EyoMdumba

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Fe bruwari 1. Ngaloo mini kwi-1960, abafundi abane abamnyama abavela kwiNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina yezoLimo nezobuGcisa iYunivesithi bahlala phantsi kwi-counter counter ngaphakathi kweSitolo saseWoolworth kwi-132 South Elm Street e-Greensboro, eNorth Carolina. U-Ezell Blair Jr., uDavid Richmond, uFranklin McCain, noJoseph McNeil, abafundi baseNorth Carolina kwezoLimo nezoBugcisa, baceba ukuhlala kwiSebe leWoolworth. Emva koko abafundi abane baziwa ngokuba yiGreensboro ezine ngenxa yesibindi nokuzinikezela ekupheliseni ukhetho. Abafundi abane bazama ukuyalela ukutya kwi-counter ye-Woolworth yamasemini kodwa bathathwe ngokusekelwe kubuhlanga. Nangona kunjalo IBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo lawula kwi-1954, ukucwaswa kwakusasaziwa eNingizimu. I-Greensboro Iine zahlala kwinqanaba lesidlo sasemini kwaze kwaba yilapho ivenkile ivalwe, nangona inqatshelwe inkonzo. Amadoda asele abuyele e-Woolworth ekwindla yasemini ngokuphindaphinda aze akhuthaze abanye ukuba bajoyine. NgoFebruwari 5th, abafundi be-300 bajoyine i-Woolworth. Izenzo zabafundi abane abamnyama baphefumlela abanye base-Afrika baseMelika, ngokukodwa abafundi beekholeji, kwiGreensboro kunye noJim Crow South ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezinye izibhikisho ezingabonakaliyo. Ekupheleni kukaKwindla, ukunyakaza okungekho mthethweni kuqhutywe kwimizi ye-55 kwii-13, kwaye ezi ziganeko zakhokelela ekuhlanganisweni kweendawo ezininzi zokutya ezantsi eMzantsi. Iimfundiso zikaMohandas Gandhi zaphefumlela la mabhinqa ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimiboniso engabonakaliyo, ebonisa ukuba nakwihlabathi lobundlobongela nokunyanzeliswa, ukunyakaza okungekho nto kungabangela impembelelo enkulu.

Fe bruwari 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1779, u-Anthony Benezet wenqabe ukuhlawula irhafu ukuze axhaswe iMfazwe yeNguqulelo. Ukuze kugcinwe kwaye ixhase iMfazwe yeNguquko, i-Continental Congress yanikezela irhafu yemfazwe. U-Anthony Benezet, i-Quaker enefuthe, wenqaba ukuhlawula irhafu ngenxa yemfazwe eyimali. I-Benezet, kunye noMoses Brown, uSamuel Allinson kunye namanye amaQuaker, bechasene ngokugqithiseleyo kwimfazwe kuzo zonke iifom zayo, nangona besongelwa ukuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nokubulawa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuhlawula irhafu.

Kwakhona ngalo mhla kwi-1932, idibano yokuqala yokungaxhatshali kwehlabathi yavulwa e-Geneva, eSwitzerland. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-League of Nations yayiye yahlanganisana ukuze igcine uxolo lwehlabathi, kodwa iUnited States yanquma ukungajoyina. EGeneva, i-League of Nations kunye ne-United States izame ukunqanda ukukhawuleza kwamapolisa okwenzeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Uninzi lwamalungu avumile ukuba iJamani kufuneka ibe namazinga angaphantsi kweengalo ngokuthelekiswa namazwe aseYurophu afana neFransi neNgilani; nangona kunjalo, iJitler yaseJamani yabuya kwi-1933 kwaye iintetho zaphuka.

Kwaye kulo mhla ku-1990, uMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uFrederik Willem de Klerk waphakamisa ukuvinjelwa kumaqela achasayo. I-African National Congress okanye i-ANC yaba ngumthetho kwaye ibe yinxalenye ebusayo eMzantsi Afrika ukususela kwi-1994 ebiza ukuba isebenze kubumbano onobunye, ongebuhlanga kunye nentando yesininzi. I-ANC kunye nelungu layo elinamandla kunazo zonke uNelson Mandela babandakanyeka ekupheliseni ubandlululo, kwaye ivumela i-ANC ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kuRhulumente yakha uMzantsi Afrika wentando yesininzi.

February 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1973, imashumi emine yempi eVietnam iphelile ngokusemthethweni xa isivumelwano sokuphela komlilo esayinwe eParis inyanga edlulileyo yaqala ukusebenza. IVietnam yanyamezela phantse intiyo engaphazanyiswanga ukusukela ngo-1945, xa kwakusungulwa imfazwe yenkululeko ngaphandle kweFrance. Imfazwe yamakhaya phakathi kwemimandla ekumantla nakumazantsi eli lizwe yaqala emva kokuba ilizwe lahlulwa yi-Geneva Convention ngo-1954, kwafika “abacebisi” bezomkhosi baseMelika ngo-1955. Uphononongo olwenziwa ngo-2008 yiHarvard Medical School kunye ne-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation e. IYunivesithi yaseWashington yaqikelela ukuba izigidi ezingama-3.8 zabulawa yimfazwe enobundlobongela ngenxa yoko abantu baseVietnam bakubiza ngokuba yiMelika. Phantse ezibini kwisithathu sokufa babengekho emkhosini. Izigidi ezongezelelweyo zafa njengoko i-United States yandisa imfazwe eLaos naseCambodia. Abonzakeleyo bebengamanani aphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ngokwamatyala ezibhedlele zaseVietnam zaseVietnam, isinye kwisithathu yayingabafazi kunye nekota enye yabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-13. Abonzakeleyo baseMelika babandakanya abangama-58,000 ababuleweyo nabangama-153,303 balimala, kunye nabangama-2,489 abalahlekileyo, kodwa amanani aphezulu amagqala uzibulale ngokuzibulala. Ngokwe-Pentagon, i-United States ichithe malunga ne- $ 168 yezigidigidi kwimfazwe yaseVietnam (malunga ne- $ 1 trillion ngo-2016 imali). Loo mali ibinokusetyenziselwa ukuphucula imfundo okanye ukuxhasa ngemali iinkqubo ezisandula ukwenziwa zeMedare kunye neMedicaid. IVietnam ayibanga sisongelo e-United States, kodwa-njengoko i-Pentagon Papers ityhilile-urhulumente wase-US uqhubeke nemfazwe, unyaka nonyaka, ikakhulu "ukugcina ubuso."

Fe bruwari 4. Ngaloo mini kwi-1913, iRosa Parks yazalwa. I-Rosa Parks yayingu-African militant activist lobambiswano lobulungisa bamalungelo oluntu, owona obalaseleyo uqalise iMontgomery Bus Boycott ngokungafuni ukukhupha isihlalo somhlophe, ngelixa egibela ibhasi. I-Rosa Parks yaziwa ngokuba yi "Lady First of Civil Rights" kwaye yaphumelela uMongameli woMongameli wenkululeko ngenxa yokuzinikezela kwakhe ukulingana nokuphelisa ulwahlulo. Iipaki zazalelwa eTuskegee, eAlabama, yaye zaxhatshazwa njengomntwana ngabamelwane abamhlophe; Nangona kunjalo, wamkela idiploma yesikolo esiphakamileyo kwi-1933, nangona i-7% kuphela yama-Afrika aseMerika agqibe isikolo esiphakamileyo ngelo xesha. Xa uRosa Parks enqaba ukuyeka isitulo sakhe, wabhekana nobudlobongela balabo abakuzungezile kunye nemithetho engafanelekanga kaJim Crow eyenziwe nguorhulumente. Ngokomthetho, iipaki zafuneka ukuba zinike isihlalo sakhe, kwaye wayezimisele ukuya ejele ukuze abonise ukuzinikela kwakhe ekulinganeni. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elide kunye elinzima, abantu abamnyama baseMontgomery baphelisa ukwahlukana kwiibhasi. Benza oko ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubudlova okanye ukwanda kwenzondo. Inkokeli eyaphuma kuloo ntshukumo yenkqantosi kwaye yaqhubeka iholele ezinye iiprojekthi ziyiDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. Imigaqo efanayo kunye nezindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo eMontgomery zinokuguqulwa kwaye zisetyenziswe kwimithetho engalunganga kunye namaziko angalunganga namhlanje. Siyakwazi ukuphefumlelwa kwiRosa Park kunye nalabo baqhubela phambili imbangela yakhe ukuqhubela phambili izizathu zoxolo nobulungisa apha kwaye ngoku.

