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Oktobha 1. Ngaloo mini kwi-1990, i-United States ixhasa ukuhlasela kwe-Rwanda ngumkhosi wase-Uganda oholwa ngababulali abaqeqeshiwe base-US. I-US ixhase uhlaselo lwayo eRwanda kangangeminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha. Olu lusuku olulungileyo lokukhumbula ukuba ngelixa iimfazwe zingenako ukuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu, zinokubangela zona. Xa uchasa imfazwe kwezi ntsuku uyakuva ngokukhawuleza amagama amabini: "Hitler" kunye "Rwanda." Ngenxa yokuba iRwanda ijongene nengxaki edinga amapolisa, impikiswano iyahamba, iLibya okanye iSyria okanye i-Iraq kufuneka ibhombiswe. Kodwa iRwanda yajongana nengxaki eyadalwa ngumkhosi, hayi ingxaki eyimfuneko kwezomkhosi. UNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uBoutros Boutros-Ghali wema ngelithi “ukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda kwakuyipesenti enkulu yabantu baseMerika!” Ngoba? Ewe, iUnited States yaxhasa ukuhlaselwa kweRwanda ngo-Okthobha 1, 1990. I-Africa Watch (eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yi-Human Rights Watch / i-Afrika) yayibaxa kwaye yagxeka ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu yiRwanda, hayi imfazwe. Abantu abangazange babulawe babaleka abahlaseli, badala ingxaki yeembacu, bonakalisa ezolimo, kunye noqoqosho olonakeleyo. I-US kunye neNtshona baxhobile i-warmaker kwaye basebenzise uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo ngeBhanki yeHlabathi, i-IMF, kunye ne-USAID. Ubundlobongela bonyukile phakathi kwamaHutu namaTutsi. Ngo-Epreli 1994, abongameli baseRwanda nabaseBurundi babulawa, ngokuqinisekileyo babulawa ngumenzi wemfazwe oxhaswe yi-US kunye nomongameli-waseRwanda oza kuba nguPaul Kagame. Isiphithiphithi kwaye hayi nje icala elinye lokutshatyalaliswa kulandele ukubulawa. Ngelo xesha, abasebenza ngoxolo, uncedo, idiplomacy, ukuxolisa, okanye ukutshutshiswa komthetho kunokunceda. Iibhombu bezingenakuba nazo. I-US yahlala phantsi de uKagame wabamba amandla. Wayeza kuthatha imfazwe ayise eCongo, apho kwakuzakufa khona izigidi ezi-6.
Oktobha 2. Ngomhla ngamnye unyaka ngamnye i-UN International Day of Non-Violence ibonwa kwihlabathi. Eyasungulwa kwi-2007 ngokusombulula i-UN General Assembly, uSuku loNgekho noTlobongela luboshwe ngamabomu ngosuku lokuzalwa lukaMahatma Gandhi, umonakalo omkhulu wokungathobeli komntu onobundlobongela obakhokelela eNdiya ekuzimela kwakhe ngaphandle kolawulo lwaseBrithani kwi-1947. I-Gandhi ibona ingengobundlobongela "amandla amakhulu ekulahla uluntu ... inamandla kunesixhobo esinamandla kunazo zonke sokutshatyalaliswa esakhiwe ngobulumko bendoda." Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukukhulelwa kwakhe kwelo gunya kubanzi kunokuba ayisebenzise kunceda ukuphumelela ukuzimela kwelizwe lakhe. UGandhi naye waqonda ukuba ukungabikho kobundlobongela kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwabantu beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuhlanga, ukwandisa amalungelo omfazi kunye nokunciphisa ubuhlwempu. Ukususela ekufeni kwakhe kwi-1948, amaqela amaninzi ehlabathini lonke, njengoluphiko lwemfazwe kunye nabaxhasi bamalungelo aseburhulumenteni e-US, baye basebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo izicwangciso ezingenabundlobongela ekuphuculeni ukutshintsha kwezopolitiko okanye ezentlalo. Izenzo ezithathiwe zibandakanya imibhikisho kunye nokukholisa, kubandakanywa ukuhamba kunye nemigodi; ukungasebenzisani kunye negunya lolawulo; nokungenelelo okungenasidlangalaleni, njengokungena kunye ne-blockades, ukukhusela izenzo ezingalunganga. Kwisisombululo sawo sokudala uMhla woLuntu ongadlanga ulwaphulo, i-UN iqinisekisile ngokubaluleka kokubanzi komgaqo wokungahambisani nobudlova nokusebenza kwayo ekukhuseleni inkcubeko yoxolo, ukunyamezela nokuqonda. Ukuncedisa phambili oko kubangelwa Usuku lokungabikho koBundlobongela, abantu ngabanye, oorhulumente, kunye nemibutho engeyiyo urhulumente emhlabeni jikelele unikezela iintetho, inkomfa zeenkomfa, kunye nezinye iintetho ezijolise ekufundiseni uluntu ngendlela amacebo angabonakaliyo anokusetyenziswa ngayo ukukhuthaza uxolo phakathi naphakathi kweentlanga.
Oktobha 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1967, ngaphezu kwamadoda akwa-1,500 kuwo wonke amazwe ase-United States abuyisele amakhadi abo alungele kwi-Rhulumente wase-United States kwimbonakalo yokuqala "yokungena" kweloMfazwe yaseVietnam. Uqhankqalazo luhlelwe liqela lokulwa neqhinga elichazwe ngokuthi "Ukuchasana," kunye namanye amaqela olwaphulo-mkhosi okulwa nemfazwe, ayeza kufaka amanani ambalwa "angenelela" ngaphambi kokunciphisa. Nangona kunjalo, olunye uhlobo lokubhikisha kwamakhadi luye lwavela kwi-1964 eyona nto yayiza kubonisa ukuba ihlala ihlala ihlala kwaye ilandelelanise. Oku kwakukutshisa amakhadi alwayo, ngokubanzi kwimiboniso ehlelwe ngabafundi beyunivesithi. Ngalesi senzo sokungcoliseki, abafundi bafuna ukunika ilungelo labo lokuqhubeka nokuphila kwabo emva kokugqitywa kwezifundo, kunokuba baphoqeleke ukuba bafake engozini kwizinto ezininzi abazibona njengemfazwe yokuziphatha okubi. Isenzo sibonakalisa isibindi nesigwebo, njengoko i-US Congress yayidlulisele umthetho ngo-Agasti 1965, kamva iphakanyiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, eyayichitha intshabalalo yamakhadi. Ngokwenene, nangona kunjalo, bambalwa amadoda afunyaniswe netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, njengoko ukutshiswa kwekhadi-mali kuye kwafunyanwa ngokubanzi kungekhona nje ngezenzo zokuqulunqa, kodwa ukulwa nokulwa. Ngaloo mxholo, imifanekiso ephindaphindiweyo yokutshiswa ekunyathelisweni kwaye kumabonwakude kuncedisa ukujonga uluvo lwabantu ngokumalunga nemfazwe ngokubonisa umlinganiselo olwahlukana ngayo ukunyaniseka kwendabuko. Ukutshiswa kwadlala indima ekuphazamiseni ikhono le-US Selective Service System ukugcina amanqanaba omntu omtsha afunekayo ukuze asebenze ngempumelelo umshini wemfazwe wase-US eVietnam nase-mpuma ye-Asia. Ngaloo ndlela, nabo bancedisa ukuzisa imfazwe engekho sikweni.
Oktobha 4. Ngomhla ngamnye kunyaka, uSuku loMthendeleko waseSt. Francis wase-Assisi lubonwa ngamaKatolika aseRoma emhlabeni jikelele. Wazalelwa e-1181, uFrancis ungomnye wabantu abakhulu beCawa yamaRoma Katolika, umsunguli wecawa yecawa enkulu kunazo zonke, kunye nomntu ongcwele owaziwayo emva kweminyaka emibini emva kokufa kwakhe kwi-1226. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda kukaFrancis indoda-esekelwe kwinyaniso kunye nokubethelwa kweengcamango-eziqhubeka zikhuthaza izigidi zabantu abaneenkolelo ezahlukeneyo, okanye akukho, ukulandela ukukhokela kwakhe ekuxabiseni nasekufuneni ukuphakamisa ubomi babanye abantu kunye nezilwanyana. UFrancis yena ngokwakhe wabakhokela ngobomi bokuzinikela okukhulu kubantu abahluphekileyo kunye nabagulayo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba wayefumene ukuphefumlelwa kwendalo, inyama, nezinto ezilula, wayenomonde kakhulu kwaye unako ukuthetha ngokukhululeka kubantwana, abaqokeleli berhafu, abantu bezinye iintlanga nabaFarisi. Ekuhambeni kwakhe, uFrancis waphefumlela abo bafuna ubomi benentsingiselo kunye nenkonzo. Intsingiselo yakhe kuthi kuthi namhlanje, kungekhona njengempawu, kodwa ekuboniseni indlela yokuvula, ukuhlonela imvelo, ukuthandana kwezilwanyana kunye nentlonipho kunye nolwalamano lwentlambo nabo bonke abanye abantu. Ukubaluleka kwendalo yonke kaFrancis ngokubhekiselele kubomi kuboniswa kukuba i-UNESCO, i-United Nations igosa elizibophezele ekuphuculeni uxolo ngokubambisana ngamazwe ngamazwe kwiMfundo, kwiSayensi, nakwiNkcubeko, ikhethe iSaslica yaseSt. Francis e-Assisi indawo yelifa lehlabathi. Iziko lamazwe e-UN lifumene umoya wobuhlobo eFrancis, kwaye ufuna ukumakhela uxolo lwehlabathi kwiziseko ezifunekayo ezintliziyweni zamadoda nabasetyhini.
