EyeNkanga

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EyeNkanga 1. Ngaloo mini kwi-1961 I-Strike yabesifazane yokubonakalisa uxolo e-United States yiyona nto ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yoxolo lwabasetyhini ukuya kutsho. Ilungu lathi: “Siqale ngoNovemba 1, 1961 njengeqhankqalazo elichasene novavanyo lwenyukliya olwenziwe yi-US kunye neSoviet Union ezazityhefa umoya kunye nokutya kwabantwana bethu.” Kwakuloo nyaka, abafazi abayi-100,000 abavela kwizixeko ezingama-60 baphuma emakhitshini nakwimisebenzi befuna: KUPHELISWA UQHAGAMSHELWANO LWEENKONZO - HAYI LUBELELO LABANTU, kwaye i-WSP yazalwa. Iqela likhuthaze ukungabikho kwezixhobo ngokufundisa ngeengozi zemitha kunye novavanyo lwenyukliya. Amalungu ayo aphembelela iCongress, aqhankqalaza indawo yovavanyo lwenyukliya eLas Vegas, kwaye athatha inxaxheba kwiNkomfa ye-UN yokuXhotyiswa kwezixhobo eGeneva. Ngaphandle kwabasetyhini abangama-20 beqela ababebanjiswe ngeminyaka yoo-1960 yi-House Un-American Activities Committee, banegalelo ekuvunyelweni kweSivumelwano soVavanyo esiQinisekisiweyo ngo-1963. E-Hague kumboniso ochasene nokuyilwa kweMultilateral yeNyukliya Fleet. Baqala nokudibana nabasetyhini baseVietnam ukuba baququzelele unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-POWs kunye neentsapho zabo. Baye baqhankqalaza ungenelelo lwaseMelika kuMbindi Merika, kunye nokulwa kwezithuba, kunye nezicwangciso ezitsha zezixhobo. Iphulo leNyukliya lokuQinisa ii-1,200s laxhaswa yi-WPS, kwaye banxibelelana nabaPhathiswa beNkulumbuso yaseNetherlands naseBelgium, bebabongoza ukuba balahle zonke iziseko zemijukujelwa zase-US kwaye babandakanya nenkcazo kaMongameli Regan "yesiCwangciso seSikhokelo soKhuselo," ulwandlalo lokulwa , usinda, kwaye ucinga ukuba uphumelele imfazwe yenyukliya.

Novemba 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1982 ibhenkethi ye-nyukliya eyenziwe kwi-nine e-United States yenza i-third-thirds ye-electorate yase-US. Yayiyireferendamu enkulu kumcimbi omnye kwimbali yase-US, kwaye yayijolise ekuqinisekiseni isivumelwano phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union ukuba kuyekwe ukuvavanywa, ukuveliswa nokusasazwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo amatshantliziyo ayeseqalisile ukulungelelanisa iinzame kunye nemfundo yoluntu e-United States. Imotto yeli phulo ibisithi “Cinga kwihlabathi jikelele; yenza into ekuhlaleni. ” Imibutho efana ne-Union of Concerned Scientists kunye ne-Ground Zero movement zajikeleza izikhalazo, zabamba iingxoxo-mpikiswano, zabonisa neefilimu. Banikezela ngoncwadi malunga nomdyarho weengalo zenyukliya kwaye baqulunqa izigqibo abazithathayo edolophini, esixekweni nakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kwiUnited Stares. Kunyaka omnye emva kovoto-zimvo luka-1982, izigqibo ezixhasa ukubambeka kwezixhobo zenyukliya phakathi kwamazwe amabini zazidlulisiwe ngamabhunga esixeko angama-370, ngamabhunga angama-71, nakwindlu enye okanye kuzo zombini izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Xa isisombululo seNyukliya yokuLumkisa sasiwa koorhulumente baseMelika naseSoviet kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, sasityikitywe i-23. Khange ibenayo inkxaso yolawulo luka Mongameli Ronald Reagan, oluyijonga njenge ntlekele. I-White House yatsho ukuba abo bakhankanyi babephethwe ngobuqhetseba, "liqela labakhohlisi ababeyalelwe ngqo bevela eMoscow." I-White House iqalise iphulo lobudlelwane noluntu ngokuchasene nesiferendamu seFreeze. UReagan wagweba esithi uMkhenkce “uza kwenza eli lizwe libe sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa.” Ngaphandle kokuchaswa ngokuqatha, intshukumo yaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi emva kwe2,300,000 kwaye inegalelo kumanyathelo okuphelisa izixhobo nokusinda kobomi emhlabeni ngexesha loMlo obandayo.

Novemba 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1950 i-UN yokudibanisa ukuSombulula uxolo yagqitywa yi-UN General Assembly kwi-Flushing Meadows, NY. Isisombululo, i-377A, sibonakalisa uxanduva lweZizwe eziManyeneyo, phantsi koMqulu walo, ukugcina uxolo kunye nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ivumela i-General Assembly ukuba iqwalasele imibandela apho iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lingenako ukulungisa ingxaki. Kukho amalungu e-193 e-UN kunye namalungu e-15 eBhunga. Isisombululo sinokusebenza ngokuvota kwiBhunga loKhuseleko, okanye ngesicelo sininzi lwaMalungu eNigungu kwiNobhala-Jikelele. Baya kwenza ke iingcebiso malunga namanyathelo aqokelelweyo ngaphandle kwe "P5" okanye amalungu angamahlanu asisigxina seBhunga lezoKhuseleko ezi: iChina, iFransi, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom kunye ne-United States. Abanalo ukukwazi ukuvimbela ukwamkelwa kwezigqibo zesigqibo. Iingcebiso zingabandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweqela elixhobileyo okanye ukukhusela kwalo. Igunya le-veto ngaphakathi kweBhunga loKhuseleko linokukunqotshwa ngale ndlela xa enye ye-P5 ikhuseli. Isetyenziswe eHungary, eLebhanon, eCongo, eMbindi Mpuma (ePalestine naseMpuma Yerusalem), eBangladesh, e-Afghanistan naseMzantsi Afrika. Kucatshulwa ukuba isakhiwo samanje seBhunga loKhuseleko kunye namalungu asisigxina ngegunya le-veto ayibonakali imeko yehlabathi ekhoyo, kwaye ingakumbi ishiya amaAfrika, amanye amazwe asakhulayo, kunye ne-Middle East ngaphandle kwezwi. ISikole soPhuculo lwezoKhuseleko lusebenza ukuba libe neBhunga elikhethiweyo, ngokugqithisa kweenguqu kwi-Charter yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamalungu amaninzi eZizwe eziManyeneyo, eza kuphelisa izihlalo ezihlala phantsi.

Novemba 4. Kulo mhla ku-1946 UNESCO yasungulwa. Umbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo wezeMfundo, iNzululwazi, kunye neNkcubeko useParis. Injongo yombutho kukufaka isandla kuxolo nokhuseleko ngokukhuthaza intsebenziswano kunye nothethathethwano lwamazwe aphesheya ngemfundo, isayensi, kunye neeprojekthi zenkcubeko kunye nohlaziyo kunye nokunyusa ukuhlonitshwa kobulungisa, umthetho kunye namalungelo oluntu. Ukulandela ezi njongo, amazwe angama-193 angamalungu kunye namalungu ali-11 adibeneyo aneenkqubo kwezemfundo, isayensi yendalo, ezentlalo kunye nezesayensi yabantu, inkcubeko kunye nonxibelelwano. I-UNESCO ayikhange iphikisane, ngakumbi kubudlelwane bayo ne-US, i-UK, iSingapore, kunye ne-Soviet Union, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenkxaso yayo enkulu yenkululeko yemithombo yeendaba kunye neenkxalabo zayo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali. I-United States yarhoxa kwi-UNESCO ngo-1984 phantsi kuka-Mongameli Reagan, ibanga ukuba yayiliqonga lamakomanisi kunye nozwilakhe wehlabathi lesithathu ukuba bahlasele iNtshona. I-US iphinde yajoyina ngo-2003, kodwa ngo-2011 yasika igalelo layo kwi-UNESCO, kwaye ngo-2017 yamisela umhla wokugqibela we-2019 wokurhoxa, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yesikhundla se-UNESCO kwa-Israyeli. I-UNESCO igwebe u-Israyeli "ngobundlongondlongo" kunye "neendlela ezingekho mthethweni" ngokuchasene nokufikelela kwamaSilamsi kwiindawo zabo ezingcwele. U-Israyeli wayeluqhawule lonke ubudlelwane kunye nombutho. Isebenza njenge "ilabhoratri yemibono," i-UNESCO inceda amazwe ukuba amkele imigangatho yamanye amazwe kwaye alawule iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwezimvo kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi. Umbono we-UNESCO kukuba amalungiselelo ezopolitiko nezoqoqosho oorhulumente awanelanga ukumisela iimeko zedemokhrasi, uphuhliso kunye noxolo. I-UNESCO inomsebenzi onzima wokusebenza kunye namazwe aneembali ezinde zongquzulwano kunye neminqweno kwimfazwe.