Fe bruwari 5. Ngaloo mini kwi-1987, oogogo boxolo bavakalisa kwisiza se-nyukliya se-Nevada. UBarbara Wiedner wasungula ama-Grandmothers for Peace International kwi-1982 emva kokuba afunde ngezixhobo zenyukliya ze-150 kwiikhilomitha zendlu yakhe eSacramento, eCalifornia. Injongo yombutho ekujoliswe kuyo kukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nobuni bezixhobo zenukliya ngokubonisa imibhikisho. Abasetyhini abathandathu base-US, kuquka uLeon Panetta kunye noBarbara Boxer, bathatha inxaxheba kulo mboniso, kunye nabalingisi uMartin Sheen, uKris Kristofferson noRobert Blake. Ukuqhankqalaza okungekho sikhokelo kwi-Nevada indawo yokuhlolwa kweekryukliya kwazisa ininzi yolondolozo lweendaba kunye nokupapashwa kwezixhobo zokuhlola izixhobo zenyukliya ezingekho mthethweni. Ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenukliya e-Nevada kwaphula umthetho kwaye kwabangela ubudlelwane base-US kunye neSoviet Union, ukukhuthaza ezinye izixhobo zonyusa uphuhliso kunye novavanyo. Kuloo mboniso, ukuxuba okungaqhelekanga kwabapolitiki, abadlali, abafazi asebekhulile, kunye nabanye abaninzi bathumela umyalezo kuMongameli uRonald Reagan kunye noorhulumente wase-United States ukuba ukuhlolwa kweekhamyliya kwakungamkelekanga, kwaye abahlali akufanele bagcinwe ebumnyameni ngezenzo zabo zorhulumente. Omnye umyalezo uthunyelwe kubantu abaqhelekileyo kule mizila: ukuba iqela elincinci labakhulu lingabangela impembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu xa bafumana ukulungelelanisa nokusebenzayo, ngoko unako. Khawucinge ngempembelelo esinokuyenza xa sonke sisebenza kuyo. Ukukholelwa ekukhuselweni kwenyukliya kuye kwaqhaqhazela, kodwa izixhobo zihleli, kwaye imfuno yokunyanzelisa ukunyusa ukukhula kwazo zikhula ngonyaka ngamnye.

February 6. Ngaloo mini kwi-1890, u-Abdul Ghaffar Khan wazalwa. UAbdul Ghaffar Khan, okanye uBacha Khan, wazalwa kwiNdiya elawulwa yiBrithani ibe yintsapho ephathekayo yomhlaba. I-Bacha Khan iphambili ebomini yobuncwane ukuze kuvelwe umbutho ongekho mthethweni, obizwa ngokuba yi-"Red Shirt Movement", eyayizinikezele ukuzimela kwe-Indiya. UKhan wadibana noMohandas Gandhi, iqela lokungathobeli komthetho, kunye noKhan waba ngumcebisi wakhe osondeleyo, obangela ukuba ubuhlobo obude bude bude bude buze bube nokubulawa kukaGandhi kwi-1948. UBacha Khan wasebenzisa ukungahloneli komntu ongenamthetho ukufumana amalungelo ePastuns ePakistan, kwaye wabanjwa ezininzi ngezihlandlo zakhe zenkalipho. NjengomSilamsi, uKhan wasebenzisa inkolo yakhe njengomoya okhuthazayo wokukhuthaza uluntu okhululekileyo noluxolweni, apho abemi abahluphekayo baza kunikwa uncedo baze bavunyelwe ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho. UKhan wayazi ukuba ukungabi nonyango kubangela uthando kunye novelwano xa uvukelo olubundlobongela lukhokelela ekugwetyweni kunye nokuzonda; Ngoko ke, ukusebenzisa iindlela ezingenayo i-nonololent, ngelixa kunzima kwezinye iimeko, yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokwenza utshintsho kwilizwe. UBushe baseBrithani besaba izenzo zikaGandhi kunye noBacha Khan, njengoko kuboniswe xa kukho uxolo lwe-200, ababhikishi abangekho mkhosi babulawa ngamapolisa aseBrithani. I-Massacre e-Kissa Khani Bazaar ibonise ubuqhetseba beenkolonti zaseBritani kwaye yabonisa isizathu sokuba uBacha Khan alwe nokuzimela. Kwintetho kwi-1985, uBacha Khan wathi, "Ndikholwa kukungabi nonyanzelo kwaye ndithi akukho uxolo okanye uxolo luya kuhla kwehlabathi kuze kube yinto engacaluliyo, kuba ukungabi nonyanzelo luyintando kwaye luba nesibindi kubantu."

Fe bruwari 7. Ngale mini, uThomas More wazalwa. USt Thomas Thomas More, isazi sefilosofi esingumKatolika nesiNgesi, wenqaba ukwamukela iSonto elitsha lase-Anglican yaseNgilani, kwaye waxutywa ngamakhanda ngenxa yokunyanzela kwi-1535. UTom Thomas More wabhala Utopia, Incwadi ebonisa isiqithi esifanelekileyo esizimeleyo kwaye sisebenza ngaphandle kweengxaki. Okungakumbi kuvavanya isimilo kuyo yonke incwadi ngokuxoxa ngeziphumo zesidima. Wabhala ukuba umntu ngamnye ufumana imbuyekezo evela kuThixo ngokwenza izinto ezilungileyo kunye nezohlwayo ngokwenza ngolunya. Abantu ababelapho babesebenzisana yaye behlala ngoxolo omnye nomnye ngaphandle kogonyamelo okanye iingxabano. Nangona abantu ngoku bejonga uluntu lwase-Utopian oluchazwe nguThomas More njengephupha elingenakwenzeka, kubalulekile ukuba uzabalazele olu hlobo loxolo. Ihlabathi ngoku aliseluxolweni kwaye alunabundlobongela; Nangona kunjalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzama ukudala ilizwe elinoxolo, elingenantlonelo. Ingxaki yokuqala ekufuneka yoyisiwe sisenzo semfazwe ngazo zonke iindlela. Ukuba sinokwenza ifayile world beyond war, uluntu olungenantlonelo aluyi kubonakala ngathi luyinto engaqhelekanga kwaye izizwe ziya kuba nakho ukugxila ekuboneleleni ngabemi bazo ngokuchasene nokuchitha imali ukwakha amajoni. Imibutho yoluntu ayifanelanga ukuba ilahlwe nje njengengenakwenzeka; Endaweni yoko, kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengenjongo edibeneyo yoorhulumente behlabathi kunye nabantu ngabanye. UThomas More wabhala Utopia ukubonisa iingxaki ezikhoyo kulo lonke uluntu. Abanye baye baphiliswa. Abanye kufuneka babe.