Oktobha 5. Ngaloo mini kwi-1923, umgqugquzeli woxolo waseMerika uFilipu Berrigan wazalelwa kwiiLibhulo ezimbini, eMinnesota. Ngo-Oktobha 1967, uBergan, owayengumfundisi wamaRoma Katolika, wahlangana namanye amadoda amathathu eyokuqala kwezinto ezimbini ezingazikhumbulwanga zokungathobeli kwabantu kwiVietnam yaseVietnam. "I-Baltimore Yine," njengokuba iqela libizwa, lifanekisela igazi kunye negazi leenkukhu kwiiRekhodi zeNkonzo zokuSebenza ezifakwe kwiBaltimore Customs House. Kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe emva koko, uBergan wabambisana nabanye abesibhozo kunye nabasetyhini, kuquka nomntakwabo uDaniel, yena umfundisi kunye nomlweli-mkhosi wokulwa nemfazwe, ukuphatha iifayile ze-1-A iifayile ezicwangcisiweyo kwiibhasiki zee-wire ezivela kwiConsonsville, eMary Maryland yayo yokupaka. Kulapho, oko kuthiwa "iCatonsville Nine" kufake iifayile zifudumele, zisetyenziswe kwakhona, zenzeke ngokomfanekiso, i-napalm eyenziwe ekhaya. Lo msebenzi wenza ukuba abazalwana boBergigan babe nodumo kwaye bavuselele ingxabano malunga nemfazwe emakhaya kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngaloo nto, uFilip Berrigan wamgxeka yonke imfazwe ngokuthi "isiqalekiso kuThixo, kwintsapho yoluntu kunye nomhlaba ngokwawo." Ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezininzi zokungqinelani kwempi, wahlawula ixabiso, ngaphezu kobomi bakhe, iminyaka elishumi elinanye entolongweni . Kodwa loo minyaka elahlekileyo, yamnika ingqiqo enengqiqo, echaze kwi-1996, Ukulwa neMfazwe yeMvana"Ndibona umohluko omncinci phakathi kwehlabathi ngaphakathi kwamasango entolongo kunye nehlabathi elingaphandle," ubhale watsho uBerrigan. "Isigidi seendonga zentolongo asinakusikhusela, kuba ezona ngozi zingumkhosi, ubukrakra, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ubuNazi, ubundlobongela bamapolisa - zilele ngaphandle, hayi ngaphakathi, kwiindonga zentolongo." Le ntshatsheli yeqhawe world beyond war wasweleka ngoDisemba 6, 2002, eneminyaka engama-79.
Oktobha 6. Ngaloo mini kwi-1683, iintsapho ezili-13 ze-Quaker ezivela kwingingqi yaseRhineland entshonalanga yeJamani zifikile echwebeni laseFiladelphia emva kohambo lwe-75 lwe-transatlantic oluya kwi-500-ton schooner Concord. Iintsapho zazinengxaki yokutshutshiswa ngokwenkolo kwilizwe labo emva kwezidubedube zoHlaziyo, kwaye, ngokusekwe kwiingxelo, babekholelwa ukuba ikholoni entsha yasePennsylvania iyakubanika umhlaba wokulima kunye nenkululeko yenkolo abayifunayo. Irhuluneli yayo, uWilliam Penn, ibambelele kwimigaqo yamaQuaker yenkululeko yesazela kunye ne-pacifism, kwaye yayila umqulu wenkululeko oqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo. Ukufudukela kwiintsapho zaseJamani kwahlelwa ngumhlobo kaPenn uFrancis Pastorius, iarhente yaseJamani kwinkampani yokuthenga umhlaba eFrankfurt. Nge-Agasti ka-1683, u-Pastorius wathethathethana noPenn ngokuthengwa komhlaba osenyakatho-ntshona yePhiladelphia. Emva kokufika kwabaphambukeli ngo-Okthobha, wabanceda bamisela apho oko kwakuzokwaziwa njengendawo yokuhlala yase "Germantown". Indawo yokuhlala yahluma, njengoko abemi bayo bakha amatye okusila ecaleni kwemilambo kwaye bakhulisa iintyatyambo kunye nemifuno kwiziza zabo ezineehektare. UPastorius kamva wakhonza njengosodolophu wedolophu, emisela inkqubo yesikolo kwaye ebhala isisombululo sokuqala e-United States ngokuchasene nobukhoboka be-chattel. Nangona isisombululo singazange silandelwe ngamanyathelo ekhonkrithi, singene ngokunzulu kuluntu lwaseGermantown umbono wokuba ubukhoboka buyinkolelo yobuKristu. Phantse kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva, ubukhoboka bapheliswa ngokusemthethweni eUnited States. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina buqhubekeka ukucebisa ukuba ukonakala okwasekelwa kuko akunakuze kucinywe ngokupheleleyo kude kube umgaqo wamaQuaker wokuba zonke izenzo kufuneka zibotshelelwe kwisazela sokuziphatha zamkelwe jikelele.
Oktobha 7. Ngaloo mini kwi-2001, iUnited States yahlasela i-Afghanistan kwaye yaqala enye yeemfazwe ende kunazo zonke kwimbali yase-US. Abantwana abazalwa emva kokuqala ukulwa e-US kwaye bafa kwicala lase-Afghanistan. Lo ngumhla omuhle ukukhumbula ukuba iimfazwe zinqandwa kalula kunokuba ziphelile. Ngokuqinisekileyo oku bekuye kuthintela. Emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11, iUnited States yafuna ukuba i-Taliban izinikezele i-Osama Bin Laden. Ngokuhambelana nesiko lase-Afghan, amaTaliban acela ubungqina. I-US yasabela ngesigxina. I-Taliban yawahlalisa isicelo sobungqina kwaye iphakanyise ukuxoxisana kweBin Laden ukutshutshiswa kwetyala kwelinye ilizwe, mhlawumbi enye inokugqiba nokuyithumela e-US I-US iphendule loo nto ngokuqalisa umkhankaso wokuqhuma ibhomu kunye nokuhlasela ilizwe elingazange lihlasele , ukubulala yokuqala yekhulu lamawaka abantu abaza kufa kwi-9 / 11 imfazwe. Ukuqwalasela ukukhutshwa kweentlanga emva kwe9 / 11, iUnited States inokufumana ukuvunyelwa kwe-UN ngolunye uhlobo lwezenzo zempi, nangona kwakukho okungekho mthethweni. I-US ayifumananga ukuzama. I-US ekugqibeleni yadibanisa kwi-UN kunye ne-NATO, kodwa igcinwe ngamandla ayo angenelelo, ngaphandle kwegama elithi "Operation Enduring Freedom". Ekugqibeleni, i-US yayishiywe yedwa ukuba iqhubeke nokuzama ukukhuthaza abaphathi beemfazwe ababeyikhethile phezu kwamanye amagosa imfazwe eqhubekayo eyayilahlekelwe yinto efana nengqiqo. Inene imini yokukhumbula ukuba iimfazwe zinqandwa kalula kunokuba ziphelile.
Oktobha 8. Ngaloo mini kwi-1917, umbongi waseNgilandi uWilfred Owen wathumela unina umqulu wokuqala wokugqibela weempawu zeemfazwe ezaziwa kakhulu kwiilwimi zesiNgesi. Inikwe igama lesiLatini eliguqulela "elimnandi kwaye lifanelekile," inkondlo ihluke ngokugqithisileyo amava kaOwen kunye nobuhlungu njengamajoni kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye nobukhosi bemfazwe ebonwe ngombombo obhalwa ngumlobi waseRoma uHorace. Ekuguquleleni, umgca wokuqala wenkondlo kaHorace ufundeka ngokuthi: "Mnandi kwaye kulungele ukufa kwilizwe lakho." Ukuchithwa kuka-Owen ukuzenzela okunjalo sele kuhleliwe kwisigidimi esithumelele unina ngokuqulunqa kwangaphambili imbongo yakhe: "Nanku yimbongo yegesi, "watsho i-sardonically. Kwimbongo, apho iHorace ibhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi "umhlobo wam," u-Owen uvusa iintoyiko zokulwa kwegesi njengoko kuboniswe kwimeko yelijoni elinye elingenakufumana imaski yakhe ngexesha. Uyabhala:
Ukuba unokuva, kuzo zonke i-jolt, igazi
Woza uguqulwe kwiipapu eziwonakalise,
Ukugqithisileyo njengomhlaza, ukrakra njengobuncu
Kubi, izilonda ezingenakuphulukiswa kwiilwimi ezingenacala, -
Mhlobo wam, awuyi kuthetha ngolu hlobo oluphezulu
Kubantwana banomdla oqaqambileyo,
Ixhego elidala: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
Inkohlakalo kaHorace yinyani, kuba inyaniso yemfazwe ibonisa ukuba, ukuba isosha, isenzo sokufa ngenxa yelizwe lakhe akunanto "esithandekayo kwaye ifanelekile." Kodwa, unokubuza, Kuthiwani ngemfazwe ngokwawo? Ngaba ukubulawa nokuxhwaba kwabantu abaninzi baye babonwa njengabahloniphekileyo?