Novemba 5. Ngalo mhla ku-1855 Eugene V. Debs wazalwa. Kwakhona ngalo mhla ku-1968 uRichard Nixon ukhethwa ngumongameli wase-US emva kokusasaza iintetho zezoxolo zaseVietnam. Lo ngumhla omuhle wokucinga malunga neenkokheli zethu zangempela. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-14 ubudala, u-Eugene Victor Debs waqala ukusebenza kuloliwe waza waba ngumlilo ohamba ngomlilo. Uncedise ekulungelelaniseni uMzalwana wooMlilo oCanda iLotomotive. Isithethi esisebenzayo nesiphathekayo, waye lilungu lowiso-mthetho laseIndiana ngonyaka we-1885 aneminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Wadibanisa iimanyano zikaloliwe ezahlukeneyo kwiAmerican Railway Union kwaye wabamba uqhankqalazo oluyimpumelelo lwemivuzo ephezulu ngokuchasene neGreat Northern Railway ngonyaka we-1894. iinyanga ezintandathu entolongweni emva kokukhokela uqhankqalazo lwenkampani yeChicago Pullman Car. Wabona umbutho wabasebenzi njengomzabalazo phakathi kweeklasi, kwaye wakhokelela ekudalweni kwe-Socialist Party of America awayeyilonyulo lobumongameli izihlandlo ezihlanu phakathi kuka-1900 no-1920. Wafa ngo-1926, eneminyaka engama-71 ubudala. URichard Nixon ubonwa njengomngcatshi ngomzamo wakhe ophumeleleyo wokumisa iintetho zoxolo zaseVietnam, eziqinisekiswe ziingcingo zeFBI kunye namanqaku abhalwe ngesandla. Wathumela u-Anna Chennault ukuba acenge iVietnam ukuba yenqabe ukupheliswa komlilo okucetywe nguLyndon Johnson owayengusekela-mongameli, u-Hubert Humphrey, owayengumgqatswa kaNixon. UNixon wophule umthetho weLogan ka-1797 othintela abemi babucala ukuba bangangeneleli kwiingxoxo ezisemthethweni nolunye ilizwe. Kwiminyaka emine phakathi kwesahlulo kunye nolonyulo olulandelayo luka-Mongameli, ngaphezulu kwesigidi sabantu baseVietnam babulawa, kunye namalungu angama-20,000 XNUMX omkhosi wase-US.

Novemba 6. Lo yiLusuku lweSizwe loKhusela ukuThuthukiswa koMmandla kwiMfazwe kunye neNkqubuzo. INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ekudaleni olu suku kwi2001, izame ukugxila kwilizwe jikelele kwisidingo esibalulekileyo sokukhuseleka kwendalo sonke esabelana ngayo ekutshatyalalisweni kwemfazwe. Iimfazwe kule minyaka idlulileyo ziye zenza indawo ezinkulu ukuba zingabi nabemi kwaye kwavelisa amashumi ezigidi zeembaleki. Imfazwe kunye namalungiselelo emfazwe zonakalisa indalo ngokuvelisa kunye nokuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukubhujiswa komhlaba nokujikeleza komhlaba, ukusasazwa nokuqhubeka kwezimbiwa zomhlaba kunye nokungcwatywa, ukusetyenziswa nokugcinwa kwezinto ezingafunekiyo emkhosini, ubuthi, inkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma enkulu Ukusetyenziswa kwe-fossil fuels. Nangona kunjalo izivumelwano eziphambili kwezendalo zibandakanya ukukhululwa emkhosini. Imfazwe kunye namalungiselelo emfazwe angunobangela ophambili wokonakaliswa kwendalo. Zikwangumgodi apho iitriliyoni zeedola ezinokusetyenziswa ukuthintela ukonakaliswa kwendalo zilahlwa. Njengoko imo yobume bendawo isiya isiba mandundu, ukucinga ngemfazwe njengesixhobo sokujongana nayo, ukuphatha ababaleki njengeentshaba zasemkhosini, kusisongele ngomjikelo okhohlakeleyo. Ukuxela ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu kubangela ukuba imfazwe iphoswe bubunyani bokuba abantu babangela imfazwe, kwaye ukuba ngaphandle kokuba sifunde ukulungisa iingxaki ngokungaziphathi kakuhle siya kuzenza zibe mbi ngakumbi. Eyona nto iphambili kwezinye iimfazwe ngumnqweno wokulawula izinto eziyityhefu emhlabeni, ngakumbi ioyile kunye negesi. Ngapha koko, ukumiselwa kweemfazwe zizizwe ezityebileyo kwabo bahluphekayo azihambelani nokophulwa kwamalungelo oluntu okanye ukunqongophala kwentando yesininzi okanye izoyikiso zobunqolobi, kodwa zihambelana ngokupheleleyo nobukho beoyile.

Novemba 7. Ngaloo mini kwi-1949, uMgaqo-siseko waseCosta Rica wawunqande umkhosi wesizwe. ICosta Rica, ngoku isebenzisa amandla angaphinda ahlaziywe, likhaya kwiNkundla yamaLungelo eMalungelo aseMelika kunye neYunivesithi yeZizwe zoxolo. Ukulandela inkululeko kwi-Mexico phantsi kolawulo lwaseSpain, iCosta Rica yabhengeza inkululeko yayo kwi-Central American Federation yabelana neHonduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, kunye ne-El Salvador. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya emfutshane, kwathathwa isigqibo sokupheliswa komkhosi wawo, kwaye endaweni yoko kutyalwe imali ebantwini bayo. Njengesizwe sezolimo esaziwa ngekofu kunye nekhokho, iCosta Rica yaziwa nangobuhle bayo, inkcubeko, umculo, iziseko zophuhliso ezizinzileyo, itekhnoloji, kunye nokhenketho lwe-eco. Umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe wokusingqongileyo ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga, ukuphelisa ikhabhoni emoyeni, kunye nokugcina ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-25 zomhlaba wawo njengeepaki zesizwe. IYunivesithi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo Yoxolo yasekwa "ukubonelela uluntu ngeziko lemfundo ephakamileyo loxolo ngenjongo yokukhuthaza phakathi kwabantu bonke umoya wokuqonda, ukunyamezelana kunye nokuhlala ngoxolo, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu kunye nokunceda ukunciphisa imiqobo kunye nezisongelo kuxolo nakwinkqubela phambili yehlabathi, ngokuhambelana neminqweno emihle ebhengezwe kuMgaqo-siseko weZizwe eziManyeneyo. ” Ngo-1987, uMongameli waseCosta Rican u-Oscar Sanchez wanikwa uNobel Peace Prize ngoncedo lwakhe ekupheliseni imfazwe yamakhaya eNicaragua. ICosta Rica yamkele iimbacu ezininzi, ngelixa ikhuthaza uzinzo kulo lonke elakuMbindi Merika. Ngokubonelela abemi bayo ngemfundo yasimahla, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye neenkonzo zentlalo, iCosta Rica inandipha inqanaba lokuphila ixesha elide. Ngo-2017, iNational Geographic yathi “lelona Lizwe Lonwabileyo ehlabathini!”