Fe bruwari 8. Ngaloo mini kwi-1690, ukubulawa kobulali ku-Schenectady kwenzeke. Ukubulawa kobulali kwaSchenectady kukuhlaselwa kwidolophana yesiNgesi ikakhulu yabasetyhini kunye nabantwana abaqhutyelwa yiqoqo lamajoni aseFransi namaNdiya ase-Algonquian. Ukubulawa kwabantu kwangoku kwenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe kaWilliam William, eyaziwa ngokuba yiMfazwe Yeminyaka Emashumi Amanci, emva kokuhlaselwa koburhatshazo kwamazwe aseNdiya ngesiNgesi. Abahlaseli bavutha izindlu kwiidolophana baza babulawa okanye baboshwa malunga nawo wonke umntu kuluntu. Kuwonke, abantu be-60 babulawa phakathi kobusuku, kubandakanywa nabesifazane be-10 kunye ne-12 abantwana. Omnye osindileyo, ngelixa emele, wenyuka esuka eSchenectady ukuya eAlbany ukuxelela abanye okwenzekile kwilali dolophu. Unyaka ngamnye ngokukhunjulwa kokubulala, umphathi we-Schenectady ugibela ehashe ukusuka eSchenectady ukuya eAlbany, ethatha indlela efanayo nomsindileyo athathe. Ukukhunjulwa konyaka yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuba abemi baqonde iingxaki zokulwa nezobudlova. Amadoda angenacala, abafazi kunye nabantwana babulawa kungekho sizathu. I dolophu yaseSchenectady yayilungele ukuhlaselwa, kwaye ayizange ikwazi ukuzikhusela kwiFrench neAlgonquians. Oku kubulawa kwakuye kugwenywa ukuba loo macala amabini ayengakaze alwe; Ngaphezulu, oku kubonisa ukuba imfazwe iyingozi bonke abantu, kungekhona nje abo balwa emacaleni angaphambili. Kuze kube yilapho imfazwe ichithwa iya kuqhubeka ukubulala abangenacala.

Fe bruwari 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1904, iMfazwe yaseRussia-yaseJapan yaqala. Kuyo yonke i19 ekupheleni^th kunye ne20 yokuqala^th Amakhulu amabini, iJapane, kunye neentlanga ezininzi zaseYurophu, azama ukungena ngokungekho mthethweni kwiindawo zaseAsia. Njengamagunya ase-European colonial, iJapane yayiza kuthatha ummandla kwaye ifake urhulumente wexeshana wolawulo lwama-colonial oza kuxhaphaza abahlali kwaye avelise iimpahla ukuze azuze ilizwe elikholisayo. Bobabini iRashiya neJapan bafuna ukuba iKorea ifakwe phantsi kwegunya labo lizwe, eyabangela ukungqubana phakathi kweentlanga ezimbini kwi-peninsula yaseKorea. Le mfazwe yayingumzabalazo wokuzimela ngaphandle kweKorea; Kunoko, kwakuyilwa ngamagunya amabini angaphandle ngaphandle kokugqiba isigwebo saseKorea. Iimfazwe ezixinzezelayo zeenkoloni ezifana nale yelizwe elibhubhisa njengeKorea zombini kunye nezobupolitika. IKorea yayiya kuqhubeka ingenelela imfazwe phakathi kweMfazwe yaseKorea kwi-1950. IJapan yahlula iRussia kwimfazwe yaseRussia-Yapostiki kwaye yagcinwa ukulawula koloni kwi-peninsula yaseKorea kwaze kwaba yi-1945 xa iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union yanqoba amaJapan. Ngokonke, kukho ukuqikelelwa kwe-150,000 ekupheleni kwemfazwe yaseRussia-yaseJapane, kubandakanywa nokufa kwabantu base20,000. Le mpi yekoloni yathintela ilizwe laseKorea elibukoloni ngaphezu kobugwenxa ngenxa yokuba yayingalwanga kumazwe aseJapan okanye aseRussia. Ukoloni luqhubeka luqhubeka nanamhlanje kulo lonke elaseMbindi Mpuma, kwaye iUnited States iyalwela ukulwa neemfazwe ezixhasayo ngokubonelela ngezixhobo zokunceda amaqela athile. Kunokuba usebenze ekupheliseni imfazwe, iUnited States iyaqhubeka isinika izixhobo zemfazwe ehlabathini lonke.

Fe bruwari 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1961, i-Voice of Nuclear Disarmament, isiteshi somsakazo we-pirate, saqalisa ukusebenza kwe-offshore kufuphi ne-Great Britain. Isikhululo sasiqhutywe nguDkt John Hasted, isayensi ye-athomu kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, ingcali yomculo kunye nomsakazo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ummemezeli, uLynn Wynn Harris, wayengumfazi kaDkt John Hasted. UDkt. Wazibandakanya kunye nomfundi wefilosofi kunye nofilosofi uBertrand Russell kwiKomidi yeNcedo lweNyukliya, iqela elalandela ifilosofi kaGandhi yokungathobeli komthetho. I-Voice of Nuclear Disarmament yasasazwa kwi-channel ye-BBC emva kwe-11 ntambama kwi-1961-62. Yaphakanyiswa eLondon yiKomidi ye-anti-war ye-100 ngelixa ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bajoyine iindibano zabo. UBertrand Russell wasula njengoMongameli weKomiti yeNcedo lweNyukliya ukuba abe ngumongameli weKomiti ye-100. Ikomiti ye-100 yenze imibukiso emikhulu yokuhlala phantsi, eyona yokuqala eyenziwa ngoFebhuwari 18, i-1961 ngaphandle kweSebe loMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko e-Whitehall, kwaye kamva eTrafalgar Square kunye ne-Holy Loch Polaris. Ezi zilandelwe ngokubanjwa kunye nokulingwa kwamalungu e-32 eKomiti ye-100, amaofisi abo ahlaselwa ngamagosa aSebe aKhethekileyo, kunye namalungu ayisithandathu ahamba phambili ahlawuliswa ngecala loqhinga phantsi koMthetho weeNgcaciso zeeMthethweni. U-Ian Dixon, uTerry Chandler, uTrvor Hatton, uMichael Randle, uPat Pottle kunye noHelen Allegranza batholakala benetyala baze bavalelwa ngoFebruwari 1962. IKomiti yatshatyalaliswa kwiiKomiti zeNgingqi ze-13. IKomidi yaseLondon ye-100 yiyona nto isebenzayo, ivula umagazini welizwe, Isenzo soxolo, ngo-Ephreli 1963, kamva Ukuchasana, 1964.

Fe bruwari 11. Ngaloo mini kwi-1990, uNelson Mandela wakhululwa entolongweni. Waqhubeka edlala indima ephambili ekupheliseni isigxina seNgcambu eMzantsi Afrika. Uncedo oluvela kwi-Intelligence Agency ye-US Central, uNelson Mandela wabanjwa ngenxa yokugwetywa, waza wahlala entolongweni evela kwi-1962-1990; nangona kunjalo, wahlala engumzekelo kunye nenkokeli ebonakalayo yentshukumo yokulwa neentlupheko. Emva kweminyaka emine emva kokukhululwa entolongweni, wakhethwa ngumongameli waseMzantsi Afrika, wamvumela ukuba adlule umgaqo-siseko omtsha, ukudala amalungelo alinganayo kwezopolitiko kubantu abamnyama nabamhlophe. UMandela wayigweme ukubuyisela ukubuyisela inyaniso kunye nokuxolelana kwelizwe lakhe. Uthe wayekholelwa ukuba uthando lunokulwa nobubi kwaye wonke umntu kufuneka athathe inxaxheba ekuchaseni ukucinezelwa nokuzonda. Iingcamango zikaMandela zingafingqwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Akukho mntu uzalwe ngumntu othile ngenxa yombala wesikhumba sakhe, okanye imvelaphi yakhe okanye unqulo lwakhe. Abantu kufuneka bafunde ukuzonda, kwaye ukuba bangafunda ukuzonda, banokufundiswa ukuba bathande, kuba uthando luza ngokuqhelekileyo entliziyweni yomntu kunokuba luhluke. "Ukuze kupheliswe imfazwe kwaye kudala uluntu oluzaliswe uxolo, kufuneka babe ngabasebenzi abanjengoNelson Mandela abazimisele ukunikela ubomi babo bonke ngenxa yezizathu. Lo ngumhla omuhle ukugubha isenzo esingazenziyo, ukudibanisa, ukuxolelana kunye nokubuyiselwa komthetho.