Oktobha 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1944, iziphakamiso zentlangano emva kwempi ukuze ziphumelele i-League of Nations zithunyelwe kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini ukufundisisa nokuxoxa. Iziphakamiso zaziyimveliso yabameli baseChina, iBrithani, i-USSR kunye ne-United States, abaye babuthela iiveki ezisixhenxe ngaphambili kwiDumbarton Oaks, indlu yabucala eWashington, DC. Injongo yabo yayikudala isicwangciso sombutho wezinto ezintsha umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuba waziwa njengeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ezinokufumana ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kunye nokugcina ngokufanelekileyo uxolo kunye nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, isiphakamiso sichaza ukuba ilungu libeka indawo ephethe izixhobo ezixhobileyo ekukhutshweni kweBhunga lezoKhuseleko elicwangcisiweyo, eliza kuthatha amanyathelo amanyathelo okuthintelwa kunye nokususwa kwezinto ezisongela uxolo okanye izenzo zentshaphelo yempi. Le ndlela yahlala yinto ebalulekileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ezisekwe ngo-Oktobha 1945, kodwa ingxelo yayo yokusebenza ekukhuseleni okanye ekupheleni imfazwe yadideka. Ingxaki enkulu ibe yi-veto amandla ngamalungu amahlanu asisigxina kwiBhunga loKhuseleko-i-US, iRashiya, iBritani, i-China kunye neFransi-nto leyo eyenza bakwazi ukugatya nayiphi na isisombululo esongela iinjongo zabo. Enyanisweni, i-UN iyanqunyanyiswa kwimigudu yayo yokugcina uxolo ngendlela ebeka phambili kwiminqweno yamandla kunezo zobuntu kunye nobulungisa. Kungenzeka ukuba imfazwe iya kugqitywa kuphela xa iintlanga ezinkulu zehlabathi zivuma ngokugqithiseleyo ukupheliswa kwazo zonke izakhiwo kunye neziko zesikhungo ezisekelwe apho isivumelwano esinokugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Oktobha 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1990, intombazana yase-Kuwaiti eneminyaka eyi-15 yangqina phambi kwayo I-Congressional Human Rights Caucus ukuba, kwimisebenzi yakhe njengevolontiya kwisibhedlele sase-al-Adan esibhedlela sase-Kuwait, wayebone amajoni aseIraq akhankanya amaninzi eintsana ngaphandle kwe-incubators, ewashiya "ukuba afe kumgangatho obandayo." Ingxelo yale ntombazana yayiyibhombu. Yaphinda-phindwa kaninzi nguMongameli uGeorge HW Bush ukunceda ekufumaneni inkxaso yoluntu kwisikhululo somoya esikhokelwa ngu-US esacwangciswa ngoJanuwari 1991 ukugxotha imikhosi yaseIraq eKuwait. Kamva, nangona kunjalo, kwavezwa ukuba ingqina elisencinci le-DRM yayiyintombi yenxusa lase-Kuwaiti e-US. Ubungqina bakhe yayiyimveliso eyenziweyo yenkampani ye-US PR ethi uphando lwayo kurhulumente waseKwaiti lubonakalise ukuhlawulisa "utshaba" Ubundlongondlongo yayiyeyona ndlela yokufumana inkxaso eluntwini ngemfazwe eyayibonisa ukuba kuthengisiwe nzima. Emva kokugxothwa kwemikhosi yaseIraq e-Kuwait, uphando lwenethiwekhi lwe-ABC lwaye lwafumanisa ukuba iintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kwexesha ziye zafa ngexesha lomsebenzi. Isizathu, nangona kunjalo, yayikukuba oogqirha nabongikazi abaninzi baseKwaiti babalekile kwizikhundla zabo- hayi ukuba imikhosi yaseIraq yayiqwengile iintsana zeKuwaiti kwizifukamisi zazo zabashiya besweleka kumgangatho wesibhedlele. Ngaphandle kwezi zityhilelo, ii-polls zibonise ukuba abantu abaninzi baseMelika bakuthathela ingqalelo ukuhlaselwa kuka-1991 kwimikhosi yase-Iraq "yimfazwe elungileyo." Kwangelo xesha, bajonga uhlaselo lwase-Iraq ngo-2003, kuba ingqikelelo yabo, "izixhobo zentshabalalo," yangqineka ibubuxoki. Ngapha koko, zombini ezi ngxabano zingqina kwakhona ukuba yonke imfazwe ibubuxoki.
NgoMvulo wesibini ngo-Oktobha nguSuku lweColumbus, umhla wabantu baseMerika bafumana uhlanga lweYurophu. Lo ngumhla olungileyo apho yokufunda imbali.
Oktobha 11. Ngalo mhla ku-1884, u-Eleanor Roosevelt wazalelwa. Njengomfazi wokuqala wokuqala we-United States esuka kwi-1933 ukuya kwi-1945, kwaye de de wafa kwi-1962, watyala igunya kunye namandla akhe ekunyuseni ubulungisa bezenhlalakahle kunye namalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu. Ngo-1946, uMongameli uHarry Truman wonyula u-Eleanor Roosevelt njengommeli wokuqala wase-US kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, apho wayesebenza njengosihlalo wokuqala weKhomishini ye-UN yamaLungelo oluNtu. Kweso sikhundla, waba negalelo ekuyileni nasekujongeni uyilo lwe-UN's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, uxwebhu athe yena kunye neengcali kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yezemfundo banikela. Ukuqwalaselwa okubalulekileyo kokuziphatha kugxininisa imiba ephambili yolu xwebhu: isidima somntu wonke, kunye nocalucalulo. Ukuxhasa le migaqo, isiBhengezo sinamanqaku angama-30 anoluhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo oluntu, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nenkcubeko. Nangona uxwebhu lungazibopheleli, uninzi lweengcinga ezinolwazi luyakubona oku kubuthathaka njengokudibanisa. Ivumela iSibhengezo ukuba sisebenze njengesiseko sophuhliso lwamanyathelo amatsha owiso-mthetho kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo oluntu, kwaye sinceda ekukhuthazeni phantse ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi komxholo wamalungelo oluntu. U-Eleanor Roosevelt usebenze kude kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe ukufumana ukwamkelwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamalungelo amiselweyo kwiSibhengezo, kwaye ngoku sisiseko selifa lakhe elihlala lihleli. Igalelo layo ekubunjweni kwayo libonakaliswa yimigaqo-siseko yamazwe amaninzi kunye nomzimba oguqukayo womthetho wamanye amazwe. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, uMongameli uTruman ngo-1952 wabhengeza u-Eleanor Roosevelt "njengeNkulumbuso yeHlabathi."
Oktobha 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1921, i-League of Nations iphumelele ukuhlaliswa kokuthula okukhulu, kwe-Upper Silesia ingxabano. Olu yayilusuku lomyalezo wesilumko lokoyisa ubukrwada. Ucoceko loluntu lwalawula ubuncinci okomzuzwana. Umbutho owenzelwe ukwakha iibhlorho zentembeko enoxolo wenza ukungena kwabo okokuqala ngempumelelo kwinqanaba lehlabathi UManyano lweZizwe ngumbutho woorhulumente owasekwa ngenxa yeNkomfa yoXolo eParis. Umbutho ekuqaleni wasekwa njengombutho ogcina uxolo emhlabeni jikelele. Iinjongo eziphambili zoMbutho zibandakanya ukuthintela imfazwe ngokusebenzisa ukhuseleko ngokudibeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokusombulula iimbambano zamanye amazwe ngothethathethwano kunye nolamlo. Yenziwe nge-10 kaJanuwari 1920 kwaye ikomkhulu layo liseGeneva, eSwitzerland, isenzo sayo sokuqala yayikukuqinisekisa isiVumelwano saseVersailles, esiphelisa ngokusemthethweni iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, ngo-1919. Nangona impikiswano iqhubeka ngokusebenza kweLigi, ngokuqinisekileyo impumelelo encinci ngoo-1920, kwaye wayeka ungquzulwano, esindisa ubomi kunye nokudala isiseko soko kwakuza kulandela ngo-1945, iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ngokubhekisele kwimpikiswano yaseSilesia yavela emva kweMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwaye yayiyidabi lomhlaba phakathi kwePoland neJamani. Xa kungekho kulungelelwaniso kubonakala kusebenza, isigqibo sanikezelwa kwiLungu leZizwe elitsha. Isigqibo soMbutho samkelwa ngawo omabini amaqela ngo-Okthobha ka-1921. Isigqibo nokwamkelwa kwaso kwabeka ucoceko ngaphezulu kobuqhetseba kwaye kwaqinisekisa nethemba lokuba ngamanye amaxesha amazwe angathembela kwintetho kunye nokuqonda ngokuchasene nobundlobongela kunye nentshabalalo.