Novemba 8. Ngaloo mini kwi-1897, usuku lweDorothy lwazalwa. Njengombhali, umbhikisho, kunye ne-pacifist, Usuku owaziwayo ngokuqalisa uMbutho wamaKatolika kunye nokukhuthaza ubulungisa bezenhlalakahle. Washiya iikholeji e-Illinois ukuya kwiGreenwich Village e-1916 apho wayehlala khona ngobomi bohemiya, wenza amaninzi amanqaku ebhaliweyo, kwaye wabhala amaphephandaba enzentlalo kunye nentuthuko. Ku-1917, wajoyina u-Alice Paul kunye nokunyakaza kweNkwenkwekazi yabesifazane njengenye ye "Sithuntile ezithulekileyo" ezibhekiselele kwiNdlu eNtshonalanga. Oku kwakhokelela ekubanjweni kwamanye amabanjwa kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni yiSuku, kodwa nakwabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. Udumo lwakhe njengokuba "lukhulu" lwaqhubeka emva kokuguquka kwakhe kwiKatolika njengokuba uSuku luchukumisa ibandla ukuba lixhase abachasayo kwisiqulunqo kunye nemfazwe. Ukhokelo lwakhe lwalucelomngeni kwimigaqo yamaKatolika, eyabangela inkxaso yecawa yama-pacifists kunye nabasweleyo, ngokukodwa abasebenzi abanobunzima obuphantsi kwemvuzo kunye nokungahlali kwabangenamakhaya. Xa wadibana noPeter Maurin, owayenguMzalwana ongumKristu, kwi-1932, bamisa ipapasho ekukhuthazeni iimfundiso zamaKatolika ezihambelana nobulungisa boluntu. Le mibhalo iholele "kwi-Revolution Green" kunye necawa yoncedo ekuboneleleni ngezindlu zabampofu. Imimandla engamakhulu amabini ekugqibeleni yamiselwa kulo lonke elaseMelika, kunye ne-28 kwamanye amazwe. Usuku lwaluhlala kwelinye lala makhaya okubamkela ububele ngelixa likhuthaza inkxaso ngokubhala incwadi malunga nobomi bakhe nenjongo yakhe. I-Movement Worker Movement ibhikisha iWWII, kwaye uSuku wabanjwa kwi-1973 ngokubonisa imfazwe yaseVietnam ngenkxaso ngenkxaso ye-United Farm Workers eCalifornia. Ubomi bakhe baphefumlela abaninzi, kuquka iVatican. Usuku uthathwa njengomgqatswa we-canonization ukususela kwi-2000.

Novemba 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1989 i-Wall yaseBerlin yaqala ukutshabalaliswa, ibonisa ukuphela kweMfazwe yeCold. Lo ngumhla omuhle ukukhumbula ukuba ungatshintsha njani ngokukhawuleza nokuba uxolo lufumaneka njani. Kwi-1961, udonga oluqhekeza isixeko saseBerlin lwakhelwe ukukhusela ama-"fascists" aseNtshona, kunye nokulawula ukukhuselwa kwezigidi zabasebenzi abaselula kunye nabaqeqeshi baseMpumalanga Jamani. Umnxeba kunye nomzila weendlela zasiwa, kwaye abantu bahlukana nemisebenzi yabo, iintsapho zabo kunye nabathandekayo babo. Udonga lwaba ngumfuziselo weMfazwe yeCold phakathi kweeNtshonalanga kunye neSoviet Union emva kweWWII. Njengoko abantu be-5,000 bakwazi ukuphuma eludongeni, bekukho iinzame ezininzi ezingaphumeleli. Udonga lwavuselelwa ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi, kwaye luqiniswe ngoluhlu lweendonga ukuya kwi-15 ft. Ubude, ukukhanya okukhulu, izicwangciso zombane, abalindi abaxhobileyo kwiinqaba zokulinda, izinja zokuhlaselwa kunye neendawo zamashishini. Amagosa aseMpuma eJalimane ayeyalelwe ukuba atyhuke ebusweni nabani na ovakalisa udonga, okanye ezama ukuphepha. ISoviet Union yahlulwa kwezoqoqosho, iinguqulelo kwilizwe ezifana nePoland neHungary, kwaye imizamo yoxolo yokuphelisa iMfazwe yeCold. Ukuqhuswa kwemibutho yomphakathi ebumbini kunye naseJamani ejikeleze kukhokelela ekubeni uzame ukuqhayisa udonga ukusuka ecaleni lasentshonalanga. Inkokeli yaseMpuma yeJamani, u-Erich Honecker, ekugqibeleni wagxotha, kwaye uGustter Schabowski oseburhulumenteni wachaza ngengozi "ukufuduswa ngokusisigxina" eMpuma Jamani. Amajamani aseJalimane aseMpuma ayeza kudonga njengoko abalindi bemi, bedidekile njengabanye. Amawaka ahlangene eludongeni, ukubhiyozela inkululeko kunye nokuxolelana. Abaninzi baqala ukugqithisa eludongeni ngamanyundo, iisetyel,. . . kunye nethemba lokuba ayikho iindonga.

Novemba 10. Ngalo mhla kwi-1936 ibutho lokuqala loxolo, i-International Voluntary Service for Peace (IVSP), yafika eBombay ikhokelwa ngu-Pierre Ceresole. UCeresole wayengumhlali waseSwitzerland owayengavumi ukuhlawula irhafu eyayisetyenziselwa iingalo, kwaye wachitha ixesha elithile entolongweni. Waseka i-Service Civil International (i-SCI) kwi-1920 ukubonelela ngamavolontiya kwiinkampu zomsebenzi zamanye amazwe kwiindawo ezichaphazeleke ziintlekele zendalo kunye neengxabano. Wamenywa ngu-Mohandas Gandhi ukuba eze e-India, kwaye ngo-1934, 1935, no-1936, umbutho wasebenza e-India ekwakhiweni ngokutsha emva kwenyikima yase-Nepal-Bihar ka-1934. Umbutho ukhule kule minyaka ilishumi izayo, kwaye uCeresole wasweleka ngo-1945. Ngo-1948, imibutho eliqela yoxolo yezizwe ngezizwe yahlanganiswa phantsi kobunkokheli obabusandula ukusekwa be-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). I-SCI yayiphakathi kwabo. Kwi-1970's SCI yaphinda yazihlaziya ngokumisela unaniselwano lwamavolontiya aphesheya. Ikwandiswa ukusuka ekusekelweni kwiinkampu zomsebenzi ukubonisa ifuthe lezopolitiko kuxolo lwamanye amazwe. Isasebenzisa amavolontiya namhlanje, imigaqo-nkqubo ye-SCI ibandakanya: ukungabinabundlobongela, amalungelo oluntu, ubumbano, ukuhlonipha okusingqongileyo kunye neenkqubo zendalo, ukubandakanywa kwabo bonke abantu ababelana ngeenjongo zentshukumo, ukuxhotyiswa kwabantu ukuguqula izakhiwo ezichaphazela ubomi babo, kunye ukusebenza nabachaphazelekayo basekhaya, besizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Amaqela asebenzayo, umzekelo, asekiwe kwimimandla yomsebenzi wophuhliso lwamanye amazwe kunye nemfundo ejongene nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, iimbacu, ukutshintshiselana ngeMpuma-Ntshona, isini, ukungaphangeli kolutsha kunye nokusingqongileyo. I-SCI iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje, eyaziwa njengeNkonzo yokuZithandela yaMazwe ngaMazwe kumazwe amaninzi athetha isiNgesi.

Novemba 11. Ngalo mhla ngo-1918, ngentsimbi ye-11 ngomhla we-11 kwinyanga ye-11, iMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yaphela ngokweshedyuli. Abantu baseYurophu ngequbuliso bayeka ukudubulana. Kude kube lelo xesha, babebulala kwaye bethatha iimbumbulu, bewa bekhala, begcuma kwaye besifa. Emva koko bayeka. Ayikuko ukuba babediniwe okanye beze ezingqondweni. Bobabini ngaphambi nasemva kwentsimbi ye-11 babelandela nje ii-odolo. Isivumelwano seArmistice esiphelise iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ibeke intsimbi ye-11 njengexesha lokuyeka, kwaye amadoda ayi-11,000 abulawa okanye onzakele phakathi kokutyikitywa kweArmistice kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Kodwa ngeyure kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, loo mzuzu wokuphela kwemfazwe ebekufanele ukuba iphelise yonke imfazwe, loo mzuzu uqalise ukubhiyozela uvuyo lwehlabathi kunye nokubuyiselwa kobume bobunono, yaba lixesha ukuthula, ukukhala kwentsimbi, ukukhumbula, kunye nokuzinikezela ekupheliseni yonke imfazwe. Yiloo nto eyayiyiyo uSuku lweArmistice. Yayingengombhiyozo wemfazwe okanye wabo bathatha inxaxheba emfazweni, kodwa okomzuzwana imfazwe iphelile. Inkongolo yase-US yadlulisa isigqibo ngoSuku lwe-Armistice ngo-1926 esithi "kwenziwe imithambo eyenzelwe ukuqhubela phambili ngoxolo ngentando elungileyo nangokuqondana." Amanye amazwe asawubiza ngokuba nguMhla wokuKhumbula, kodwa i-United States yathiywa igama lokuba lusuku lwamaVeterans ngo-1954. Kwabaninzi, olu suku alusayi kuba yimincili yokuphela kwemfazwe kodwa kukudumisa imfazwe nobuzwe. Sinokukhetha ukubuyisela uSuku lweArmistice kwintsingiselo yentsusa. NGOKUGQITHISILEYO NGOSUKU LWE-ARMISTICE.