Fe bruwari 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1947, i-card yokuqala yokutsala i-peace card e-United States yenzeke. Kukho ukungaqondi okungaqhelekanga ukuba ukuchasana nomgaqo-nkqubo owaqala kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam; Enyanisweni, abaninzi baye bachasana nokubhalwa kwezempi ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo kwiMfazwe yaseMelika. Amanqaku angama-72,000 anqatshelwe kwidrafti ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaye emva kwemfazwe, abaninzi abantu abanjalo bahlala besa batshisa amakhadi abo. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiphelile kwaye kwakungekho mbhalo obusondeleyo, kodwa ukutshisa amakhadi abo okuyilwayo kwakukho ingxelo yezopolitiko. Iintshaba zehlabathi ze-500 zeemfazwe zehlabathi zatshisa amakhadi abo kwisixeko saseNew York naseWashington, DC ukwenzela ukuba abonise ukuba abayi kuthatha inxaxheba okanye baxoxise ukuqhutyelwa kobundlobongela baseMelika. Abaninzi bala maqhawe babenqabile imbali ende yongenelelo lwamaZiko aseMelika kunye namanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele ukususela ekuzalweni kwe-United States. I-United States iye yahlala ekulweni imfazwe ukususela ngo-1776, kwaye luhlanga oluxhomekeke ngokugqithiseleyo. Kodwa izenzo ezilula ezinjengomlilo oqulunqwayo amakhadi ziye zathetha ngamandla kuRhulumente wase-US ukuba abemi abayi kwamkela isizwe rhoqo kwiimeko zemfazwe. I-United States okwangoku imfazwe, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba abemi bafumane iindlela zokuziphatha ezingenakuphulukisa ukuthetha ukunganeliseki zabo ngezenzo zikaRhulumente wabo.

Fe bruwari 13. Ngaloo mini kwi-1967, ethwele iifoto ezinkulu zezingane zaseNapalmed Vietnamese, amalungu e-2,500 eqela leSety Strike for Peace laphazamisa i-Pentagon, efuna ukubona "oothixo abathumela oonyana bethu eVietnam." Iinkokeli ngaphakathi kwePentagon ekuqaleni zavalela iingcango kwaye zavuma ukuvumela abaqhankqalazi ngaphakathi. Emva kwemizamo eqhubekayo, ekugqibeleni bavunyelwa ngaphakathi, kodwa abazange banikwe intlanganiso yabo kunye nabaphathi abaye baceba ukudibana nabo. Endaweni yoko, badibana nombuthano ongenakuphendula. I-Women Strike for Peace group ifuna iimpendulo ezivela kulawulo olungayi kubonelela ngokucacileyo, ngoko banquma ukuba kwakuyithuba lokuthabatha ukuya eWashington. Le mini nabanye, urhulumente wase-United States wenqabe ukuvuma ukusetyenziswa kwayo kweegesi ezinobuthi ezingekho mthethweni kwiimfazwe ngeVietnam. Ngaphandle kwemifanekiso yabantwana baseVietnam baseNetherlands, ulawulo lukaJohnson luqhubeka lubeka ityala kwiNorth Vietnam. Urhulumente waseUnited States uthembela kubemi bawo ukuze aqhubekele oko kuthiwa "imfazwe ngokumelene nobukhomanisi," nangona bengaboni miphumo kunye namazinga amaninzi ahlaselwa. I-Women Strike for Peace inhlangano yabona ukungabikho kwemfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye yayifuna iimpendulo zangempela malunga nendlela ukulwa ngayo kuya kupheliswa. Amanga nokukhohliswa kwabangela iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Aba bhikishi bafuna iimpendulo kubaphathi be-Pentagon, kodwa iinkokeli zemikhosi zaqhubeka zikhanyela ukusebenzisa i-gesi ezinetyhefu nangona ubungqina obunzima. Nangona kunjalo inyaniso yaphuma kwaye ayisayikuphikiswa.

Fe bruwari 14. Ngaloo mini kwi-1957, iNkomfa ye-Southern Leadership Conference (SCLC) yasungulwa e-Atlanta. INgqungquthela yamaKhosi yamaKhosi aseMzantsi yaqala iinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba inkqubo yebhasi yaseMontgomery ihlukaniswe nguMontgomery Bus Boycott. I-SCLC yaphefumlelwa yi-Rosa Parks kwaye yaxhaswa ngabantu abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. ababekhonza njengegosa elikhethiweyo. Injongo yokuqhubeka kombutho kukusebenzisa ukukhusela okungenzileyo kunye nesenzo ukwenzela ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nokuphelisa ubandlululo. Ukongeza, i-SCLC ifuna ukusasaza ubuKristu njengento ekholelwayo yindlela yokudala indawo enokuthula kubo bonke abantu kulo lonke elaseUnited States. I-SCLC ibenzima ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuthula ukuzisa utshintsho kwiiMerika eziManyeneyo, kwaye ziye zaphumelela kakhulu. Kukho ubuhlanga, ubuqu kunye nolwakhiwo, kwaye ilizwe alilingani, kodwa kukho ukuphucula okukhulu ekuhambeni kwentlalo kubantu base-Afrika baseMerika. Ukuthula akuyona into ezayo kwihlabathi lethu ngaphandle kweenkokheli ezinjenge-SCLC ezenzayo ukuze zenze utshintsho. Okwangoku, kukho izahluko kunye namaqela ahlangeneyo kulo lonke elaseUnited States, ayingasecaleni kuMzantsi. Abantu banokujoyina amaqela afana ne-SCLC, ekhuthaza uxolo ngonqulo kwaye ingenza umehluko ngokuqhubekayo ukwenza okulungileyo. Imibutho yonqulo efana ne-SCLC iye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukwahlula nokukhuthaza indawo ezizolileyo.

Fe bruwari 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1898, umkhumbi wase-US othiwa yi-USS Maine wenyuka echwebeni eHaana, eCuba. Amagosa aseMelika kunye namaphephandaba, abanye babo babememeza ngokuvulelekileyo isizathu sokuqalisa imfazwe iminyaka ngokukhawuleza bathi i-Spain, nangona kungabikho ubungqina. ISpeyin yaphakamisa uphando oluzimeleyo kwaye lwazinikela ekuthobeleni isigqibo salo naluphi na umbhikishi wesithathu. I-United States inqwenela ukukhawuleza kwimfazwe engayi kuba yinto ecacileyo yokuba iSpain ityala. Uphando lwama-US kwiminyaka eyi-75 ludlulile ngokugqityiweyo, njengoko kwakunomfundisi we-US Naval Academy uFilipu Alger ngexesha (kwingxelo ecatshulwa yimfazwe yokulwela i-Theodore Roosevelt) ukuba Maine ngokuqinisekileyo yayishukunyiswe ngophotho lwangaphakathi nolusengozini. Khumbula iMaine neGehena ngeSpain Isikhalo semfazwe, sisakhuthazwa zizikhumbuzo ezininzi ezibonisa iziqwenga zenqanawa kulo lonke elaseMelika kude kube namhla. Kodwa esihogweni ngenqaku, ingqiqo, uxolo, isimilo, kunye nabantu baseCuba, ePuerto Rico, ePhilippines naseGuam yayiyinyani. KwiiPhilippines, ama-200,000 ukuya kwi-1,500,000 abahlali babulawa bubundlobongela nezifo. Iminyaka elikhulu elinesihlanu emva komhla we Maine I-sank, ihlabathi lichasa ukuhlaselwa okubangelwa yi-US e-Irak ngosuku olukhulu kakhulu lokubhikisha kwimbali. Ngenxa yoko, iintlanga ezininzi zachasene nemfazwe, kwaye iZizwe eziManyeneyo zenqabile ukuyigweba. I-United States yaqhubeka nayiphi na, ngokuphula umthetho. Lo ngumhla omuhle wokufundisa ihlabathi ngokuphathelele ukulwa nokulwa nokulwa.

