo enyukliya esithi "amaJapan asele athathe amanyathelo okuthintela ingozi ukuba abe yiChernobyl enye, nangona ukukhutshwa kweminye imisebe." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHelen Caldicott, umsunguli Oogqirha bexanduva loLuntu, echazwe ngo-Aprili 2011 Maxesha ukuba "akukho nto enjengomlinganiselo okhuselekile wemisebe" kwaye, ngoko ke, amandla enyukliya akufanele asetyenziswe.

Epreli 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1973, urhulumente waseBrithani wagqiba ukuxothwa ngokunyanzeliswa kwabantu bonke bomthonyama base Diego Garcia kunye nezinye iziqithi ze-Chagos Archipelago ephakathi kwe-Indian Ocean. Ukususela kwi-1967, abantu abathathu abahlala kwisiqithi sase-Arabia, ababizwa ngokuba yi "Chagossia," babethunyelwa kwiinqanawa ze-squalid zithwele eMauritius, owayengumlawuli waseBrithani owayengumlawuli wase-Indian Ocean. Afrika. Ukuxoshwa kwachazwe kwisivumelwano se-1,000 phantsi apho iUnited Kingdom yaqeshisa iziqithi, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeBritish Indian Ocean Territory, eya e-US ukuba isebenzise njengesiseko somkhosi wezempi. Ngokubuya, amaBritani afumana ukuphuka kweendleko kwii-US iimpahla zokuqhuba inkqubo ye-Polaris ICBM. Nangona isivumelwano sibonakalisa inzuzo kumazwe omabini, amaChagos Islanders eMauritius awaxoshe ngamandla. Baye banikezelwa imali ehlawulwa ngemali ye-1966 yeebritish yaseBritani kwi-650,000, kodwa i-prospective right to return to Diego Garcia yahlala ingcwatywa phantsi kwezikhalazo kunye nezigwegwe. Ekugqibeleni, ngoNovemba 1977, urhulumente waseBrithani wakhupha umyalelo otyumkileyo. Ukukhankanya "ukuthandwa, ukukhuseleka nokukhuseleka, kunye neendleko kumhlawuli-ntlawulo waseBrithani," urhulumente wachaza ukuba abahlali baxoshwa kumakhaya abo malunga nekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba bavumeleke ukubuyela. Esikhundleni saloo nto, yongezwa ngeminyaka eyongezelelweyo ye-2016 iminyaka ye-US indawo yase-Indian Ocean ekusebenziseni njengesiqhelo sempi, kwaye wathembisa ukuba amaChagossia athathe iiplani ezingama-20-million. UMbutho weNkxaso ye-UK Chagos, ngenxalenye yawo, wabhala isiBrithani isigqibo sokuba "isigqibo esingenangqondo nesingenangqondo esilumkisa isizwe."

April 28. Ngaloo mini kwi-1915, i-International Congress yabaseTyhini, equlethwe ngabathunywa be-1,200 abavela kumazwe e-12, badibene kwiHague, e-Netherlands, ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokuncedisa ukuphelisa imfazwe yaseYurophu kunye nokuqalisa inkqubo yokukhusela imfazwe ezayo ukufunda nokucebisa iindlela zokuphelisa izizathu zabo. Ukuqhubela phambili injongo yabo yokuqala, iindwendwe zendibano zanikezela izigqibo kwaye zathumela abameleli kwiintlanga ezininzi ezinobundlobongela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, bekholelwa ukuba, njengabasetyhini, isenzo sabo sokuthula sibe nefuthe elifanelekileyo lokuziphatha. Kodwa, ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokufunda nokuphelisa iimbangela zemfazwe, bakha inhlangano entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiNkampani yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoXolo kunye neNkululeko (WILPF). Umongameli wokuqala wamazwe ngamazwe, uJane Addams, wamkelwa ngabanye nguMongameli uThomas Wilson eWashington, owasekelwe kwiingqungquthela zakhe ezilishumi ezine ezidumileyo zokuthetha ngokugqitywa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwiingcamango ezipapashwe yiWILPF. EkwaseGeneva, eSwitzerland, umsebenzi weLungu namhlanje kumanqanaba ngamazwe, kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe, kunye namaqela kazwelonke emhlabeni wonke, ukulungiselela iintlanganiso kunye neenkomfa ezifundayo kunye nokujongana nemiba ebalulekileyo yosuku. Phakathi kwabo, kwicala lasekhaya, amalungelo anelungelo kubasetyhini kunye nobulungisa bobuhlanga kunye noqoqosho. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, umbutho usebenza ukuqhubela phambili uxolo nenkululeko, ukuthumela imisebenzi kumazwe aphikisanayo, kwaye, kunye namaziko ngamazwe kunye noorhulumente, ukuzisa ukulungiswa ngokubambisana kweengxabano. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo kule mi sebenzi, iinqununu ezimbini zeLigi ziye zanqoba umvuzo weNobel woxolo: uJane Addams kwi-1931 kwaye, ngo-1946, uNobhala weSizwe wokuqala we-WILPF, u-Emily Greene Balch.