Oktobha 13. Ngaloo mini kwi-1812, amabutho aseMelika aseNew York ayenqaba ukuwela uMlambo waseNiagara ukuya eCanada ukuqinisa imikhosi yemikhosi yemikhosi emilweni yokulwa neBritani eyaziwa njengeMfazwe yase-Queenston Heights. Iinyanga ezi-ezine kwiMfazwe ye-1812, imfazwe yahlaselwa ukufezekisa enye yezinto ezintathu ezazisetyenziselwa ukuhlasela zaseCanada zenzelwe ukubeka isiseko sokubamba iMontreal neQuebec. Iinjongo zemfazwe zaziquka ukuphela kwezigwebo kwi-US yorhwebo kunye neFransi nokuphelisa iimpembelelo kwi-British Navy yamanqanawa kwiimikhumbi zase-US, kodwa kunye nokunqoba kweChanada kunye nokunyuka kwayo e-United States. I-Battle of Queenston Heights yaqala kakuhle kumaMerika. Imikhosi yamandulo yawela uMlambo waseNiagara ukusuka kwidolophana yaseNew York yaseLookiston waza wazimisa kwiindawo ezinqabileyo eziphezulu kwidolophu yase Queenston. Ekuqaleni impi yawavikela ngokusemgangathweni isikhundla sayo, kodwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ayengakwazi ukukhupha amaBritani kunye namaNdiya abo ababambene nabo ngaphandle kokuqiniswa. Sekunjalo, bambalwa kwiMigodi yaseNew York, iqumrhu elikhulu lamagosa okuqinisa eL Lewiston, bekulungele ukuwela umlambo baze baze bancede. Kunoko, babecacise amabakala kuMgaqo-siseko abawakholelwa ukuba bafune kuphela ukukhusela ilizwe labo, kungekhona ukunceda iUnited States ihlasele elinye ilizwe. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso, imikhosi esele yahlala kwi-Queenston Heights yayisondele ngeenxa zonke yiBritani, eyayinyanzela ukuzinikela kwabo. Kwakuyimiphumo mhlawumbi ibonakalisa yonke imfazwe. Ngeendleko zobomi abaninzi, behlulekile ukuxazulula iingxabano ezinokuthi zenziwe zichitywe nge-diplomacy.
Oktobha 14. Ngalo mhla ku-1644, uWilliam Penn wazalelwa eLondon, eNgilandi. Nangona wayengunyana womphathi-mkhosi wase-Anglican wase-Bhritane owaziwayo, uPenn waba ngumQuaker eneminyaka engama-22, esenza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ebandakanya ukunyamezelwa kwazo zonke iinkolo nobuhlanga nokwala ukuphatha izixhobo. Ngomnyaka we-1681, uKing Charles II waseNgilani wahlawula imali-mboleko enkulu kutata ongasekhoyo kaPenn ngokunika uWilliam indawo ethe saa entshona nakumazantsi eNew Jersey, ukuba abizwe ngokuba yiPennsylvania. Ukuba ngu-rhuluneli wayo ngo-1683, uPenn wasebenzisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi enikezela inkululeko epheleleyo yenkolo, etsala amaQuaker kunye nabaphambukeli baseYurophu behlelo ngalinye eliphikisayo. Ukusuka kwi-1683 ukuya kwi-1755, ngokuchaseneyo namanye amathanga ase-Bhritane, abahlali basePennsylvania bayiphepha intiyo kwaye bagcina ubudlelwane bobuhlobo namazwe omthonyama ngokungathathi umhlaba wabo ngaphandle kwembuyekezo efanelekileyo kwaye bangabaxhaphazi ngotywala. Unyamezelo ngokwenkolo nangokobuhlanga enyanisweni lwalunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nekholoni kangangokuba nabantu baseNorth Tuscaroras baseNorth Carolina bashukunyiselwa ukuba bathumele abathunywa apho becela imvume yokuseka ityala. Ukuthintelwa kwemfazwe ePennsylvania kwakuthetha ukuba yonke imali enokuthi ichithwe kwimikhosi, iinqaba kunye nezixhobo zazifumaneka endaweni yokuphuhlisa ikholoni kunye nokwakha isixeko saseFiladelphia, esathi sagqitha iBoston neNew York ngobukhulu ngo-1776. Ngelixa amagunya amakhulu omhla ayesilwela ulawulo lwelizwekazi, iPennsylvania yaphumelela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunabo nabamelwane bayo ababekholelwa ukuba kufuneka imfazwe ukuze kukhule. Endaweni yayo, babevuna iziqhamo zokunyamezelana noxolo olwalutyalwe nguWilliam Penn phantse kwinkulungwane ngaphambili.
Oktobha 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1969, ukuqikelelwa kweebhiliyoni ezimbini zaseMerika zithatha inxaxheba ekubhikeni kwesizwe ngokumelene neMfazwe yaseVietnam. Ehlelwe ngeenxa yokucwangciswa komsebenzi welizwe elilodwa, kwaye ichongiwe ngokuthi "Ukuhlelwa Kokuthula," isenzo sithathwa ukuba sisona sibonakaliso esikhulu kwiimbali zase-US. Ekupheleni kwe1969, ukuchaswa koluntu kwimfazwe kwanda ngokukhawuleza. Izigidi zaseVietnam kunye namanye amalungu asejoni ase-US ase-45,000 abulawe. Kwaye, nangona-ke uMongameli uNixon wayekhankasele ngesicwangciso esithembisiwe sokuphelisa imfazwe, kwaye sele sele sele iqalile ukuhoxiswa ngokukhawuleza kwemikhosi yase-US, isiqingatha sezigidigidi saqhubeka siseVietnam kwimfazwe eninzi ebonakala ingenanto okanye ingcolileyo. Kwinqanaba leMoratorium, inani elikhulu labantu baseMelika bephakathi kunye nabaphakathi phakathi kwexesha lokuqala bajoyina abafundi bekholeji kunye nabantu abatsha ekuchazeni inkcaso kwimfazwe kwiimina-semina, iinkonzo zonqulo, iintlanganiso kunye neentlanganiso. Nangona amaqela amancinci exhasa imfa nawo avakalisa izimvo zabo, i-Moratorium ibaluleke kakhulu ekuboniseni ukuchaswa komgaqo-mfazwe kaRhulumente ngamamiliyoni aseMelika uMongameli wayeyicinga njengento ehambelanayo "iSigxina soMbutho." Ngale ndlela, umbhikisho wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukulawulwa kwendlela ekubhekiselele kuyo into eyabonakalisa ukukhutshwa kwexesha elide kwimfazwe. Ukulandela eminye iminyaka emithathu yokufa nokubhujiswa, i-US iphelile ukusebenzisana kwayo kwezempi kuzo zonke i-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia ngokusayinisa iMvumelwano yamaParish yaseParis ngoJanuwari 1973. Ukulwa phakathi kweiVietnam ngokwabo, ke, kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-Aprili 1975. I-Saigon yawela kwiiNorthern Vietnam ne-Viet Cong, kwaye ilizwe lahlanganiswa phantsi koRhulumente wamaKhomanisi eHanoi njengeDemocratic Republic of Vietnam.
Oktobha 16. Lo mhla ku-1934 ubonisa ukuqala koMbutho woBumbano woKhuseleko, intlangano ye-pacifist ye-Greatest Britain. Ukudalwa kwayo kwaveliswa yileta elandelayo Manchester Guardian ibhalwe ngumlobi wamanqindi owaziwayo, umfundisi waseTshetshi, kunye nomfundisi wempi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I ogama linguDick Sheppard. Le leta ibimema onke amadoda akwiminyaka yokulwa ukuba athumele uSheppard ikhadi lokuposa elichaza ukuzibophelela kwabo "ekuyekeni emfazweni kwaye bangaze baphinde baxhase omnye." Kwisithuba seentsuku ezimbini, kwaphendula amadoda angama-2,500 100,000, kwaye, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezizayo, umbutho omtsha wokulwa imfazwe onamalungu ayi-XNUMX. Yaziwa njenge- “The Peace Pledge Union,” kuba onke amalungu ayo athatha esi sibambiso: “Imfazwe lulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu. Ndiyayilahla imfazwe, kwaye ke ndizimisele ukungayixhasi nayiphi na imfazwe. Ndizimisele ukusebenzela ukususa zonke izinto ezibangela imfazwe. ” Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, uManyano lweSithembiso soXolo lusebenze ngokuzimeleyo, okanye neminye imibutho yoxolo kunye namalungelo oluntu, ukuyichasa imfazwe kunye nokulwa okukuzalayo. Ukongeza kwizenzo ezingekho mthethweni zokulwa imfazwe, i-Union ilandela imikhankaso yemfundo kwiindawo zokusebenza, iiyunivesithi kunye noluntu lwasekhaya. Injongo yabo kukucela umngeni kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, iinkqubo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyilelwe ukuqinisekisa uluntu ukuba ukusetyenziswa komkhosi oxhobileyo kunokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiinjongo zoluntu kunye negalelo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ekuphikiseni, uManyano weSithembiso soXolo wenza imeko yokuba ukhuseleko oluhlala luhleli lunokufezekiswa kuphela xa amalungelo oluntu ephakanyiswa ngomzekelo, hayi ngokunyanzelwa; xa uthethathethwano lusekwe kulungelelwaniso; kwaye xa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwabiwe ngokutsha ukuze kujongwane nezona zinto zibangela imfazwe kunye nokwakha uxolo lwexesha elide.