Fe bruwari 16. Ngolu suku ngo-1941, ileta eyayifundiswa kuzo zonke iipulpiti zeCawa yaseNorway yayalela abo babehlanganisene ukuba "beme beqinile, bekhokelwa lilizwi likaThixo… kwaye bathembeke kwinkolelo yakho yangaphakathi." Ngokwalo icala, iCawe ibabulisile bonke abalandeli bayo “kuvuyo lokholo nenkalipho kwiNkosi noMsindisi wethu.” Le leta yayifuna abantu baseNorway ukuba baxhathise ukuthatha amaNazi kwiCawa yamaLuthere yaseNorway, emva kohlaselo lweli lizwe ngoAprili 9, 1940. ICawa nayo yathatha amanyathelo ayo ngqo ukuthintela uhlaselo lwamaNazi. NgeCawa yePasika, ngo-1942, uxwebhu olwaluthunyelwe yiCawa kubo bonke abefundisi lwafundwa ngokuvakalayo phantse kuwo onke amabandla. Ebizwa ngokuba “sisiseko seCawe,” ibongoza wonke umfundisi ukuba arhoxe njengomphathiswa weCawa kaRhulumente – isenzo esasisaziwa yiCawe ukuba siza kubatshutshisa kwaye basivalele entolongweni. Kodwa iqhinga lasebenza. Xa bonke abefundisi beyekile emsebenzini, abantu babaxhasa ngothando, ukunyaniseka, kunye nemali, banyanzela amagunya ecawa yamaNazi ukuba ashiye izicwangciso zokubasusa kumarhamente abo. Ngokurhoxa, nangona kunjalo, i-State Church yapheliswa kwaza kwalungelelaniswa icawa entsha yamaNazi. Kuze kube ngoMeyi 8, 1945, nokunikezelwa komkhosi waseJamani, ukuze iicawa zaseNorway zibuyiselwe kwimeko yazo. Ukanti, ileta yabefundisi yafundwa kwiipulpiti zaseNorway ngaphezulu kweminyaka emine ngaphambili yayidlale eyayo indima ebalulekileyo. Ibonisile kwakhona ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo banokulindelwa ukuba bafumane isibindi sokumelana nengcinezelo nokukhusela amaxabiso abawabona njengabalulekileyo kubuntu babo.

February 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1993, iinkokheli ze-1989 abafundi bezibhikisho zaseChina zakhishwa. Uninzi lwabanjelwa eBeijing apho kwi-1949, kwiTiananmen Square, i-Mao Zedong yamemezela "iRiphabliki yabantu" phantsi kolawulo lwamajenjista. Imfuno yedemokhrasi yokwenyaniso yanda iminyaka engamashumi amane de i-Tiananmen, i-Chengdu, i-Shanghai, i-Nanjing, i-Xi'an, i-Changsha kunye nezinye iindawo zatshitshisa ihlabathi kuba abafundi abayizinkulungwane babulawa, benzakelekile kunye / okanye bavalelwe. Naphezu kwezame zeTshayina zokubamba umshicileli, abanye bafumana ukuqashelwa ngamazwe ngamazwe. Fang Lizhi, uprofesa we-astrophysics, wanikwa indawo yokukhosela e-US, kwaye wafundiswa kwiYunivesithi yaseArizona. Wang Dan, umlando we-University of Peking wase-Peking oneminyaka eyi-20, wabanjwa kabili, waxotshwa kwi-1998, waza waba ngumphenyi weendwendwe e-Oxford, kunye nosihlalo we-Chinese Constitutional Reform Association. Chai Ling, umfundi we-23 oneminyaka engama-70 ubudala wezemvelo wasinda emva kweenyanga ezilishumi efihliweyo, ephumelele kwiSikolo seBusiness Harvard, waza waba ngumphathi oyintloko kwi-intanethi zokuphuhlisa ii-intanethi kwiiyunivesithi. Wu'er Kaixi, Umdlali we-21 owayeneminyaka elambileyo walamba wamkhuza uNkulumbuso u-Li Peng kumabonwakude kazwelonke, wabaleka eFransi, wafunda i-economics eHarvard. Liu Xiaobo, umgxeki wabhaliweyo owaqalisa "i-Charter 08," i-manifesto efuna amalungelo ngamnye, inkululeko yokuthetha, kunye nolonyulo lwamaqela amaninzi, lwaqhutywa kwindawo engachazwanga kufuphi neBeijing. Han Dongfang, umqeqeshi wesitimela oneminyaka eyi-27 oye wanceda ukumisa i-Federation yeBeijing Autonomous Workers 'Federation kwi-1989, inyunyana yokuqala yokuzimela kwiChina yamaKomanisi, yavalelwa kwaye yaxoshwa. UHan wasinda eHong Kong, waza waqalisa iChina Labor Bulletin ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi baseTshayina. Indoda ekhutshelwe i-videotaped ivimba umgca weetanki ayizange ichongwe.

Fe bruwari 18. Ngalo mhla e 1961, sobulumko yaseBritani / oneminyala eli-88 ubudala Bertrand Russell wakhokela hambo kwabanye abantu 4,000 ukuya eLondon Trafalgar Square, apho iintetho ziye zasiwa ekhalazela ukufika evela America of polaris imijukujelwa weave inkwili-laqalisa nuclear-exhobileyo. Abacatshulwa baqhubela phambili kwiNgqobhoko yeNgqobhoko yaseBrithani, apho uRussell wayifaka umyalezo wokubhikisha kwizango zendlu. Umboniso wokuhlala phantsi ulandelwa kwisitrato, ehlala malunga neeyure ezintathu. Umcimbi waseFebruwari ngowokuqala ukulungiswa yiqela elitsha lokulwa ne-anti-nuke, "iKomiti ye100," apho uRussell ayekhethwe ngumongameli. Ikomiti eyahluke kakhulu kwi-Campaign yase-UK eyenzelwe ukuKhuselwa kweNyukliya, apho uRussell wayemisele khona njengomongameli. Esikhundleni sokuhlelwa kweendlela ezilula zesitalato kunye nabaxhasayo abaphethe iimpawu, injongo yeKomidi yayikusetyenzwa kunye nokuqwalaselwa-ukufumana izenzo ezizodwa zokungathobeli komthetho. URussell wachaza izizathu zakhe zokumisela iKomidi kwinqaku Omtsha waseMerika ngoFebruwari 1961. Ngokwengxenye wathi: “Ukuba bonke abo bangawuthandiyo umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente banokujoyina imiboniso emikhulu yokungathobeli eluntwini banokwenza urhulumente angenangqondo kwaye banyanzele abo babizwa ngokuba ngoorhulumente ukuba bavume ngamanyathelo angenza ukuba abantu baphile. ” IKomiti ye-100 yaqhuba umboniso wayo osebenzayo nge-17 kaSeptemba 1961, xa yayivale ngempumelelo iintloko zepier kwi-Holy Loch Polaris base base. Emva koko, nangona kunjalo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zibangele ukwehla ngokukhawuleza, kubandakanya ukwahluka kweenjongo eziphambili zeqela, ukubanjwa kwamapolisa, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwimikhankaso esekwe kwimiba engeyiyo eyenyukliya. URussell ngokwakhe warhoxa kwiKomiti ngo-1963, kwaye umbutho wachithwa ngo-Okthobha u-1968.

Fe bruwari 19. Ngaloo mini kwi-1942, ngexesha leMfazwe yehlabathi yaseJamani ye-Ntshona II, ootitshala baseNorway baqalisa umkhankaso ophumelelayo wokumelana nokungazimeli kolwaphulo lweNazi olusisiseko kwinkqubo yezemfundo yelizwe. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwakuye kwahlulwa ngumhleli weNazi uVidkun Quisling, ngoko uMphathiswa okhethwe nguNazi-Mongameli waseNorway. Ngokwemigqaliselo yommiselo, umanyano okhoyo ootitshala uya kutshabalala kwaye bonke ootitshala babhaliswa ngoFebhuwari 5, 1942 kunye neNational Teachers Union Union. Noko ke, ootitshala banqabile ukuba bangabikho nkcaso, nangona kunjalo, kwaye bahoywa umhla wokugqibela we-Februwari 5. Emva koko balandela ukukhokelwa kweqela elingaphantsi kweNazi elise-Oslo, elithumela bonke ootitshala inqaku elifutshane abangawasebenzisa ukuvakalisa ukugatya kwabo ngokubambisana kunye nemfuno yamaNazi. Ootitshala bafanele bakopishe baze bathumele le nkcazo ku rhu lumente, kunye negama labo kunye nedilesi yabo. NgoFebhuwari 19, i-1942, ininzi yabafundisi be-12,000 baseNorway babenze oko kanye. Impendulo ye-Quisling yamatyala yayiyiyokuba ulandele izikolo zaseNorway ukuba zivaliwe inyanga. Noko ke, elo nyathelo lwabangela ukuba abazali abathukutheleyo babhale iincwadi ze-200,000 zokubhikisha kurhulumente. Ootitshala ngokwabo babephethe iiklasi kwizicwangciso zangasese, kunye nemibutho engaphantsi komhlaba yahlawula umvuzo kwiintsapho zabafundi abangaphezu kwe-1,300 ababethe babanjwa. Ukuvuma ukungaphumeleli kwezicwangciso zabo zokugxotha izikolo zaseNorway, abalawuli bamaFascist bakhulume bonke ootitshala abavalelwe ngoNovemba 1942, kwaye inkqubo yemfundo yabuyiselwa kulawulo lwaseNorway. Isicwangciso sokungaxhatshazwa kwamanyathelo esinobudlova siphumelele ukulwa nokucwangciswa koxinzelelo lwabantu abangenabundlobongela.