Novemba 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1984 iZizwe eziManyeneyo yadlulisela iSibhengezo malunga neNtlungano yeeNtlanga. I-UN General Assembly yamkela iSibhengezo Samalungelo oLuntu nge-10 kaDisemba ngo-1948. Iselilitye lembombo lesigunyaziso se-UN, kwaye ibhengeza ukuba ilungelo lokuphila libalulekile. Kodwa kwaba ngo-1984 apho iSibhengezo seLungelo laBantu loXolo savela khona. Ithi “ubomi ngaphandle kwemfazwe buyeyona nto iphambili efunekayo. . . Intlalo-ntle yezinto, uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili. . . kwanokuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwamalungelo nenkululeko yoluntu esisiseko ebhengezwe ziZizwe eziManyeneyo, "ngumsebenzi ongcwele" kunye noxanduva olusisiseko kuRhulumente ngamnye ukuba "imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ijolise ekupheliseni isisongelo. yemfazwe ”kwaye“ ngaphezu kwako konke, ukunqanda intlekele yenyukliya kwihlabathi liphela. ” I-UN ibe nobunzima obukhulu ekwakheni nasekuphumezeni esi sibhengezo. Mninzi umsebenzi owenziweyo kule minyaka idlulileyo, ngakumbi liBhunga lamaLungelo oluNtu, ukuhlaziya isibhengezo, kodwa lonke olo hlaziyo aluphumelelanga kudlula ngobuninzi obaneleyo kuba amazwe enyukliya ebenqabile. Nge-19 kaDisemba ngo-2016, uguqulelo olwenziwe lula lwalunevoti ye-131, 34 ngokuchasene, kunye ne-19 yokuzikhupha. Kwi-2018, ibisaxoxwa. Abapapashi abakhethekileyo be-UN bandwendwela iimeko ezithile kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukuphanda iimeko ezithile zokunyhashwa kwamalungelo afunyenwe kwi-Universal Declaration of Human Rights, kwaye kukho umbutho wokuchonga uMpapashi okhethekileyo kwiLungelo loLuntu loXolo, kodwa oko akukabikho yenziwe.

Novemba 13. Ngaloo mini kwi-1891 i-International Peace Bureau yasungulwa eRoma ngoFredrik Bajer. Isasebenza, injongo yayo kukusebenzela ukuya "kwihlabathi elingenamfazwe." Kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala lo mbutho wazifezekisa iinjongo zawo njengomququzeleli wezoxolo kwilizwe liphela, kwaye ngo-1910 wawongwa ngeMbasa yoXolo kaNobel. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uManyano Lwezizwe kunye neminye imibutho yanciphisa ukubaluleka kwayo, yaze yanqumamisa imisebenzi yayo ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Ngo-1959, ii-asethi zayo zanikwa iKomiti yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoNxibelelwano yoXolo (ILCOP). I-ILCOP ibize ngoonobhala bayo baseGeneva iZiko loXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe. I-IPB inamalungu angama-300 angamalungu kumazwe angama-70, esebenza njengekhonkco kwimibutho esebenza kwiiprojekthi ezifanayo, kwaye ikwezinye iikomiti ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ixesha elingaphezulu, amalungu ebhodi ye-IPB aliqela afumene uMvuzo weNobel woxolo. Amalungiselelo omkhosi aneziphumo ezibi, kungekuphela kwabo babanjwe emfazweni, kodwa nakwinkqubo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezikhoyo ze-IPB kwiziko lokuthintela izixhobo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. I-IPB igxile ikakhulu kulwabiwo ngokutsha lwenkcitho yezomkhosi kwiiprojekthi zentlalo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Iziko loXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe linethemba lokuncitshiswa kwezomkhosi, lixhasa inani lamaphulo okuphelisa izixhobo, kubandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nokubonelela ngedatha kubukhulu bezoqoqosho kwaneengxabano. I-IPB iseke uSuku lweHlabathi lweSenzo kwiNkcitho yoMkhosi ngo-2011, isebenza ukunciphisa ifuthe kunye nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo ezincinci, iziqhushumbisi, izixhobo ezisebenzisanayo, kunye ne-uranium ephelileyo, ngakumbi kwilizwe elisaphuhlayo.

Novemba 14. Ngalo mhla kwi-1944 eFransi, uMarie-Marthe uDortel-Claudot noBhishophu uPierre-Marie Theas bacetyisa imbono kaPax Christi. I-Pax Christi sisiLatini esithi "Uxolo lukaKristu." UPopu Pius XII ngo-1952 wayamkela njengombutho osemthethweni woxolo wamaKatolika. Iqale njengombutho wokusebenzela uxolelwaniso phakathi kwabantu baseFrance nabaseJamani emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kunye nolungelelwaniso lohambo lwezonqulo, lwandiswa nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Yakhula “yaba ngumnqamlezo wokuthandazela uxolo phakathi kwazo zonke iintlanga.” Iqale ukugxila kumalungelo oluntu, ukhuseleko, izixhobo kunye nokunyanzelwa. Ngoku inamalungu angama-120 angamalungu kwihlabathi liphela. I-Pax Christi yamazwe aphesheya isekwe kwinkolelo yokuba uxolo lunokwenzeka, kwaye ijonge koonobangela kunye neziphumo ezonakalisayo zongquzulwano olunobundlobongela kunye nemfazwe. Umbono wayo kukuba “ubundlobongela nokungabikho kokusesikweni bunokwaphulwa.” Unobhala wayo wamazwe aphesheya useBrussels kwaye kukho izahluko kumazwe amaninzi. U-Pax Christi wabandakanyeka ekuxhaseni abaqhankqalazi kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu eMississippi, encedisa ekucwangciseni amakhwenkwe amashishini acalucalula abantu abamnyama. UPax Christi usebenza ngokuququzelela uthungelwano neminye imibutho ebandakanyeka kumbutho woxolo, ekhuthaza intshukumo yamazwe aphesheya, kunye nokwakha amandla emibutho yamalungu yomsebenzi woxolo ongenabundlobongela. U-Pax Christi ukwisikhundla sokubonisana njengombutho ongekho phantsi kukarhulumente kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaye uthi "uzisa ilizwi kwimibutho yoluntu kwiCawa yamaKatolika, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo uthwala imilinganiselo yeCawa yamaKatolika kwimibutho yoluntu." Ngo-1983, uPax Christi International wawongwa ngebhaso le-UNESCO leMfundo yoXolo.

Novemba 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1920 ipalamente yokuqala yehlabathi, i-League of Nations, yahlangana eGeneva. Ingcamango yokhuseleko oluhlangeneyo yayintsha, imveliso yezinto ezoyikisayo zeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Intlonipho yokunyaniseka nokuzimela kwawo onke amalungu, kunye nendlela yokujoyina ekuwakhuseleni kugonyamelo, kwaqwalaselwa kuwo uMnqophiso owabakho. Amaziko entsebenziswano afana ne-Universal Post Union kunye namanye amacandelo obomi kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho amiselwa, kwaye amalungu avumelana ngemicimbi enjengothutho nonxibelelwano, ubudlelwane bezorhwebo, ezempilo, kunye nokujonga urhwebo lwezixhobo lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-Ofisi yoNobhala yasekwa eGeneva kwaye kwasekwa iNdibano yawo onke amalungu, kunye neBhunga elenziwe ngabameli be-United States, i-Great Britain, i-France, i-Itali, ne-Japan njengamalungu asisigxina, kunye nabanye abane abonyulwe yiNdibano. Nangona kunjalo, isihlalo se-United States kwiBhunga khange sihlale. I-United States ayizange ijoyine i-League, apho yayiya kuba yenye phakathi kwabalinganayo. Esi yayisisindululo esahluke mpela kwesokujoyina iZizwe eziManyeneyo, apho iUnited States kunye namanye amazwe amane anikwa igunya lokuvota. Xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, akuzange kwenziwe sibheno kuManyano. Akukho ntlanganiso zeBhunga okanye iNdibano ezaziqhubeka ngexesha lemfazwe. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho nentlalontle weLigi waqhubekeka ngezinga eliqingqiweyo, kodwa umsebenzi wezopolitiko wawuphelile. IZizwe eziManyeneyo, ezazinezakhiwo ezininzi njengoMbutho, zasekwa ngo-1945. Ngo-1946, uManyano Lwezizwe lwapheliswa ngokusesikweni.