Oktobha 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1905, uCzar Nicholas II waseRashiya, ngaphantsi kwengcinezelo evela kwiingcwangu zasoyikayo kunye nabacebisi abaphezulu, bakhupha "iMofi Manifesto" eyathembisa ukuguqulwa kwamanyathelo ekuphenduleni isigqeba esingekho sikhokelo sabantu abasebenzisa i-1.7 yezigidi ezivela kumashishini onke sebenzi. Isiteleka sasivela ngoDisemba 1904, xa abasebenzi bezandla baseSt. Petersburg besasaza isikhalazo esabiza iintsuku ezisebenzayo, imivuzo ephezulu, i-universal suffrage, kunye neqela likarhulumente elikhethiweyo. Ngokukhawuleza eso senzo sabangela isiteleka sabasebenzi jikelele kwi-capital yaseRashiya eyathatha izikhululo ze-135,000. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 9, i-1905, iqela labasebenzi, elihamba kunye nabaninzi be-100,000 abathengisa ngokunyaniseka kwiNkosana, bazama ukuhambisa isikhalazo kwiNkundla yaseBusika eSt. Petersburg. Esikhundleni salokho, badibana nomlilo ogqityiweyo oogada bendlu yetyala, kunye namakhulu amaninzi abulawa. Ngokuxolelana, uNicholas II wamemezela ukwamkelwa kwakhe kwebhunga elitsha likazwelonke. Kodwa isenzo sakhe siphumelelanga, inxalenye enkulu kuba abasebenzi befektri babeza kubandakanywa ubulungu. Obeka isigaba esithi "I-Great October Strike", eyalimaza ilizwe. Nangona yayinqunywe ngokukhawuleza yi-Oktobha yeManifesto yeKredi, eyathembisa i-assembly jikelele ekhethiweyo kunye nezimo zokusebenza zokusebenza, abasebenzi abaninzi, iinkululeko, abalimi kunye namaqela amancinci behlala benganeliseki. Kwiminyaka ezayo, utshintsho lwezopolitiko eRashiya aluyi kuphinda lubonakaliswe ngokungabi nonyango. Kuza kubakhokelela kwiRussian Revolution ye-1917, eyaqothula umbuso wamaKarsi waza wenza amaBolsheviks angamaqabane amandla. Emva kwemfazwe yombini yeminyaka emibini, yayiya kuphelisa ngolawulo lolawulo lweCawa yamaKomanisi kunye nokubulawa kweCzar kunye nosapho lwakhe.
Oktobha 18. Ngaloo mini kwi-1907, isethi yesibini yeeNdibano zeHague ezibhekiselele ekuqhutyweni kwemfazwe isayinwe kwinkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe e-Hague eNetherlands. Ukulandela kwisethi yamandulo yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezibhengezo ezithethathethwano kwi-Hague kwi-1899, iiNdibano zeHague ze-1907 ziphakathi kweengxelo zokuqala ezisemthethweni eziphathelele kwimfazwe kunye nezophulo-mthetho kumhlaba jikelele. Inzame enkulu kwiinkomfa zombini yilapho kudalwa inkundla yehlabathi jikelele ngokubambisana okunyanzelekileyo kokubambisana kweengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe-umsebenzi onokubaluleka ukuba uphathe indawo yeziko lemfazwe. Le mizamo yahluleka, nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo iforamu yokuzithandela yamiselwa. KwiNgqungquthela yesiBini yeHague, umzamo waseBrithani ukukhusela imida kwizinto ezingapheliyo, kodwa imingcele yemfazwe yemikhosi yayiqhubekile. Ngokubanzi, iiNdibano zeHague ze-1907 zange zincinci kwii-1899, kodwa iintlanganiso zamagunya amakhulu ehlabathi zanceda ekukhuthazeni emva kwexesha le-20th inkulungwane ekusebenzisaneni ngamazwe ngamazwe. Kule ndawo, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yi-Kellogg-Briand Pact ye-1928, apho i-62 isayineli ithembisa ukuba ayiyi kusebenzisa imfazwe ukuxazulula "iingxabano okanye ukuphikisana naluphi na uhlobo okanye nayiphi na imvelaphi ..." Iqhinga elizimisele ukuphelisa unaphakade imfazwe liyaqhubeka , kungekhona nje ngokuba imfa iyafa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba uluntu oluzimisele ukusebenzisa imfazwe ngenzuzo kufuneka luqhubeke lulungiselela ukuphuma phambili. Loo mfuneko ukhuthaza ingqondo ekhuselekileyo ephendulela phambili izinto zokuziphatha eziphambili. Esikhundleni sokuchitha imali ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu ezisisiseko kunye nokunceda ukuphilisa imeko yendalo, uluntu luba neendleko ezinkulu kakhulu ekuphuhliseni nokuvavanya izixhobo eziphambili, ezenza umonakalo omkhulu kummandla.
Oktobha 19. Ngalo mhla kwi-1960, uMartin Luther King Jr. wabanjwa kunye nababonisi be-51 abafundi ngexesha lokulwa nocalulo bahlala kwi "Room Magnolia," igumbi letiyi le-chic kwiSitolo seTyebileyo e-Atlanta, eGeorgia. I-sit-in yayingomnye wabantu abaninzi e-Atlanta eyayiphefumlelwe yi-Black-college yase-Atlanta Student Movement, kodwa ikamelo elihle laseMagnolia liye lancedisa ukubonisa isizathu sokudibanisa. Kwakuyiziko lase-Atlanta, kodwa liyinxalenye yeenkcubeko zaseMzantsi Afrika zeJim Crow. AmaMerika aseMelika angathenga kwi-Rich, kodwa awakwazi ukuzama izambatho okanye ukuthatha itafile kwigumbi laseMagnolia. Xa ababonisi benza oko kanye, bahlawuliswa ngokuphula umthetho okhoyo owawufuna ukuba bonke abantu bayeke impahla yabo ngasese xa babuzwa. Abo babanjwe baboshwa ngokugqithiswa okanye babetyala, ngaphandle kukaMartin Luther King. Wabhekana nesigwebo seminyaka emine kwinkampu yomsebenzi waseburhulumenteni yaseGeorgia yokuqhuba umqhubi kwiphondo ngokuchasene nomthetho "wokuchasana" owenziwe ngokuthe ngqo ekuthintela ukuhlala kwe-counter-counter-ins-ins. Ukungenelela ngumviwa kaMongameli uYohn Kennedy wabakhokela ngokukhawuleza ekukhululweni kukaKumkani, kodwa kwakuza kuthatha phantse omnye unyaka we-sit-ins kunye ne-Ku Klux Klan zokuphikisana nazo zonke i-Atlanta ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa kweshishini ukunyanzelisa isixeko. Ukulingana ngokobuhlanga ngokupheleleyo eUnited States kwakusaphumelela nakwikhulu leminyaka kamva. Kodwa, ukuphawula ngethuba lokukhunjulwa kwe-Atlanta Student Movement, uLonnie King, umququzeleli wombutho kwaye yena ngokwakhe umbonisi weMagnolia Room, wabonisa ithemba. Waqhubeka ethola ithemba lokufikelela ukulingana ngokobuhlanga kwiinkampu zenkqubela yomqhubi wabafundi. Wathi, "Imfundo, isoloko iyimitha yokuqhubela phambili, ngokuqinisekileyo eMzantsi."