Fe bruwari 20. Ngaloo mini kwi-1839, iCongress yadlulisela umthetho owenqabela ukukhwela kwiSithili sase-Columbia. Isigatshana somthetho sasiqhutywe isikhalazo esidlangalaleni kwi-duel ye-1838 kwi-Bladensburg Dueling Grounds egqithisekayo eMaldinburg, ngaphaya komda we-DC. Kuloo ngqungquthela, iCongress eyaziwayo ephuma eMaine egama linguJonathan Cilley yadutshulwa yaya kubulawa ngumnye uMongameli, uWilliam Graves waseKentucky. Ukuqhubela phambili kwakubonwa njengobuncwane, kungekhona nje ukuba kuthengelelaniswa ukutshatyalaliswa kwemitshina emithathu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba umsindisi, amaGraves, wayengakhange ahlaselwe yixhoba lakhe. Uthe wangena kwi-duel njengendlela yokuma ukumela ubungqina bomhlobo, umhleli wephephandaba laseNew York ogama linguJames Webb, owayebizwa ngokuba nguCilley. Ngenxalenye yalo, iNdlu yabameli ikhethe ukungafuni ukugweba amaGraves okanye amanye amabini amaKhoseli ayenayo kwi-duel, nangona i-dueling yayisele ichasene nomthetho kwi-DC nakwiindawo ezininzi zaseMerika kunye nemimandla. Esikhundleni salokho, yanikezela ibhilikhwe eya "thintela ukunikezela okanye ukwamukelwa kwiSithili sase-Columbia, umngeni wokulwa ne-duel, kunye nesohlwayiso sayo." Emva kokuhamba kwayo yiCongress, umlinganiselo owenziwe umda wokuvalwa ukukhwabanisa, kodwa kwakuncinane ukuphelisa umkhwa. Njengoko bebenjalo rhoqo ukususela kwi-1808, abadumi be-duelists baqhubeka bedibana kwindawo yaseBladensburg eMadgan, ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Ukulandela iMfazwe Yomphakathi, ke, ukukhwabanisa kwakungabonakali kwaye kwaye kwancipha ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elase-US Ukugqibela kwamashumi amabini anama-duels aseBladensburg walwa kwi-1868.

Fe bruwari 21. Ngalo mhla kwi-1965, umphathiswa wama-Muslim-waseMelika kunye nomlindi wamalungelo oluntu uMalcolm X wabulawa ngumlilo njengokuba wayilungiselele ukujongana noMbutho we-Afro-American Unity (OAAU), iqela elizwe awalise lona ngaphambi kwaloo nyaka bafuna ukubuyisela kwakhona amaAfrika aseMelika kunye nelifa labo baseAfrika kunye nokuncedisa ukuzimela kwabo kwezoqoqosho. Ekuxhaseni amalungelo oluntu kubantu abamnyama, uMalcolm X wavelisa iingcamango ezahlukeneyo. Njengelungu leSizwe samaSilamsi, wagxeka abamhlophe baseMelika ngokuthi "amademon" kwaye baxhasa ukuhlukana kobuhlanga. Ngokungafani noMartin Luther King, wabongoza abantu abamnyama ukuba baqhube phambili "nangayiphi indlela efunekayo." Ngaphambi kokushiya isizwe samaSilamsi, wayichitha intlangano ngenxa yokwenqaba kwayo ukulwa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamapolisa abantu abamnyama kunye nokusebenzisana nabapolitiki abamnyama basekhaya phambili amalungelo amnyama. Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-1964 Hajj eMecca, uMalcolm weza kwindlela yokuba utshaba lokwenene lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika bekungelona luhlanga olumhlophe, kodwa ubuhlanga. Wayebone amaSulumane "yonke imibala, evela kumabhalane e-blue to black-skinned Africans," asebenzisana ngokulinganayo kwaye aphetha ngokuthi i-Islam ngokwayo yayiyintloko yokwenqoba iingxaki zobuhlanga. Kucingelwa ukuba uMalcolm wabulawa ngamalungu e-American Nation of Islam (I-NOI) yamacandelo avela kuyo. Akunabo iisongelo ezichasene naye ekuqinisekiseni ukunyusa ukubulawa, kunye namalungu amathathu e-NOI aphinde agwetywa ngokubulawa. Nangona kunjalo, ababini abathathu ababulawa ngababulali baye baqhubeka begcina ubumsulwa babo, kwaye uphando lweeminyaka luye lwafaka ingqalelo kwiimeko ezenziwe ngabo.

Fe bruwari 22. Ngaloo mini kwi-1952, iNkonzo yaseKorea yaseMntla yaseKorea yamangalela imikhosi yaseMelika yokulahla izinambuzane ezikhuselekileyo kwiNorth Korea. Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea (1950-53), amajoni amaTshayina nawaseKorea ayephethwe zizifo ezibulalayo ezothusayo ezimisele ukuba yingqakaqha, ikholera kunye nesibetho. Amashumi amane anesine ababesele beswelekile kuvavanyo lwe-meningitis. I-US iyakhaba nasiphi na isandla emfazweni webhayoloji, nangona uninzi lwamangqina e-eye eza ngaphambili kubandakanya nentatheli yase-Australia. Imithombo yeendaba kwihlabathi liphela yamema uphando lwamazwe aphesheya ngelixa i-US kunye nabalingane bayo beqhubeka nokubiza izityholo ngobuxoki. I-US yacebisa ukuba kwenziwe uphando nguMnqamlezo obomvu waMazwe ngaMazwe ukucacisa nakuphi na ukungathandabuzeki, kodwa iSoviet Union kunye nabalingane bayo bayala, baqinisekisa ukuba i-US iyaxoka. Okokugqibela, iBhunga loXolo lweHlabathi lamisela iKhomishini yezeNzululwazi yeHlabathi yeZinto eziBhekisele kwiMfazwe yeBacteria eTshayina naseKorea enezazinzulu ezibalaseleyo, kubandakanya isazi sebhayoloji esaziwayo saseBritane kunye nesono. Isifundo sabo sixhaswe ngamangqina okuzibonela, oogqirha, kunye namabanjwa amane eMfazwe yase-Korea aqinisekisile ukuba i-US ithumele umlo webhayoloji kumabala eenqwelo-moya e-Okinawa ehlala amaMelika e-Korea ukuqala ngo-1951. Ingxelo yokugqibela, ngo-Septemba ka-1952, yabonisa ukuba i-US yayisebenzisa izixhobo zebhayoloji, kunye noMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe wamaGqwetha eDemokhrasi wazazisa ezi ziphumo “kwiNgxelo yoLwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika eKorea. Ingxelo iveze ukuba i-US ithathe amalinge e-Japan angaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala elalisenziwa yiSoviet Union ngo-1949. Ngelo xesha, i-US yabiza ezi zilingo "njengezinkohliso ezingekhoyo." AmaJapan, nangona kunjalo, afunyanwa enetyala. Kwaye emva koko, kunjalo naseMelika