Novemba 16. Ngaloo mini kwi-1989, abafundisi abathandathu nabanye abantu babulawa ngumkhosi waseSalvador. Imfazwe yamakhaya e-El Salvador, 1980-1992, yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-75,000, ishiya i-8,000 ilahlekile kwaye isigidi siswele. IKhomishini yeNyaniso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo eyasekwa ngo-1992 yafumanisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-95 zokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu ezirekhodiweyo ngexesha lomlo zenziwa ngumkhosi waseSalvador ngokuchasene nabahlali abahlala ikakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ababekrokrelwa ukuba baxhasa abemi base-leftist. Ngomhla we-16 kaNovemba 1989, amajoni omkhosi waseSalvador abulala amaJesuit u-Ignacio Ellacuría, u-Ignacio Martín-Baró, uSegundo Montes, u-Amando López, uJuan Ramón Moreno, noJoaquín López, kunye no-Elba Ramos kunye nentombi yakhe ekwishumi elivisayo uCelina kwindawo ababehlala kuyo. kaJose Simeon Canas kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eseMelika eSan Salvador. Izinto zeqela eliphambili le-Atlacatl Battalion lihlasele ikhampasi ngemiyalelo yokubulala umphathi wayo, u-Ignacio Ellacuría, kwaye kungashiyi mangqina ngasemva. AmaJesuit ayekrokrelwa ngokusebenzisana nemikhosi yabavukeli kwaye avumele ukuphela kothethathethwano kumlo wamakhaya neFarabundo Marti National Liberation Front, (FMLN). Ukubulala kwatsala umdla wamanye amazwe kwiinzame zamaJesuit kunye nokunyusa uxinzelelo lwamazwe aphela lokupheliswa komlilo. Le yayiyenye yeendawo eziphambili ezaye zakhokelela kwindawo ekuxoxiswene ngayo emfazweni. Isivumelwano soxolo sayiphelisa imfazwe ngo-1992, kodwa iingcinga zokubulala azange zibekho ematyaleni. Amahlanu amaJesuit abuleweyo ayengabemi baseSpain. Abatshutshisi baseSpain kudala bafuna ukubuyiselwa e-El Salvador kwamalungu aphambili omkhosi ophakamileyo emkhosini obandakanyekayo ekufeni.

Novemba 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1989 iVelvet Revolution, inkululeko yokukhulula yaseCzechoslovakia, yaqala ngomkhondo wabafundi. ICzechoslovakia yafunwa ngamaSoviet emva kweWWII. Nge-1948, imigaqo-nkqubo kaMarxist-Leninist yayigunyazisiwe kuzo zonke izikolo, iindaba zabezindaba zacatshungulwa ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye amashishini alawulwa nguRhulumente wamaKhomanisi. Nakuphi na ukuchaswa kwadibana nobudlova obugqithisileyo kumabhikishi kunye neentsapho zabo kwaze kwaba yilapho inkululeko yokuthetha inqabile. Imigaqo-nkqubo yeSoviet ye-Mikhail Gorbachev yanciphisa imeko yezopolitiko mhlawumbi phakathi kwe-1980 ehamba phambili nabafundi ukucwangcisa umkhonto wokukhunjulwa kuthiwa uhloniphe umfundi owafa iminyaka eyi-50 ngaphambili kwimisebenzi yokulwa noNazi. I-activist yeCzechoslovakian, umbhali, kunye nomdlali we-playwright u-Vaclav Havel nabo baququzelele iForam yezoLuntu ukuba babuyisele ilizwe "ngeVelvet Revolution" yokubhikisha ngokuthula. I-Havel isetyenziselwa ukulungelelaniswa komhlaba phantsi kokuqhagamshelana kunye nokudlala kunye neemvumi ezibangele iqela elibanzi labalandeli. Njengoko abafundi bebekwe ngoNovemba 17th, baphinda badibana nokubetha ngokugqithiseleyo kumapolisa. IQumrhu leZiko leMfundo liqhubekile ukuhamba, libiza abemi ngendlela eya kubalandeli abafundi ekulolweni kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nentetho yamahhala enqatshelwe phantsi kolawulo lwamaKomanisi. Inani labathengisi belikhulile ukusuka ku-200,000 ukuya kwi-500,000, kwaye yaqhubeka de kubekho ininzi ukuba amapolisa ayifake. NgoNovemba 27^th, abasebenzi belizwe lonke baqhubela isiteyimu, bajoyina abacatshulwa ngokubiza ukuphela kokunciphisa kwamaKomanisi. Uhambo olunokuthula lukhokelela lonke ulawulo lukaKomanisi ukuba luyeke emsebenzini ngoDisemba. I-Vaclav Havel yonyulwa ngumongameli weCzechoslovakia ku-1990, ukhetho lokuqala lwentando yesininzi ukususela kwi-1946.

Novemba 18. Ngalo mhla ku-1916 i-Battle of Somme iphelile. Le yayiyimfazwe yokuqala yeHlabathi phakathi kweJamani, kwelinye icala, neFrance kunye neBritane (kubandakanya imikhosi evela eCanada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, naseNewfoundland) kwelinye. Idabi lenzelwa elunxwemeni loMlambo iSomme eFrance, kwaye yayiqale ngoJulayi 1. Icala ngalinye lalinezizathu ezicwangcisekileyo zokulwa, kodwa akukho ndlela yokuzikhusela kuyo. Izigidi ezithathu zamadoda alwa omnye nomnye kwimikhosi enemipu, kunye negesi yetyhefu, kwaye-okokuqala-amatanki. Amadoda angama-164,000 abulawa, kwaye elinye lalimala malunga nama-400,000. Akukho namnye kubo owayebizwa ngokuba ngumbingelelo ngenxa yesizathu esithile esizukileyo. Akukho nto ilungileyo yaphuma emfazweni okanye emfazweni yokulinganisa umonakalo. Iitanki zafikelela kwisantya esiphezulu seemayile ezi-4 ngeyure emva koko zafa ngokubanzi. Iitanki zazikhawuleza kunabantu, ababeceba idabi ukusukela ngo-1915. Amakhulu eenqwelo-moya kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya zabo nabo batshatyalaliswa emfazweni, ngelo xesha elinye icala laqhubela phambili iimayile ezi-6 kodwa alafumana ncedo luphambili. Imfazwe yahlala kuyo yonke into engenamsebenzi. Ngenxa yokuba abantu benomdla wokucinga, kunye nezixhobo ezisasaza ngokukhawuleza ze-propaganda, ukoyikeka okukhulu kunye nobukhulu bemfazwe kukhokelele abaninzi ukuba bazame ukukholelwa ukuba ngasizathu sithile le mfazwe iyakuphelisa iziko lemfazwe. Kodwa, ewe, abadali bemfazwe (izixhobo zecandelo lezopolitiko, abapolitiki abanamandla, abathanda ubundlobongela, kunye neengcali kunye nabaphathi abaza kuhamba njengoko beyalelwe) bonke bahlala.

Novemba 19. Ngaloo mini kwi-1915 Joe Hill yabulawa, kodwa akazange afe. UJoe Hill wayengumququzeleli woBasebenzi beShishini beHlabathi (i-IWW), umanyano omkhulu obizwa ngokuba yi-Wobblies eyamkeleka kwi-American Federation of Labor (AFL) kunye nenkxaso yayo yobunkokheli. Intaba yayingumdlali onobunono kunye nomculi weengoma okhuthazayo owakhuthaza abasebenzi ababuthathaka nabanyanzelekileyo kumashishini onke, kuquka nabasetyhini kunye nabafuduki, ukuba bahlangane kunye. Wabumba ezininzi iingoma ezisetyenziswe ngethuba le-IWW ezibandakanya "uMshumayeli kunye neNceku," kwaye "Kukhona amandla kwiManyano." Ukumelana ne-IWW kwakunzima kulo lonke elalisentshonalanga kwi-1900, kwaye amalungu alo kuthathwa njengeentshaba ngamapolisa nakwizombusazwe. Xa umnini wevenkile ebulawe ngexesha lokuphanga eSalt Lake City, uJoe Hill wayevelele kwisibhedlele esiseduze ngobusuku obufanayo ngesigxobhozo. Xa iHolenqaba yenqaba ukutyhila indlela eyadutshulwa ngayo, amapolisa ammangalela ngokubulala umnikazi wesitolo. Kamva kwafumanisa ukuba iNtaba yayidutshulwa yindoda eyayingumfazi ofana neNtaba. Naphezu kokungabikho kobufakazi, kunye nenkxaso yokuxhaswa kwe-IWW, iNtaba yagwetywa yagwetywa. Kwi-telegram ku-IWW oyisungulo esikhulu uBill Hayward, iNtaba yabhala: "Musa ukuchitha nayiphi na ixesha ukulila. Hlanganisa! "La magama abe yintetho yomanyano. UAlfred Hayes wabhala umbongo othi "Joe Hill," obekwe kumculo kwi-1936 ngu-Earl Robinson. Amagama athi "Ndaphupha ndabona uJoe Hill ebusuku ebusuku" uvuselela abasebenzi.