EyeDwarha 20. Ngaloo mini kwi-1917, u-Alice Paul waqala isigwebo seenyanga ezisixhenxe ejele ngenxa yokungaboni ngokukhawuleza ukunyanzela. Uzalelwe ngo-1885 kwilali yamaQuaker, uPaul wangena eSwarthmore ngonyaka ka1901. Waya kwiDyunivesithi yasePennsylvania efunda ezoqoqosho, inzululwazi yezopolitiko, kunye nesocialology. Uhambo oluya eNgilani luye lwaqinisekisa inkolelo yakhe yokuba intshukumo yabasetyhini kunye nakwamanye amazwe yayiyeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekungabikho kokusesikweni. Ngelixa efumana iidigri ezintathu zomthetho, uPawulos wanikela ngobomi bakhe ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abafazi bavunyelwe ilizwi kwaye baphathwa njengabemi abalinganayo. Uhambo lwakhe lokuqala olucwangcisiweyo eWashington, DC, lwenzeka ngethuba lokuvulwa kuka-Woodrow Wilson ngo-1913. Umbutho we-suffrage ekuqaleni wawungahoywa, kodwa wakhokelela kwiminyaka emine yokuphembelela okungafunekiyo, ukukhalaza, ukukhankasela nokwandisa imatshi. Njengoko i-WWI yayibambekile, uPaul wafuna ukuba ngaphambi kokuba kuthiwe usasaza idemokhrasi phesheya, urhulumente wase-US kufuneka ayijongise ekhaya. Yena kunye nabalandeli abalishumi elinambini, "Abathunywa Abathuleyo," baqala ukuqhankqalaza kwiiWhite House Gates ngoJanuwari ka-1917. Abafazi babehlaselwa ngamadoda, ngakumbi abaxhasi bemfazwe, ekugqibeleni babanjwa, bavalelwa. Nangona imfazwe yayithimba iintloko, elinye igama lonyango olomeleleyo olwaboniswa kumbutho we-suffrage lwenza inkxaso eyandayo kwinjongo yabo. Uninzi lwabantu ababegwayimbile ukulamba entolongweni babephathwa ngenkani phantsi kweemeko zenkohlakalo; yaye uPawulos wayevalelwe kwigumbi labagula ngengqondo. Ekugqibeleni uWilson wavuma ukuxhasa abantu ababhinqileyo, kwaye zonke iindleko zawiswa. UPaul uqhubekile nokulwela umThetho wamaLungelo oLuntu, emva koko uLungiso lwamaLungelo aLinganayo, ebeka iimeko ebomini bakhe ngoqhankqalazo loxolo.
Oktobha 21. Ngaloo mhla ngo-1837, I-Army yase-US yajika imfazwe yayo kwiimfazwe zayo namaNdiya aseSominole ngokusebenzisa ukuphinda. Esi siganeko sasivela ekuchaseni kwe-Seminoles ukuya kwi-Indian Removal Act ye-1830, eyanika igunya likaRhulumente wase-US ukuvula umhlaba kubahlali abamhlophe ngokususa iintlanga ezintlanu zase-East empumalanga ye-Mississippi ukuya kwi-Territory yase-Indian e-Arkansas nase-Oklahoma. Xa ama-Seminoles aphikisana, i-US Army yaya ekulweni ukuze izame ukususa. Nangona kunjalo, kwintlanzi ephezulu ngoDisemba 1835, kuphela i-250 i-Seminole combatants, ekhokelwa ngumlwazi owaziwayo u-Osceola, wawaxabela ikholomu lamajoni ase-750 ase-US. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwaye ukuphumelela okuqhubekayo kuka-Osceola kwabangela enye yezenzo ezihlazo kakhulu kwimbali yezempi yase-US. Ngo-Oktobha i-1837, amabutho ase-US athatha i-Osceola kunye ne-81 yabalandeli bakhe, kwaye, ethembisa iintetho zoxolo, wabakhokelela phantsi kweflegi emhlophe ye-truce kwi-fort ngaseSt. Augustine. Xa befika apho, ke, u-Osceola wayekhwelwe entolongweni. Ngaphandle kwe nkokheli yayo, ininzi yesizwe samaSininole yayishenxiselwe kwi-Western Territory ngaphambi kokuba imfazwe iphelile kwi-1842. Kwakungekho i-1934, ngokusungulwa koMthetho we-Reorganization Act, ukuba urhulumente wase-United States ekugqibeleni wabuyela ekuphumeni ngokuxhamla umdla wabamhlophe abamhlaba baseNdiya. UMthetho wokuHlanganisa, osebenza ngokuqhubekayo, uqulethe ukuba, ebusweni babo, kunokunceda abantu baseMerika bakhuphe ubomi obukhuselekileyo xa begcina iimilo zabo. Kuza kubonakala, nangona kunjalo, ukuba urhulumente uya kunika inkxaso efunekayo ukunceda ukwenza loo mbono ibe yinyani.
Oktobha 22. Ngalo mhla kwi-1962, uMongameli uJohn Kennedy wachaze kwi-adresi ye-TV kubantu base-US ukuba urhulumente wase-United States uqinisekisile ukuba khona kweziseko ze-nyukliya zaseSoviet eCuba. Inkulumbuso yaseSoviet uNikita Khrushchev wayenike ithuba lokufaka imijukujelwa yenyukliya eCuba ngehlobo lowe-1962, bobabini ukukhusela iqabane elinobuchule ekuhlaselweni yi-US nasekulinganiseni ukongama kwe-US kwizixhobo zenyukliya ezinde neziphakathi eziseYurophu. . Ngokuqinisekiswa kweziseko zemijukujelwa, uKennedy wayefuna ukuba abantu baseSoviet babasuse kwaye bathumele zonke izixhobo zabo eCuba ekhaya. Waye wayalela ukuba kuthintelwe iinqanawa ngeenxa zonke eCuba ukuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwazo naziphi na izixhobo ezongezelelekileyo zomkhosi. Nge-Okthobha i-26, i-US yathatha elinye inyathelo lokunyusa ukuzilungiselela komkhosi ukuya kwinqanaba elikwaziyo ukuxhasa yonke imfazwe yenyukliya. Ngethamsanqa, isisombululo esinoxolo saphunyezwa kungekudala-ubukhulu becala iinzame zokufumana indlela yokuphuma zazigxile ngqo kwi-White House naseKremlin. Igqwetha Jikelele uRobert Kennedy ubongoze uMongameli ukuba aphendule kwiileta ezimbini iNkulumbuso yaseSoviet esele ithumele kwi-White House. Owokuqala wanikela ngokususa iziseko zemijukujelwa ukuze athembise isithembiso esenziwe ziinkokheli zase-US zokungayi kungena eCuba. Okwesibini kuye kwacelwa ukuba benze okufanayo ukuba i-US nayo ivumile ukususa ufakelo lwemijukujelwa eTurkey. Ngokusemthethweni, i-US yamkela imigaqo yomyalezo wokuqala kwaye yawutyeshela owesibini. Ngokwabucala, nangona kunjalo, uKennedy uvumile ukuba arhoxise iziseko zemijukujelwa zaseMelika kamva eTurkey, isigqibo esigqibe ngempumelelo iCrisis of Crisis Missile ngo-Okthobha u-28.
Oktobha 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-2001, kuthathwa inyathelo eliphambili ekujongeni enye yeengxabano ezinokonakala kakhulu zonqulo kwimbali yanamhlanje. Ukuqala kwi-1968, ngokubanzi kwamaRoma Katolika kunye nabanyanisi bamaProtestanti eNyakatho ye-Ireland benza iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yobundlobongela obuxhobileyo obubizwa ngokuba yi "Iingxaki." Abahlali bafuna iphondo laseBrithani ukuba libe yinxalenye yeRiphabhuliki yase-Ireland, ngoxa ama-unionists wayefuna ukuhlala e-United Kingdom. Kwi-1998, isiVumelwano seLwesihlanu esihle sinike isakhelo sokuhlaliswa kwezopolitiko ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokwabelana ngamandla phakathi kwamacandelo ahambelana namacala amabini. Ummiselo wawubandakanya inkqubo "yokuguqulwa" -kudluliselwa kwamapolisa, amagosa kunye namanye amagunya avela eLondon ukuya eBelfast-kunye nokucaciswa ukuba amaqela aphambili ahambelana namacala omabini aqala ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yokuchithwa kweempahla eziqinisekisiwe. Ekuqaleni, i-Armenian Army Republican Army (IRA) enezixhobo ezixhobileyo (IRA) yayingafuni ukwahlula ixabiso lempahla ebangelwa yintlanga. Kodwa, ekubongozwa kwesebe layo lezopolitiko, iSinn Fein, nokuqonda ukungabi nantoni kokunganyaniseki kwalo, umbutho owabhengezwa ngo-Oktobha 23, i-2001 ukuba iya kuqalisa ukuchithwa okungahlawulukiyo kwezixhobo zonke. Kwaye kwaze kwaba ngoSeptemba 2005 ukuba i-IRA yayithathile okokugqibela kwezixhobo zayo, kwaye, ukusuka kwi-2002 ukuya kwi-2007, ukuqhutyelwa kwepolitiki okuqhubekayo kwanyanzeliswa eLondon ukuba imise umthetho ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Northern Ireland. Nangona kunjalo, nge-2010 iinxalenye ezininzi zezopolitiko eNyakatho ye-Ireland zazilawula uxolo kunye. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, into ebalulekileyo kuloo mphumo yayiyisigqibo se-IRA sokulahla imizamo yaso yokuqhubela phambili imbambano yeRiphabhliki yaseYinland ngokubundlobongela.