Fe bruwari 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-1836, iMfazwe yase-Alamo yaqala eSan Antonio. Ukulwa kweTexas kwaqala ngo-1835 xa iqela labahlali base-Anglo-Amerika kunye neTejanos (abaxube baseMexico kunye namaNdiya) bathatha iSan Antonio ephantsi kolawulo lwamaMexico, besithi ilizwe "eTexas" lizimeleyo. I-General Mexican u-Antonio Lopez waseSanta Anna wabizwa, kwaye wayesongela ukuba umkhosi "awuthabathi nantolongo." UMlawuli waseMelika oyiNtloko uSam Houston waphendula ngokuyalela abahlali ukuba bahambe eSan Antonio njengokuba ngaphantsi kwe-200 yayingaphezulu komkhosi we-4,000 Amabutho aseMexico. Eli qela lichasene, lisabela kwindawo ekhohlakeleyo yase-Franciscan eyakhiwe kwi-1718 eyaziwayo njengeAlamo. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, ngoFebruwari 23, i-1836, amabutho angamaMexican afela ekulweni njengoko ahlasele abulala abantu abangamakhulu asibhozo anesibhozo. Umkhosi waseMexico ubeke izidumbu zalaba bahlali ngaphandle komlilo waseAlamo. I-General Houston iqeshe umkhosi wokuxhasa abo babulewe ekulweni kwabo ukuze bazimele. Ibinzana elithi "Khumbula i-Alamo" yaba yinto yokubuthela abantu baseTexas, kunye neminyaka elishumi emva kwemikhosi yase-US kwimfazwe eyabiba intsimi enkulu kakhulu eMexico. Emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-Alamo, umkhosi waseHouston wabuyisa ngokukhawuleza umkhosi waseMexico eSan Jacinto. Ngo-Ephreli we-1836, iSivumelwano soxolo seVelasco sisayinwe yiGeneral Santa Anna, kunye neRiphablikhi yaseTexas entsha yachaza ukuzimela kwayo eMexico. I-Texas ayizange ibe yinxalenye ye-United States kude kube nguDisemba we-1845. Kwaye kwandiswa kwimfazwe eyalandela.

Fe bruwari 24. Ngaloo mini kwi-1933, iJapane yabuya kwi-League of Nations. Umbutho wasekwa nge1920 ngethemba lokugcina uxolo lwehlabathi emva kweNkomfa yoXolo yaseParis eyaphelisa iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Amalungu okuqala aquka: iArgentina, iAustralia, iBelgium, iBolivia, iBrazil, iCanada, iChile, iChina, iColombia, iCuba, iCzechoslovakia. , IDenmark, i-El Salvador, iFransi, iGrisi, iGuatemala, iHaiti, iHonduras, i-Indiya, i-Itali, iJapan, iLiberia, iNetherlands, iNew Zealand, iNicaragua, iNorway, iPanama, iParaguay, iPersia, iPeru, iPoland, iPortugal, iRomania, iSiam, iSpain. , Sweden, Swizalend, Mzantsi Afrika, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, ne Yugoslavia. Ngo-1933, uManyano lwapapasha ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba iJapan yayimpazamo ngomlo owawuseManchuria, yaza yacela ukurhoxa kwimikhosi yaseJapan. Ummeli waseJapan u-Yosuke Matsuoka uzichasile iziphumo zengxelo ngala mazwi: “… IManchuria yeyethu. Funda imbali yakho. Sabuya iManchuria ivela eRashiya. Senze le nto siyiyo namhlanje. ” Uye wathi iRussia ne China zibangele “inkxalabo enzulu nexhalabisayo,” kwaye i-Japan aziva “inyanzelekile ukuba igqibe kwelokuba i-Japan kunye namanye amalungu weligi anemibono eyahlukileyo malunga noxolo kwiMpuma Ekude.” Waphinda wathi iManchuria yayingumcimbi wobomi kunye nokufa kweJapan. "IJapan ibisoloko kwaye iyakuhlala iyindawo ephambili yoxolo, ucwangco kunye nenkqubela phambili kwiMpuma Ekude." Ubuzile, “Ngaba abantu baseMelika bangaluvuma ulawulo olunje lwePanama Canal Zone; Ngaba amaBritane angayivumela i-Egypt? ” I-US ne-Russia bamenywa ukuba baphendule. Ngaphandle kokuxhaswa, i-US, eyayiqeqeshe iJapan kwi-impiriyalizim, ayizange ijoyine i-League of Nations.

Fe bruwari 25. Ngaloo mini kwi-1932, uBrithani obalaseleyo, umfazi, umshumayeli, nomshushisi woxolo wobuKristu uMaude Royden wanyathelisa incwadi eLondon Daily Express. I-Co-sign signed by two activists, ileta ecetywayo ukuba yintoni eyayiyilona nqanaba elinoxanduva lokuxolisa uxolo lwenkulungwane ye-20. Ngaphantsi kwemiqathango yayo, uRoyden kunye nabalingane bakhe bobabini baya kubakhokela "iArms Army" yaseBrithani amadoda nabesifazane baseBrithani baya eShanghai, apho bazama ukuyeka ukulwa nemikhosi yaseTshayina neYapan ngokuzibophelela ngokwabo. Ukulwa phakathi kwamacandelo amabini kwakusoloko kuqhutyelwa phambili, emva kokukhawuleza emva kokuhlasela kweManchuria ngamagunya aseJapan ngoSeptemba, i-1931. Ngethuba elithile ngaphambili, uRoyden wazisa umxholo othi "Uxolo lweMpi" entshumayelo ebandleni lakhe ecaweni yaseLondon Congregational. Wayelapho wayeshumayela khona: "Amadoda nabasetyhini abakholelwa ukuba bayomsebenzi wabo kufuneka bazinikele ngokuzithandela ukuba bazibeke bengenasifo phakathi kwamaqhawe." Wayegxininisa ukuba isibheno sakhe sasiyindoda kunye nabasetyhini ngokufanayo, kwaye loo mavolontiya kufuneka acele i-League of Nations ukuba ithumele abaxhaswanga kwindawo yokuxabana. Ekugqibeleni, isenzo sikaRoyden saye sanyanzeliswa yiLungu leZizwe kwaye lifakwe kwi-press. Kodwa, nangona i-Army Peace awazange ihlangane, amadoda namabhinqa e-800 azinikela ngokuzithandela ukujoyina iinqanaba zawo, kwaye iqumrhu leArms Peace lamiselwa lahlala lisebenza iminyaka emininzi. Ukongezelela, ingcamango kaRoyden yento awayeyibiza ngokuthi "ukuxhalabisa amabutho oxolo" yafumanisa ukufundiswa kwezemfundo ngexesha elifanelekileyo njengento yenkqubo yokungenelela ngokulandelelweyo yinto ekuthiwa "njengamaqela oxolo angenakuxhatshazwa."

Fe bruwari 26. Ngaloo mini kwi-1986, i-Corazon Aquino ithatha amandla emva kokuvukela okungekho mthethweni ku-Ferdinand Marcos e-Philippines. UMarcos, owayekhethwe njengoMongameli wasePhilippines ngo-1969, wavalwa kwikota yesithathu, kwaye wavuma ngokusemthethweni umthetho wokulwa nomkhosi, ukuchithwa kweCongress kunye nokuvalelwa kwabachasi bakhe bezopolitiko. Umgxeki wakhe obalaseleyo, uSenator Benigno Aquino, wachitha iminyaka esixhenxe entolongweni ngaphambi kokukhulisa imeko yentliziyo. Wayetyholwa ngobuxoki ngokubulala, wagwetywa wagwetyelwa ukufa xa kungenelela i-United States. Njengoko waphilisa e-US, u-Aquino wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele kwiiPhilippines ukuze asuse uMarcos emandleni. Imisebenzi kunye nemibhalo kaGandhi yamkhuthaza ukuba angabinabundlobongela njengeyona ndlela yokumoyisa uMarcos. Ukufika kuka-Aquino philippines ngo-1983, wadutyulwa wabulawa ngamapolisa. Ukusweleka kwakhe kukhuthaze amakhulu amawaka abaxhasi abangena ezitalatweni befuna "Ubulungisa Kuwo Onke Amaxhoba Engcinezelo Yobupolitika Nobunqolobi Emkhosini!" Umhlolokazi kaBenigno uCorazon Aquino, waququzelela umhlangano kwibhotwe laseMalacanang kwisikhumbuzo senyanga enye sokubulawa kuka-Aquino. Njengoko amaMarines agxothwa kwisihlwele, abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo abali-15,000 baqhubeka nohambo lwabo ukusuka kwibhotwe ukuya kwi-Mendiola Bridge. Amakhulu alimala kwaye abalishumi elinanye babulawa, kodwa olu qhankqalazo lwaqhubeka de uCorazon wagijimela umongameli. Xa uMarcos wabanga ukuba uphumelele, uCorazon wacela ukungathobeli eluntwini, kwaye i-1.5 yezigidi yaphendula ngo-"Uloyiso lwe-Rally yaBantu. " Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, i-United States Congress yalugweba unyulo, kwaye bavota ukunciphisa inkxaso yezomkhosi de uMarcos warhoxa. IPalamente yasePhilippine irhoxise iziphumo zonyulo ezikhohlakeleyo, kwaye yabhengeza umongameli waseCorazon.