Novemba 20. Ngaloo mini kwi-1815 iSivumelwano Sokuthula saseParis sagqiba iMpi yamaNapoleon. Umsebenzi wale mvumelwano waqala kwiinyanga ezintlanu emva kokuba uNapoleon I ethinjiwe okokuqala kunye noNapoleon Bonaparte wesibini ngo-1814. NgoFebruwari, ngo-1815, uNapoleon wasinda ekuthinjweni kwakhe kwisiqithi sase-Elba. Wangena eParis ngo-Matshi wama-20 kwaye waqalisa iintsuku ezilikhulu zolawulo lwakhe olubuyiselweyo. Kwiintsuku ezine emva kokoyiswa kwakhe kwiDabi laseWaterloo, uNapoleon wacengwa ukuba abuye kwakhona, nge-22 kaJuni. UKumkani uLouis XVIII, owayebalekile kwelo lizwe ukufika kukaNapoleon eParis, wathabatha itrone yakhe okwesibini ngoJulayi 8. Uxolo lwalulolona lupheleleyo lwakha lwabonwa yiYurophu. Ibinamagama esohlwayo ngakumbi kunesivumelwano sonyaka ophelileyo ekwakuthethathethwene ngaso nguMaurice de Talleyrand. IFransi yayalelwa ukuba ihlawule i-700 yezigidi zeerandi. Imida yaseFrance yehliselwa kwinqanaba labo le-1790. Ukongeza, iFrance yayizakubhatala imali yokugubungela indleko zokubonelela ngezixhobo ezikhuselayo eziza kwakhiwa ngamazwe asixhenxe angabamelwane. Ngaphantsi kwemvumelwano yoxolo, iinxalenye zaseFrance zaziza kuhlala amajoni angama-150,000 kangangeminyaka emihlanu, kunye neFrance behlawula iindleko; Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi woMdibaniso ubonwa ubalulekile kuphela iminyaka emithathu. Ukongeza kwisivumelwano soxolo phakathi kweFrance neBritani, iOstriya, iPrussia neRashiya, bekukho ezinye iindibano ezine ezongezelelweyo kunye nesenzo esiqinisekisa ukungathathi cala kweSwitzerland esatyikitywa kwangolo suku lunye.

Novemba 21. Ngaloo mini kwi-1990 iMfazwe yamaCold iphelile ngokusemthethweni neCharter Charter ye-Europe entsha. I-Paris Charter yaba ngumphumo weentlanganiso ezininzi zoorhulumente baseYurophu kunye neKhanada, iUnited States kunye ne-USSR, eParis, ukusuka ngoNovemba 19-21, 1990. UMikhail Gorbachev, umguquleli onomdla, uye waba namandla kwiSoviet Union waza wazisa imigaqo-nkqubo glasnost (ukuvuleka) kunye perestroika (Uhlengahlengiso). Ukusukela ngoJuni ka-1989 ukuya kuDisemba 1991, ukusuka ePoland ukuya eRashiya, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe bobukomanisi lwawa nganye nganye. Ngekwindla ka-1989, amaJamani aseMpuma nawaseNtshona ayeludiliza udonga lwaseBerlin. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, u-Boris Yeltsin, inkokeli ye-US yase-Russia exhasa utywala. I-Soviet Union kunye ne-Iron Curtain yachithwa. Abantu baseMelika babephila ngenkcubeko yomlo obandayo ebibandakanya ukuzingelwa kwabathakathi baseMcCarthyist, indawo yokuhlala yasemva kwebhombu, ugqatso lwendawo, kunye nengxaki yemipu. Amawakawaka e-US kunye nezigidi zobomi obungengobase-US babelahlekile kwiimfazwe ezazigwetyelwe ukudibana nobukomanisi. Kwakukho imeko yethemba kunye nemincili malunga neCharter, kwanamaphupha okunyanzeliswa kunye nolwahlulo loxolo. Isimo asizange sihlale. I-US kunye nabalingane bayo baqhubeka nokuxhomekeka kwimibutho efana ne-NATO kunye neendlela ezindala zoqoqosho endaweni yombono omtsha oneenkqubo ezibandakanya ngakumbi. I-United States ithembise iinkokheli zase-Russia ukuba zingayandisi i-NATO esempuma, kodwa ukusukela ngoko yenze ngokuchanekileyo oko. Iswele i-raison d'etre entsha, i-NATO yaya emfazweni eYugoslavia, ibeka umzekelo kwiimfazwe zasebukhosini ezise-Afghanistan naseLibya, kunye nokuqhubeka kwemfazwe ebandayo enenzuzo enkulu kubathengisi bezixhobo.

Novemba 22. Ngaloo mini kwi-1963, uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wabulawa. Urhulumente wase-United States wamisela ikhomishini ekhethekileyo yokuphanda, kodwa izigqibo zalo zazibonwa zibuhlungu xa zingenakudla. Ukukhonza kwiKomishoni yeWarren yayingu-Allen Dulles, owayengumlawuli weCIA owayesuswe nguKennedy, kwaye baninzi abajonge njengeqela labaxhasi abakhulu. Leli qela liquka u-E. Howard Hunt ovuma ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe kwaye egama lakhe ligama lakhe lokufa. KuMongameli we-2017 uDonald Trump, ngokucela kweCIA, ngokungemthetho nangenanto, wagcina iimfihlo ezahlukahlukeneyo ze-JFK ezazisetyenziselwa ukugqitywa ekugqibeleni. Iincwadi ezimbini ezithandwayo nezikholisayo kwesi sihloko nguJim Douglass ' JFK kunye noNgenakwenzeka, kunye noDavid Talbot I-Chessboard kaMtyholi. UKennedy wayengenguye umlo wempi, kodwa wayengenguye umkhosi owawufuna abanye. Akayi kulwa neCuba okanye iSoviet Union okanye iVietnam okanye iMpuma Jamani okanye iintshukumo zokuzimela e-Afrika. Ukhuthaze izixhobo kunye noxolo. Wayethetha ngokubambisana no Khrushchev, nanjengoko uMongameli Dwight Eisenhower wayezamile ngaphambi komlo we-U2. UKennedy wayeloluhlobo lomchasi weWall Street eyayineCIA kumkhwa wokubhukuqa kwiidolophu zangaphandle. UKennedy wayesebenzela ukunciphisa ioyile ngokuvala izithuba zerhafu. Wayevumela ezopolitiko ezishiyekileyo e-Itali ukuba zithathe inxaxheba emandleni. Uthintele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwimibutho yentsimbi. Nokuba ngubani owabulala uKennedy, kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, uninzi luye lwathi izinto ezininzi zokuhlonela i-CIA kunye nomkhosi ngoosopolitiki baseWashington njengophawu lokusola kunye noloyiko.

Novemba 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-1936, uCarl von Ossietzky, intatheli eyaziwayo yaseJamani kunye no-pacifist, wanikezwa iNkokheli yoKhuseleko lukaNobel ngokukhawuleza ngonyaka we-1935. U-Ossietzky wazalwa ngo-1889 e-Hamburg, kwaye wayeyi-pacifist egqibeleleyo enezakhono ezibalaseleyo zokubhala. Waye-kunye no-Kurt Tucholsky-umseki-mbambano we-Friedensbundes der Kriegsteilnehmer (umanyano loxolo lwabathathi-nxaxheba bemfazwe), umbutho wase Nie Wieder Krieg (Akusekho Mfazwe), kunye nomhleli oyintloko weveki ye-Die Weltbühne (Inqanaba lehlabathi) . Emva kokutyhila uqeqesho lomkhosi olwalelweyo lwe Reichswehr, u-Ossietzky wabekwa ityala ekuqaleni kuka-1931 ngenxa yokungcatsha umbuso kunye nobuntlola. Naxa abaninzi bezama ukumkholisa ukuba abaleke, wala, esithi uzakuya ejele kwaye angangumboniso ocaphukisayo ophilisa isigwebo esinepolitiki. Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesibhozo kuFebruwari 28 u-Ossietzky wabanjwa kwakhona, ngeli xesha ngamaNazi. Wathunyelwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso apho waphathwa kakubi khona. Ukubandezeleka kwaqhubela phambili isifo sephepha, wakhululwa ngo-1933 kodwa akazange avunyelwe ukuba aye e-Oslo ukuze amkele umvuzo wakhe. ITime Magazine ibhale yathi: “Ukuba umntu wakhe wasebenza, walwa ze waphatheka kabuhlungu ngoxolo, ngumJamani omncinci ogulayo, uCarl von Ossietzky. Phantse unyaka iKomiti yeNobel yoXolo lweNobel ibishukunyiswe zizikhalazo ezivela kubo bonke ubuSoshiyali, iiNkululeko kunye nabantu ababhaliweyo ngokubanzi, betyumba uCarl von Ossietzky kwi-1936 Prize Peace. Isiqubulo sabo: 'Thumela Ibhaso Loxolo kwiNkampu Yoxinaniso.' ”U-Ossietzky wasweleka ngoMeyi 1935, 4 kwisibhedlele saseWestend eBerlin-Charlottenburg.