Oktobha 24. Ngaloo mhla, uSuku lweZizwe eziManyeneyo lubhekiswa kwihlabathi lonke, ngokumakisha umkhosi wokubanjelwa kwe-UN ngokusekwa kwi-1945. Usuku lunikeza ithuba lokubhiyozela uxhasano lwe-UN loxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe, amalungelo oluntu, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nentando yesininzi. Sinokubonga kwakhona iinkqubela zayo ezininzi, ezibandakanya ukugcina ubomi bezigidi zabantwana, ukukhusela umgca we-ozone, ukunceda ukuphelisa isikhombisi, nokubeka isigaba kwi-1968 iNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Ngelo xesha, nangona kunjalo, abaninzi ababonisi be-UN baveze ukuba isakhiwo esisebenzayo se-UN, esakhiwa ngokubanzi ngabameli begatsha ngalinye likarhulumente, alinakho ukulungelelanisa ukuphendula ngokubhekiselele kwiingxaki eziba ngumngeni onzima kubantu jikelele. Ngoko ke babiza ukuba kudalwe i-parliament ye-parliamentary assembly, eziqulunqwe ngokubanzi ngabameli abasuka kwiindibano zelizwe okanye zengingqi ezikhoyo. Umzimba omtsha unokukunceda ukuhlangabezana nemingeni ephuhlisayo njengoko kuguquguquka kwemozulu, ukungakhuselekanga kokutya kunye nobutyebi, ngelixa kuququzelele intsebenziswano yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kunye nokukhuthazwa kwentando yeninzi, amalungelo oluntu kunye nokulawulwa komthetho. Ukususela ngo-Agasti 2015, isibheno samazwe ngamazwe sokusungulwa kwendibano yephalamende ye-UN isayinwe yi-1,400 ehleli kunye namalungu angapalamente avela kumazwe angama-100. Ngelo bandla, abameleli abaphendulayo kumalungu abo, kunye nabangaphandle kwarhulumente, babeza kubonelela ngeendlela zokwenza izigqibo ngamazwe ngamazwe; sebenza njengesiqhagamshelwano phakathi kwabemi behlabathi, uluntu kunye ne-UN; kwaye banikezele ngelizwi elikhulu kumaqela amancinci, ulutsha noluntu. Isiphumo siya kuba yi-UN ebandakanyekayo, enezikhundla eziphuculweyo ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yomhlaba.
Oktobha 25. Ngaloo mini kwi-1983, amandla e-2,000 US marines ahlasela i-Grenada, isizwe esincinci saseCaribbean kwisizwe esenyakatho seVenezuela esinabantu abangaphantsi kwe-100,000. Ekukhuseleni esi senzo esidlangalaleni, uMongameli Ronald Reagan wakhankanya isoyikiso esenziwa ngurhulumente omtsha waseGrenada kukhuseleko lwabemi baseMelika abaliwaka abahlala kwesi siqithi — uninzi lwabo ingabafundi kwisikolo salo sezonyango. Kude kube ngaphantsi kweveki enye, iGrenada yayilawulwa yi-leftist Maurice Bishop, owayethathe amandla ngo-1979 kwaye waqalisa ukwakha ubudlelwane obusondeleyo neCuba. Ngo-Okthobha u-19, nangona kunjalo, omnye uMarx, u-Bernard Coard, wayalela ukubulawa kuka-Bishop kwaye wathatha ulawulo kurhulumente. Xa oolwandle abahlaselayo bajongana nenkcaso engalindelekanga evela kumkhosi oxhobileyo waseGrenadia kunye neenjineli zomkhosi waseCuba, uReagan wayalela amanye amajoni ama-4,000 ase-US. Kwisithuba nje esingaphantsi kweveki, urhulumente weCoard wabhukuqwa wabekwa endaweni yamkelwe ngakumbi eUnited States. Kwabaninzi baseMelika, nangona kunjalo, eso siphumo asinakuthethelela iindleko kwiidola nakubomi benye imfazwe yase-US ukufezekisa injongo yezopolitiko. Abanye babesazi ukuba, kwiintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kohlaselo, iSebe laseMelika laseMelika lalisele lisazi ukuba abafundi bezonyango eGranada babengekho sengozini. Abazali babafundi abangama-500 babafundi bathumele ucingo kuMongameli Reagan ukuba angahlaseli, emva kokuva ukuba abantwana babo bakhululekile ukushiya iGranada nanini na befuna. Nangona kunjalo, njengoorhulumente base-US ngaphambili nangaphambi koko, ulawulo lweReagan lwakhetha imfazwe. Ukuphela kwemfazwe, u-Reagan wazithathela imbeko “ngokubuyiselwa umva” kwempembelelo yobukomanisi ukusukela oko kwaqala iMfazwe Yomlomo.
Oktobha 26. Ngaloo mini kwi-1905, iNorway yazuza ukuzimela kwayo kwiSweden ngaphandle kokungena kwi-war. Ukususela ngo-1814, iNorway yanyanzeliswa ukuba ibe "ngumanyano" kunye neSweden, ngenxa yokuhlasela kweSweden. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilizwe laliphantsi kwegunya lokumkani waseSweden, kodwa wagcina owakhe umgaqo-siseko kunye nenqanaba elisemthethweni njengelizwe elizimeleyo. Ngaphezulu kwamashumi eminyaka alandelayo, nangona kunjalo, umdla waseNorway nowaseSweden uye wakhula ngakumbi, ngakumbi njengoko babebandakanya urhwebo lwangaphandle kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya yenkululeko yaseNorway. Uluvo lobuzwe olomeleleyo lwaphuhliswa, kwaye, ngo-1905, ireferendamu yenkululeko yelizwe ngokubanzi yaxhaswa ngaphezulu kwama-99% abantu baseNorway. NgoJuni 7, 1905, ipalamente yaseNorway yabhengeza ukuba umanyano lwaseNorway neSweden luchithakele, oko kwabangela uloyiko olubanzi lokuba imfazwe phakathi kwala mazwe mabini iza kuphinda iqale. Endaweni yoko, nangona kunjalo, abathunywa baseNorway nabaseSweden badibana nge-31 ka-Agasti ukuze bathethathethane ngokwamkeleka ngokwamkelwa. Nangona abezopolitiko abaziwayo baseSweden babethanda indlela elukhuni, inkosi yaseSweden yaxhathisa ngamandla ukubeka umngcipheko kwenye imfazwe neNorway. Esona sizathu siphambili kukuba iziphumo zereferendamu yaseNorway zaqinisekisa amagunya amakhulu aseYurophu ukuba inkululeko yeNorway yayiyinyani. Oko kwabangela ukuba inkosi yoyike ukuba iSweden inokuzalelwa yodwa ngokucinezela. Ukongeza, akukho lizwe belifuna ukukhulisa intiyo kwelinye. Ngo-Okthobha i-26, i-1905, inkosi yaseSweden yalahla ibango lenzala yakhe kwitrone yaseNorway. Nangona iNorway yahlala ingumbuso wasepalamente ngokumisela inkosana yaseDenmark ukuba ivale isithuba, ngenxa yoko, ngumbutho wabantu abangenagazi, ilizwe elizimeleyo okokuqala ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14.
Oktobha 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1941, iiveki ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan kwiPearl Harbor, uMongameli uFranlin Roosevelt wanikela inkulumo yomsakazo ehlabathini lonke "ekuthiwa ngamanqanawa aseJamani ayengakhange athukuthele aqalise i-torpedoes kwiinqwelo zokulwa zase-Atlantic ezisentshonalanga. Ngokwenyani, iinqanawa zase-US bezincedisa iinqwelomoya zase-Bhritane ukulandelela iinkwili, ngaloo ndlela kudlalwa umthetho wamazwe aphesheya. Ngenxa yezizathu zobuqu kunye nezesizwe zokuzingca, eyona njongo kaMongameli yokulinganisa amabango akhe yayikukuphembelela ubutshaba kuluntu eJamani olwaluya kunyanzela uHitler ukuba abhengeze imfazwe e-US Roosevelt ngokwakhe wayemathidala ukubhengeza imfazwe eJamani, njengoluntu lwase-US. kubonakala ngathi wayengenamdla wayo. UMongameli, nangona kunjalo, wayenayo i-ace phezulu. I-US ingaya emfazweni ne-ally yase-Jamani, i-Japan, kwaye ke iseke isiseko sokungena emfazweni eYurophu. Ubuqhetseba iya kuba kukunyanzela iJapan ukuba iqale imfazwe uluntu lwase-US alunakuyityeshela. Ke, ukuqala ngo-Okthobha u-1940, i-US yathatha amanyathelo kubandakanya ukugcina iinqanawa zase-US e-Hawaii, inyanzelisa ukuba ama-Dutch ale ukuthatha i-oyile yase-Japan, kwaye ajoyine i-Great Britain ekurhwebeni lonke urhwebo ne-Japan. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwisithuba nje esingaphantsi konyaka, ngo-Disemba 7, 1941, iPearl Harbor yaqhushumiswa ngebhombu. Njengazo zonke iimfazwe, iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yayisekwe kubuxoki. Nangona kunjalo, kumashumi eminyaka kamva, yaziwa njenge- "Imfazwe elungileyo" - apho intando elungileyo yase-US yoyisa amandla e-Axis. Le ntsomi ilawula iingqondo zikawonke-wonke zase-US ukusukela oko kwaye yomelezwa rhoqo nge-7 kaDisemba kwimibhiyozo kwilizwe liphela.