Fe bruwari 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1943, i-Gestapo yamaNazi eBerlin yaqala ukujikeleza amadoda angamaYuda awathatyathwa ngabafazi abangengamaYuda, kunye nabantwana babo besilisa. Bebamalunga ne-2,000, 12, la makhwenkwe kunye namakhwenkwe ayegcinwe kwiziko lasekuhlaleni laseRosenstrasse (isitalato iRose), elindele ukugxothwa kwiinkampu ezikufuphi. Iintsapho zabo "ezixubileyo", nangona kunjalo, bezingaqinisekanga ngelo xesha ukuba la madoda ebezakujongana nentlekele efanayo namawakawaka amaJuda aseBerlin asandula ukugxothwa kwinkampu yokufa yase-Auschwitz. Ke, kumanani akhulayo aqulunqwe ikakhulu ngabafazi kunye noomama, amalungu osapho ahlanganisana yonke imihla ngaphandle kweziko loluntu ukuza kulawula kuphela uqhankqalazo olukhulu lwabemi baseJamani kuyo yonke loo mfazwe. Abafazi bababanjwa baxinxwa amaJuda, "Sibuyisele amadoda ethu." Xa oonogada abangamaNazi bebejolise imipu kwezi zihlwele, yaphendula ngokukhwaza "Umbulala-mntu, umbulali, umbulala ...." Esoyika ukuba ukubulawa kwamakhulu abafazi baseJamani embindini weBerlin kungadala ukungazinzi phakathi kwamazwe ngokubanzi abemi baseJamani, Umphathiswa wamaNazi wePropaganda uJoseph Goebbels wayalela ukuba kukhululwe amaJamani angamadoda atshatileyo. Nge-25 kaMatshi, onke kodwa ayengama-2,000 kwabayi-XNUMX XNUMX ababanjiweyo ayekhululiwe. Namhlanje, iziko laseRosenstrasse alisekho, kodwa isikhumbuzo esibizwa ngokuba yi "Ukuvalwa kwabaseTyhini "kwakhiwe epakini elisondeleyo kwi-1995. Umbhalo walo uthi: "Amandla okungahloneli kwabantu, amandla amakhulu othando, anqoba ubundlobongela obuntshatshazi. Sinike amadoda ethu. Abafazi babemi apha, banqoba ukufa. Amadoda angamaYuda ayekhululekile. "

Fe bruwari 28. Ngalo mhla kwi-1989, i-5,000 Kazakhs evela kwimvelaphi eyahlukeneyo yabamba intlanganiso yokuqala yeNevada-Semipalatinsk Antinuclear Movement-ebizwa njalo ukubonisa umanyano noqhanqalazo lwaseMelika ngokuchasene nokuvavanywa kwenyukliya kwindawo eseNevada. Ekupheleni kwentlanganiso, abaququzeleli baseKazakh bavumile kwisicwangciso sokusebenza sokuphelisa iimvavanyo zenyukliya kwi-Soviet Union kwaye bamisela injongo yokuphela yokuphelisa izixhobo zenukliya emhlabeni jikelele. Yonke inkqubo yayisasazwa njengesikhalazo kwaye ngokukhawuleza yamkelwa ngaphezu kwesigidimi. Intshukumo yokukhusela i-nyukliya yayisungulwe kuphela iintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba, imbongi kunye nomviwa weCongress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union banxuse abemi abachaphazelekayo ukuba bajoyine umboniso wokuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwiziko laseSemipalatinsk, ummandla wolawulo waseSoviet Kazakhstan. Nangona uphando lwe nyukliya lwangasentla luye lwasuswa kwisivumelwano se-US / Soviet esisayinwe kwi-1963, ukuhlolwa ngaphantsi komhlaba kwavunyelwa kwaye kwaqhubeka kwindawo yeSemipalatinsk. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 12 kunye ne-17, i-1989, izinto ezifakwe kwi-radioactive ziye zavela kwiziko, zibeka umngcipheko ubomi beendawo ezihlala kwindawo ezinabantu abaninzi. Ngokugqithiseleyo ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwe ngentshukumo ye-Nevada-Semipalatinsk, i-Supreme Soviet, ngo-Agasti 1, i-1989, ifuna ukuxhomekeka kuzo zonke iimvavanyo zenyukliya yi-United States kunye neSoviet Union. Kwaye ngo-Agasti 1991, uMongameli waseKazakhstan uvale ngokusemthethweni isakhiwo seMemipalatinsk njengendawo yokuvavanywa kwenyakliya kwaye wavula ama-activists ekuvuseleleni. Ngale nyathelo, oorhulumente baseKazakhstan kunye neSoviet Union baba ngowokuqala ukuvala indawo yokuhlola iikhamyuli naphi na emhlabeni.

Fe bruwari 29. Ngaloo suku ukuxhamla kwi-2004, i-United States yamthunjwa yamisa uMongameli waseHaiti. Lo ngumhla olungileyo omele ukhumbule ukuba ibango lokuba iidemokhrasi aziyi kulwa nemidemokhrasi ayigxothi umkhuba we-demokrasi yase-United States ukuhlaselwa nokuphanga ezinye iidemokhrasi. USomlomo waseUnited States uLuis G. Moreno kunye namalungu ahlomile aseMelika adibana nomongameli ohlonishwayo waseHaiti uJean-Bertrand Aristide ekuhlaleni kwakhe ngoFebhuwari 29th. Ngokutsho kukaM Moreno, ubomi buka-Aristide bebuyisongelo ngabachasi baseHaiti, kwaye wafuna ukukhusela. Uhlobo luka-Aristide lwaloo ntsasa lwaluphikisana kakhulu. U-Aristide uthi yena nomkakhe babanjwe ngamabutho ase-US njengenxalenye yokubhikisha kombuso owanike amandla kumaqela axhaswe yi-US Aristide abathunjwa e-Afrika, kwaye wazama ukudibanisa nabantu abaninzi base-Afrika base-Afrika base-Afrika. UMaxine Waters, i-congresswoman yaseCalifornia, waqinisekisa ukuba u-Aristide wathi: "Ihlabathi kufuneka liyazi ukuba liyi-coup. Ndathunjwa. Ndanyanzeliswa ngaphandle. Yiyo eyenzekayo. Andizange ndiyeke phantsi. Andizange ndihambe ngokuzithandela. Ndanyanzeliswa ukuba ndihambe. "Omnye, uRandall Robinson, owayengumphathi we-TransAfrica yentlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye nentlangano yokukhuthaza amalungelo omntu, waqinisekisa ukuba" umongameli okhethwe ngentando yenkululeko "" uthathelwe "yi-United States" [US] wakhuthaza ukukhutshwa, "wongezelela esithi," Oku kuyinto eyoyikisayo ukucinga ngayo. "Ukuchasene nezenzo ze-US ezichazwe yiCouncus Black Caucus, kunye nabameli baseHaiti e-US bakhokelela ekukhululweni kokugqibela kukaMongameli uAristide kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, kwaye ukuqatshelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho oluseMelika.

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Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.

Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.

umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.

Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.

Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.