Novemba 24. Ngaloo mini kwi-2016, emva kweminyaka eyi-50 yemfazwe kunye ne-4 iminyaka engxoxo, urhulumente waseColombia usele isivumelwano soxolo kunye neNguqulelo zeArmed Forces yaseColombia (FARC). Imfazwe ithathe ubomi be-200,000 yaseColombia kwaye yafuduka abantu abayizigidi ezisixhenxe kwilizwe labo. UMongameli waseColumbia wanikezwa iNkonzweni yoKhuseleko kaNobel, nangona amaqabane akhe ngoxolo ayengekho. Nangona kunjalo, abavukeli bathatha amanyathelo amanyathelo athile ekulandeleni ngokwenene kwisivumelwano kunokuba urhulumente. Kwakuyilungiselelo eliyinkimbinkimbi, ukubonelela ukukhubazeka, ukulungiswa kwakhona, ukutshintshwa kweentolongo, ukuxolelwa, inyaniso yee-commissions, ukuguqulwa kobunini bomhlaba, kunye nenkxaso kumafama ukuba akhule izityalo ngaphandle kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Urhulumente kaninzi akakwazanga ukulandela, kwaye waphula isivumelwano ngokulahla ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa, nangokukhupha amabanjwa eUnited States. I-FARC ivuseleleke, kodwa i-vacuum ephumayo yazaliswa ngobundlobongela obutsha, ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, kunye nokumbiwa kwegolide engekho mthethweni. URhulumente akazange akhusele ukukhusela abantu, aphinde aphinde aphinde ahlasele abakuqala, aqinisekise ukuba ukhuseleko lwabadala, okanye ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. URhulumente naye wagxininisa ekumiseni ikhomishoni yenyaniso kunye nenkundla ekhethekileyo ukuzama abantu ngenxa yezophulo-mthetho. Ukwenza uxolo akusona isenzo somzuzwana, nangona umzuzwana ungundoqo. Ilizwe elingenayo imfazwe linyathelo eliphambili, kodwa ukungaphumeleli ekupheliseni ubundlobongela nokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabi nabulungisa kwenza ukuba kubekho ukulwa kwempi. IColombia, njengamazwe onke, ifuna izibophelelo ezithembekileyo kwinkqubo yokugcina uxolo, kungekhona nje izivakalisi kunye namabhaso.

Novemba 25. Lo mhla nguSuku lwaMazwe ngamazwe lokuQeda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabafazi. Kwakhona ngalo mhla kwi-1910, u-Andrew Carnegie wamisela iNkxaso yoxolo lwaMazwe ngamazwe. Isibhengezo sokupheliswa koBundlobongela kwabaseTyhini sakhutshwa yi-UN General Assembly kwi-1993. Ichaza ubudlobongela kubasetyhini ngokuthi "nasiphi na isenzo sobundlobongela obusekelwe ngokwesini esiphumela, okanye sisenokubangela ukuba, ingozi yesondo okanye yengqondo okanye ukukhathazeka kwabasetyhini, kuquka nokusongela izenzo ezinjalo, ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukunyanzelwa inkululeko, nokuba ezenzeka ebantwini okanye kwindawo yabucala. "Ingxenye yesithathu yabasetyhini kunye namantombazana ehlabathini baye bafumana ubundlobongela ngokwenyama, ngokwesondo, okanye ngokwengqondo. Umthombo obalulekileyo wobu ndlo bongela yimfazwe, apho ukudlwengulwa ngezinye izixhobo, kwaye apho ininzi yabasetyhini abahlali kuquka nabasetyhini nabantwana. I-Carnegie Indowment yoxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe yinkonzo yeziko lophando lomgaqo-nkqubo. Yayisungulwa kwi-1910 kunye nenjongo yokuphelisa imfazwe, emva koko kukwazisa into yesibini eyona nto ibubi kakhulu eyenziwa ngumntu kwaye isebenze ukuphelisa loo nto. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka eminyaka yobukho balo, i-Endowment igxile ekukhuselweni kwemfazwe, ekwakheni ubuhlobo bamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwempahla. Yasebenza, njengoko kufunwa ngumdali wayo, ngokubhekiselele kunjongo ekugqibeleni yokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa njengoko inkcubeko yaseNtshona inqamle imfazwe, i-Endowment iqhubele phambili ekusebenzeni kuzo zonke iintlobo zezizathu ezilungileyo, ekugqibeleni ngokupheleleyo, kungekhona kwemfazwe, kodwa yinto yokuqala yokulwa nokulwa.

Novemba 26. Ngalo mhla kwi-1832, uDkt Mary Edwards Walker wazalwa e Oswego, NY. Iimpahla zamadoda zazisebenza ngakumbi kwifama yosapho, kwaye enye yeendlela zokuziphatha kwakhe yayikukuhlala enxibe iimpahla zamadoda. Ngo-1855 waphumelela kwiSyrause Medical College, ekuphela komfundi obhinqileyo eklasini. Utshatile no-Albert Miller, ugqirha, akazange athathe igama lakhe. Emva koqheliso lwezamayeza olungaphumelelanga (ubunzima yayisisini sakhe), baqhawula umtshato. Ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya yase-US, ngo-1861, uWalker wavunyelwa ukuba abe ngumongikazi wokuzithandela kwi-Union Army. Njengogqirha wotyando ongabhatalwanga, yayinguye kuphela ugqirha wasetyhini kwiMfazwe yamakhaya. Wazinikela njengempimpi kwiSebe leMfazwe kodwa wajika. Rhoqo ewela imigca yotshaba ukuya kubantu abonzakeleyo, wabanjwa kwaye wachitha iinyanga ezine njengebanjwa lemfazwe. Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba abasetyhini banikwe ivoti ngokusemthethweni, wavota, nangona wayeyilahla intshukumo ye-suffragette de kwaba kamva ebomini. Emva kwemfazwe, uMongameli Andrew Johnson wanika uMary Edwards Walker iMedal of Honor. Utshintsho kwimimiselo yeli bhaso ngo-1917 yayithetha ukuba liza kuphinda libuyiselwe umva, kodwa wala ukulincama kwaye walinxiba kwade kwasekufeni kobomi bakhe. Wafumana ipenshoni encinci yemfazwe kunaleyo yanikwa abahlolokazi bemfazwe. Wayesebenza kwintolongo yabasetyhini eKentucky nakwikhaya leenkedama eTennessee. UWalker wapapasha iincwadi ezimbini kwaye wazibonisa emacaleni. UGqr Walker usweleke ngoFebruwari 21, 1919. Wayekhe wathi, “Kulusizi ukuba abantu abakhokela iinguqu kweli lizwe abathandwa de bafe.”