October 28. Lo mhla ku-1466 ubonisa ukuzalwa kukaDesiderius Erasmus, a Umntu ongumKristu waseDutch uhlonishwa ngokugqithiseleyo njengengcali enkulu yokuhlaziywa kwamaNtshonalanga. Kwi-1517, u-Erasmus wabhala incwadi malunga nezinto ezimbi zemfazwe eziqhubekayo zichaphazeleka namhlanje. I sihloko Isikhalazo soxolo, le ncwadi ithetha ngelizwi lokuqala lomntu othi "Uxolo," umlingiswa onomntu njengomfazi. Uxolo lusenza imeko yokuba, nakuba enika "umthombo wazo zonke iintsikelelo zabantu," ugculelwa ngabantu "abahamba ngokufuna izinto ezimbi ezingenakubalwa kwinani." Amaqela ahlukeneyo njengeenkosana, izifundo, iinkokeli zonqulo, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. kubonakala ingaboni ukuba inkohlakalo ingabangela. Abantu abanamandla baye badala isimo sengqondo apho ukuthetha ukuxolelwa kobuKristu kubonwa njengento yokukhohlakeleka, ngelixa ukukhuthaza imfazwe kubonisa ukunyaniseka kuluntu nokuzinikela kulonwabo. Abantu bafanele bawutyeshele uThixo onempindiselo weTestamente Elidala, uxolo uxolo, kwaye uyamthanda uThixo onokuthula kaYesu. NguThixo onokuqonda kakuhle imbangela yemfazwe ekuphishekeleni amandla, ubuqaqawuli, nokuphindezela, kunye nesiseko soxolo othandweni nokuxolelwa. "Uxolo" ekugqibeleni lucebisa ukuba ookumkani bangenise izikhalazo zabo kwizigqibo zobulumko nabangakhethi. Nangona elinye icala lijonga isigwebo sazo, kuya kusinda kubandezeleka okukhulu okubangelwa yimfazwe. Kufuneka kugcinwe engqondweni ukuba iimfazwe ezilwa ngexesha lika-Erasmus zazixhamla kwaye zabulala kuphela abo balwa nabo. Ukuchaswa kwakhe kwemfazwe ke kuthwala ubunzima obukhulu kwixesha lethu lamandla enyukliya, xa nayiphi na imfazwe inokubeka umngcipheko wokuphelisa ubomi emhlabeni wethu.
Oktobha 29. Ngaloo mini kwi-1983, ngaphezu kwe-1,000 amabhinqa aseBritani awanqumla amacandelo ocingo ojikeleze iGreenham Airfield eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle kweNewbury, eNgilani. Bembethe njengabagqwiri, bazaliswe "nabakhandi bamnyama" (ikhowudi yabaxhasi be-bolt), abafazi baqhubela isingqungquthela esithi "iHalloween Party" malunga nesicwangciso seNATO sokuguqula i-airfield ibe yindlu yezempi ye-96 Tomahawk eyenziwe phantsi komhlaba. Iimpazamo zazicwangciselwe ukuza kule nyanga elandelayo. Ngokunciphisa amacandelo ocingo lwomoya, abafazi babethetha ukufuzisela imfuno yabo yokwaphula "iWall Wall" eyabagcina bebonisa ukuxhalaba kwabo ngezixhobo zenukliya kumagosa asekuhlaleni kunye nabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwisiseko. Kodwa "iHalloween Party," ke, yayingomnye wechungechunge lwemibhikisho yesikhuseli eyenziwa ngabasetyhini baseBrithani eGreenham Common. Baye baqala ukunyakaza kwabo ngo-Agasti 1981, xa iqela labafazi be-44 behamba ngeekhilomitha ezingama-100 ukuya eGreenham ukusuka kwiColdi City City eWales. Xa befika, abane babo baboshwe ngaphandle kwendawo yocingo lwomoya. Emva kokuba umlawuli wase-United States athathe ileta yabo echasene nokuthunyelwa komkhosi, wacela abo bafazi ukuba bamise inkampu ngaphandle kwesiseko. Benza ngokuzithandela oko, ngamanani aguqukayo, kwiminyaka elandelayo ye-12, iziganeko zokubhikisha eziye zabanjwa kubaxhasi be-70,000. Ukulandela izivumelwano zokubamba izixhobo zokubambisa i-US-Soviet ezisayinwe kwi-1987, abafazi baqala ukuhamba ngesiseko. Iphulo labo apho liphela ngokusemthethweni kwi-1993, emva kokususwa kweempazamo zokugqibela ezivela eGreenham kwi-1991, kunye nemibhikano eqhubekayo emibini kwimimandla yezixhobo zenukliya. Isiqalo saseGreenham ngokwawo sichithwa ngonyaka we-2000.
Oktobha 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1943, okubizwa ngokuba yiSine Power Declaration yasayinwa yi-United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union kunye ne-China kwinkomfa eMoscow. Isibhengezo samisela ngokusesikweni isakhelo samandla amane esiya kuthi kamva sibe nefuthe kulungelelwaniso lwamazwe aphesheya kwemfazwe. Yabophelela amazwe amane amanyeneyo kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ukuba iqhubeke nobutshaba ngokuchasene namagunya e-Axis de yonke imikhosi yotshaba yamkele ukunikezelwa ngokungenamiqathango. Isibhengezo sikwakhuthaze ukusekwa kokuqala kombutho wamazwe aphesheya othanda uxolo oya kuthi usebenze kunye njengabalinganayo ukugcina uxolo nokhuseleko lwehlabathi. Nangona lo mbono ukhuthaze ukusekwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iSibhengezo saMandla esiSine sikwabonisa ukuba iinkxalabo malunga nokuzizwela kwesizwe zingathintela intsebenziswano yamanye amazwe kunye nokujongela phantsi iinzame zokusombulula iimbambano ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Umzekelo, uMongameli wase-United States uRoosevelt uxelele iNkulumbuso yaseBritane u-Churchill ngasese ukuba isiBhengezo “asizukuphikisa izigqibo zokugqibela ngolungelelwaniso lwehlabathi.” Isibhengezo sishiye nayiphi na ingxoxo ngomkhosi osisigxina wasemva kwemfazwe wokugcina uxolo, kungasetyenziswanga kugcinwa koxolo. Kwaye iZizwe eziManyeneyo zenziwe ngononophelo zinamagunya akhethekileyo, kubandakanya ne-veto, kwiintlanga ezimbalwa kuphela. Isibhengezo saMandla aMane sibonisa ukuphuma okunethemba kwizinto zokwenene zemfazwe eyoyikisayo ngokuqhubela phambili umbono woluntu lwamanye amazwe alawulwa yintlonipho kunye nentsebenziswano. Kodwa ikwaveze ukuba ingqondo yamagunya ehlabathi kusafuneka ikhule kangakanani ukuzisa uluntu olunje kunye world beyond war.
Oktobha 31. Ngaloo mini kwi-2014, uNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo uBan Ki-moon wamisela iphaneli ephakamileyo elizimeleyo ukuvelisa ingxelo ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza koxolo lwe-UN kunye nokuncoma utshintsho olufunekayo ukukunceda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zabantu. NgoJuni 2015, iphaneli yelungu le-16 yathumele ingxelo yayo kuNobhala-Jikelele, olandelayo emva kokufunda ngokucophelela, uyithumele kwi-General Assembly kunye neKhuseleko leBhunga ukuze kuqwalaselwe kunye nokwamkelwa. Ukuthetha ngokubanzi, lo mbhalo unikeza iingcebiso malunga nendlela imisebenzi yoxolo "inokuxhasa ngakumbi umsebenzi [we-UN] ukukhusela ingxabano, ukufumana iindawo zokuhlala kwezopolitiko ezizinzileyo, ukukhusela abantu, nokugcina uxolo." Kwiphepha elibhekiselele "Iimpawu eziPhambili zoMsebenzi woXolo," Ingxelo ithi "Umsebenzi weZizwe eziManyeneyo namanye amazwe ngamazwe kukugxininisa ingqwalasela yamazwe ngamazwe, ukulinganisela kunye nezixhobo ekuxhaseni abadlali belizwe ukuba benze ukhetho olufunekayo lokubuyisela uxolo, ukujongana nabaqhubi beengxabano kunye nokuhlangabezana nomdla osemthethweni wobubanzi kubemi, kungekhona nje kuphela elincinci. "I-text Related ixwayisa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba lo msebenzi unokuphinda ulandelwe ngempumelelo xa kubonwa ukuba uxolo olungapheliyo aluzukufezwa okanye lugcinwe yimikhosi yempi kunye nezobugcisa. Esikhundleni salo, "ubukhulu bezopolitiko" kufuneka kube yinto ephawulekayo kuyo yonke indlela yokuxazulula ingxabano, ukuqhuba umlamlo, ukubeka iliso ekupheleni, ukuncedisa ukuphunyezwa koxolo, ukulawula iingxabano ezinobundlobongela, nokulandela imigudu yexesha elide lokugcina uxolo. Ukuba ukugqithiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwihlabathi lenene, iziphakamiso ezinikezelwe kwingxelo ye-UN ye-2015 kwi-Operations Peace ziyakunceda ukuba iintlanga zehlabathi zisondele ngokusondeleyo ekuwamkeleleni ukuxolelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, endaweni yombutho oxhobileyo, njengesiqhelo esitsha sokuxazulula ingxabano.
Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.
Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.
Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.
Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.
Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.
Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.
Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.
umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.
Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.
Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.