April 29. Ngalo mhla kwi-1975, Njengoko iSouth Vietnam yayiza kuwela kwimikhosi yamaKhomanisi, ngaphezu kwe-1,000 yaseMerika kunye ne-5,000 Vietnamese baxoshwa yi-helicopter evela kwisixeko-dolophu, eSaigon, beya kwiinqanawa zase-US kwi-South China Sea. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-helicopter kuye kwachazwa ngumbimbi omkhulu we-Saigon kaTan Son Nhut ekuqaleni kwelo suku. Nangona ubukhulu becala, ukusebenza kwakuboniswe ngandwendwe olungenakucingelwa kolunye u-65,000 waseMzantsi Vietnam, apho, kwiindawo zokuloba, iibhenji, iinqwelo zokuzikhusela, kunye neesampula, zithembele ukuba zenze iinqwelo zokulwa ze-40 zase-US. Ukufuduka okulandelwa yiminyaka engaphezu kwembini isivumelwano soxolo esayinwe NgoJanuwari 1973 ngabameli be-US, iSouth Vietnam, iV Vietcong, kunye neNyakatho yeVietnam. Yabiza ukuphela komlilo kwiVietnam, ukuhoxiswa kwamabutho ase-US, ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa emfazwe, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweNyakatho kunye neSouth Vietnam ngendlela yokuthula. Nangona yonke imikhosi yase-US ishiye iVietnam ngo-Matshi 1973, abanye abasebenzi base-7,000 beSebe lezoKhuselo bagcinwa ngasemva ukuze bancede amabutho aseMzantsi Vietnam ngokunyusa ukuphulwa komlilo ngeNyakatho yeVietnam yaseVietnam kunye neViquong kangangokuba ngokukhawuleza kwanda kwakhona kwimfazwe epheleleyo. Xa imfazwe iphelile ngowe-Apreli 30, i-1975, uColonel Bui Tin weNyakatho yeVietnam wathi kwi-Vietnamese yaseMzantsi Vietnam: "Awunanto yokwesaba. Phakathi kweVietnam azikho nabanqobi kwaye akukho nqo. Kuphela amaMelika ayanqotshwa. "Kwakukho ke, kwindleko ye-58,000 yaseMelika efile kunye nobomi bezilwanyana ezinezigidi ezine zaseVietnam kunye nabahlali.

April 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1977, abantu be-1,415 babanjwe ngokubhikisha okuphawulekayo kwesikhululo samandla enyukliya okwakhiwayo eSebrook, eNew Hampshire. Ngenxa yokubangela enye yokubanjwa kwamatye amaninzi kumlando wase-US, i-standoff e-Seabrook yanceda ukuhlaselwa kwamandla enyukliya kumhlaba kwaye kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunqandeni iinjongo ze-nyukliya yase-US kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo wezemfundo ukuba bakhe amakhulu amakhulu kwii-reactors kulo lonke ilizwe. Ekuqaleni cwangciswe ngabadlali ababini abaza ku-intanethi nge-1981 ngeendleko ezingaphantsi kwama-$ 1 billion, ukufakwa kwe-Seabrook ekugqibeleni kwancitshiswa kwi-reactor eyodwa eyayibiza i-$ 6.2 billion kwaye ayizange ifike kwi-intanethi kwi-1990. Kule minyaka, isityalo seSeabrook sigcine irekhodi ekhuselekileyo yokhuseleko. Kuye kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncediseni urhulumente waseMassachusetts ukuthobela ukuchongwa okugunyaziwe kwi-carbon emissions. Nangona kunjalo, abameli be-nuclear-power advocates bathi izizathu ezininzi zokuqhubela phambili ukuvala izixhobo zenyukliya, kunokuba zakhiwe ngaphezulu. Ezi ziquka iindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zokwakha nezondlo; ukwanda kwesibheno sezinye izinto ezihlaziyekileyo zogesi ezihlambulukileyo; nemiphumo eyingozi ye-reactor's melt-down; imfuno yokuqinisekisa izicwangciso zokusasazeka okusebenzayo; kwaye, mhlawumbi ebaluleke kakhulu, ingxaki eqhubekayo yokulahlwa kokhuseleko kwenkunkuma yenyukliya. Ukuxhalabisa okunjalo, okwenziwe ngokubaluleka koluntu njengenxalenye yesiganeko se-Seabrook, kuye kwancipha kakhulu indima yamandla enyukliya kwimveliso yaseMelika. Ngo-2015, inani elincinci lama-reactors e-112 e-US kwi-1990 yayinqunywe kwi-99. Ezinye ezisixhenxe zacetywa ukuba zivaliwe kule minyaka elishumi elandelayo.

Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.

Yiya kwiifayile zomsindo.

Yiya kwisicatshulwa.

Yiya kwimizobo.

Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.

Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.

umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.

Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.

Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.