Novemba 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1945 CARE yasungulwa ukuxhasa abasindayo beMfazwe Yehlabathi II eYurophu. INKONZO yayimele “Intsebenziswano yokuThunyelwa eMelika eYurophu.” Ngoku “yintsebenziswano yoNcedo noNcedo kuyo yonke indawo.” Uncedo lokutya lwe-CARE kwasekuqaleni lwaluthatha uhlobo lweephakeji ezazithengisa kwintsalela yemfazwe. Iiphakheji zokutya zaseYurophu zokugqibela zathunyelwa ngo-1967. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kwasekwa i-CARE International. Inika ingxelo yokusebenza kumazwe angama-94, ixhasa iiprojekthi ezingama-962 kwaye ifikelela ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-80 zabantu. Ikomkhulu layo liseAtlanta, Georgia. Uye wandisa igunya lakhe kule minyaka idlulileyo, esenza iinkqubo zokudala isisombululo sendlala. Ixhasa utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo olujongana nentlupheko kwaye iphendula kwimeko zonxunguphalo, njengoko kunjalo kwiRed Cross nakwiRed Crescent Societies. I-CARE ithi "izinikele ekwenzeni okungaphezulu kokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhawulezileyo" ngokuwoyisa imiqobo yolwakhiwo kuphuhliso olufana nocalucalulo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle, amaziko karhulumente anganyanisekanga, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo, ungquzulwano kunye nokuphazamiseka kwezentlalo, kunye nezisongelo ezinkulu zempilo yoluntu. Inkathalo ayisebenzi eUnited States. Yayinguvulindlela NGO kutyalo-mali oluncinci lwamashishini amancinci ngokugcinwa kweqela kunye nemali mboleko. Inkathalo ayixhasi mali, ayixhasi, okanye ikhuphe isisu. Endaweni yoko, izama ukunciphisa ukusweleka koomama neentsana “ngokunyusa umgangatho, ukuphendula kunye nokulingana kweenkonzo zempilo.” ICARE ithi iinkqubo zayo zijolise kwabasetyhini nakumantombazana kuba ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini kubalulekile ekuqhubeni uphuhliso. I-CARE ixhaswa ngeminikelo evela kubantu nakwimibutho nakwiiarhente zikarhulumente, kubandakanya ne-European Union kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo.

NgoLwesine ngoLwesine ngoNovemba liholide lokubonga e-United States, ukuphulaphula ukwahlukaniswa kwecawa kunye nelizwe ukwenzela ukuba kubuyiselwe ulwaphulo-mthetho njengobuncwane.

Novemba 28. Ngaloo mhla kwi-1950 iSicwangciso seColombo soPhuhliso loQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso loLuntu eMzantsi naseMzantsi-mpuma ye-Asia yasungulwa. ISicwangciso savela kwiNgqungquthela ye-Commonwealth kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe eyayibanjelwe eColombo, eCylon (ngoku eyiSri Lanka) kunye neqela lokuqala lakwa-Australia, iBrithani, Canada, Ceylon, India, New Zealand kunye nePakistan. Kwi-1977, igama layo laguqulwa libe yi "I-Colombo Plan yoBuchule beNtsebenziswano noPhuhliso lweNtlalo e-Asiya nakwiPacific." Ngoku i-intlangano kaRhulumente ye-27 amalungu, kuquka iNdiya, i-Afghanistan, i-Iran, iJapan, iKorea, iNew Zealand , I-Saudi Arabia, iVietnam kunye ne-United States. Iindleko zokusebenza zoNobhala beeNobhala zihlawulwa ngamazwe alungu ngokuhlawula ubulungu bonyaka. Ekuqaleni, amaziko eenqwelo-moya, iindlela zeendlela, izitimela, amabhasi, izibhedlele, izityalo zentengiso, izitshixo ze-cement, iifunivesithi kunye nezitye zensimbi zakhiwe kumazwe angamazwe ancedisayo kunye neteknoloji evela kumazwe athuthukayo, kunye necandelo loqeqesho lwezakhono. Iinjongo zayo ziquka ukugxininiswa kwimbono yokubambisana kwe-south-south, ukulinganisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengxowa-mali ngokubhekisele ngakumbi, kunye nentsebenziswano yobugcisa kunye noncedo ekukwabelaneni nasekudluliseni iteknoloji. Kule mihla, iiprogram zakutshanje zenzelwe ukubonelela ngezakhono eziphambili kunye namava kwimiba eyahlukileyo kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho nezentlalo njengendlela "yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo wolungileyo kunye nokulawulwa kwenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kwindawo yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye noqoqosho lwemarike." ISicwangciso ijolise kwicandelo labucala lophuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kumazwe angamazwe. Iiprogram zayo ezisisigxina ziNgciliso zeDrams, Ukwakhiwa kwamakhono, iNkcubeko, kunye neNdalo.

Novemba 29. Lusuku loSuku lweManyano lweManyano kunye nabantu basePalestina. Umhla wasekwa yi-UN General Assembly ngo-1978, ukuphendula iNakba, okanye intlekele yokubulawa nokugxothwa kwabantu basePalestine kumhlaba wabo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweedolophu neelali ngexesha lowama-1948 lokudala uhlanga lakwa-Israyeli. Isigqibo se-UN 181 (II) ekwahlulekeni kwePalestine, samkelwa kwangalo mhla u-1947 ukuseka amazwe ama-Arabhu namaJuda ahlukeneyo kumhlaba wasePalestine. IPalestine yayithinjwe yi-Bhritane, kwaye abantu basePalestine khange kuboniswane nabo ekwahlulweni komhlaba wabo. Le nkqubo yahamba ngokuchasene noMgaqo-siseko we-UN, kwaye ke ayinalo igunya lomthetho. Isisombululo sango-1947 sicebisa ukuba iPalestine ithathe iipesenti ezingama-42 zommandla wayo, ilizwe lamaJuda ama-55 eepesenti, kunye neYerusalem neBhetelehem iipesenti ezi-0.6. Ngo-2015, i-Israel yayinyanzele ukufikelela kwayo kwiipesenti ezingama-85 zePalestine eyimbali. NgoJanuwari 2015, inani leembacu zasePalestine yayizi-5.6 yezigidi. Abantu basePalestine basajamelene nokuhlala emkhosini, ulawulo oluqhubekayo lomkhosi, abantu, ubundlobongela kunye nokuqhushumba, ukuqhubeka nokwakhiwa kokuhlalwa kuka-Israyeli kunye nokwandiswa, kunye nokuwohloka kweemeko zoluntu nezoqoqosho. Abantu basePalestine abakawafumani amalungelo abo angenakulinganiswa nokuzikhethela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, njengoko kuchaziwe yi-UN Declaration of Human Rights-ulawulo lwesizwe, kunye nelungelo lokubuyela kwipropathi yabo. Isimo sokujonga esingelolungu se-UN sePalestine sanikwa ngo-2012, kwaye ngo-2015, iflegi yasePalestine yaphakanyiswa phambi kwekomkhulu le-UN. Kodwa uSuku lwaMazwe ngaMazwe lujongwa njengelinge le-UN lokunciphisa intlekele eyenzileyo kunye nokuthethelela isisombululo esibe neziphumo ezibi ebantwini basePalestine.

Novemba 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1999, uhlanganiso olubanzi lwabalandeli abangenzi ngokungahambisani ngenyameko ukuvala iNkomfa yoBulungiseleli be-World Trade Organisation e Seattle, eWashington. Ngama-40,000 abaqhankqalazi, umanyano lwaseSeattle lwasibekela naluphi na uqhankqalazo eUnited States ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha ngokuchasene nemibutho enegunya lokudibana nehlabathi. I-WTO ijongana nemithetho yorhwebo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ixoxisana ngezivumelwano zorhwebo phakathi kwamalungu ayo. Inamalungu ali-160 amele i-98% yorhwebo lwehlabathi. Ukujoyina i-WTO, oorhulumente bayavuma ukuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo esekwe yi-WTO. INkomfa yabaPhathiswa, njengaseSeattle, ihlangana rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, kwaye yenze izigqibo ezingundoqo kubulungu. Iwebsite yeWTO ithi injongo yayo “kukuvula urhwebo ukuze kuzuze wonke umntu,” kunye namabango okunceda amazwe asaphuhlayo. Ingxelo yayo malunga naloo nto kukusilela okukhulu kwaye kubonakala ngathi ngabom. I-WTO iwusandulisile umsantsa ophakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu ngexa ithoba ingqesho kunye nemigangatho yezendalo. Kwimithetho yayo, i-WTO ithanda amazwe atyebileyo kunye neenkampani zamazwe aphesheya, zenzakalisa amazwe amancinci ngemisebenzi ephezulu yokungenisa elizweni kunye nezabelo. Uqhanqalazo lwaseSeattle lwalulukhulu, luyilo, lwalungenabundlobongela, kunye nenoveli ekudibaniseni kunye imidla eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimibutho yabasebenzi ukuya kwezendalo ukuya kumaqela alwa nentlupheko. Ngelixa iingxelo zosasazo lwendibaniselwano yaxela kwangaphambili abantu abambalwa ababandakanyeka ekonakalisweni kwepropathi, ubungakanani kunye nokuziphatha kunye namandla emiboniso yaphumelela ekuchaphazeleni izigqibo ze-WTO kunye nokuqonda koluntu oko. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, uqhankqalazo lukaSeattle lwazala iinzame ezifanayo kwi-WTO nakwindibano ezinxulumene nazo kwihlabathi liphela kwiminyaka ezayo.

Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.

Yiya kwiifayile zomsindo.

Yiya kwisicatshulwa.

Yiya kwimizobo.

Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.

Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.

umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.

Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.

Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.