uJanuwari

January 1
January 2
January 3
January 4
January 5
January 6
January 7
January 8
January 9
January 10
January 11
January 12
January 13
January 14
January 15
January 16
January 17
January 18
January 19
January 20
January 21
January 22
January 23
January 24
January 25
January 26
January 27
January 28
January 29
January 30
January 31

Ja nuwari 1. Lo ngumhla woNyaka oMtsha kunye noMhla woXolo weHlabathi. Namhlanje kuqala enye into eqhubekayo ngekhalenda kaGregory, eyaziswa nguPopu Gregory XIII ngo-1582 kwaye namhlanje yeyona ikhalenda yoluntu isetyenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Namhlanje kuqala inyanga kaJanuwari, ebizwa ngokuba nguJanus, isithixo samasango amabini kunye notshintsho, okanye uJuno, uKumkanikazi woothixo, intombi kaSaturn, kunye nomfazi kunye nodade kaJupiter. UJuno yinguqulelo efana nemfazwe yothixokazi wamaGrike uHera. Ngo-1967 iCawa yamaKatolika yabhengeza uJanuwari 1 njengoSuku loXolo lweHlabathi. Uninzi lwabantu abangengawo amaKatolika bathatha ithuba lokubhiyozela, ukuxhasa, ukufundisa kunye nokuphazamisa uxolo. Kwinkcubeko ebanzi yezigqibo zoNyaka oMtsha, oopopu bahlala besebenzisa uSuku loXolo lweHlabathi ukwenza iintetho kunye nokupapasha iingxelo zokuxhasa ukushukumisela umhlaba eluxolweni, kunye nokukhuthaza ezinye izizathu ezizizo. Usuku lweHlabathi loXolo nge-1 kaJanuwari akufuneki lubhidaniswe noMhla woXolo weHlabathi, osekwe liZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-1982 kwaye uphawulwe minyaka le nge-21 Septemba. Eyokugqibela iye yaziwa ngcono, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ingaqalwa yinkolo enye, nangona igama elithi "International" egameni lalo lalibubuthathaka kwabo bakholelwa ukuba izizwe zingumqobo kuxolo. Usuku lweHlabathi loXolo alufani neCawa yoXolo eza eNgilane naseWales ngeCawa ewela phakathi kukaJanuwari 14 ne-20. Naphi na kwaye nokuba sikuphi emhlabeni, sinokukhetha ukusombulula namhlanje ukuba sisebenzele uxolo.

Ja nuwari 2. Ngaloo mini kwi-1905, iNkomfa ye-Industrial Unionists e-Chicago yenze i-Industrial Workers Yehlabathi (IWW), ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Wobblies, umzamo wonke wokubandakanya umanyano omkhulu wabasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi kwihlabathi kulo. IiWobblies zihlanganisene amalungelo abasebenzi, amalungelo oluntu, ubulungisa kwezentlalo kunye noxolo. Umbono wabo uyakhunjulwa kwiingoma abazenzileyo nabaziculayo. Omnye wayebizwa ngokuba ngamaKristu eMfazweni kwaye waquka la mazwi: “Phambili, majoni angamaKristu! Indlela yedutyhu icacile; Bulala abamelwane bakho abangamaKristu, okanye ngabo babulawe. Abaphuli-mthetho bakhupha iswill ye-effervescent, uThixo ngaphezulu ubiza ukuba uphange, udlwengule, kwaye ubulale. Zonke izenzo zakho zingcwalisiwe yiMvana ephezulu; Ukuba uyawuthanda uMoya oyiNgcwele, hamba ubulale, uthandaze, kwaye ufe. Phambili, majoni angamaKristu! Ukukrazula nokukrazula nokubetha! Vumela u Yesu othambileyo asikelele idynamite yakho. Iingqayi ze-Splinter ezine-shrapnel, zichumise isoyi; Abantu abangathethi ulwimi lwakho bafanelwe sisiqalekiso sikaThixo. Saphula iingcango zamakhaya onke, iintombi ezintle ziyabamba; Sebenzisa amandla akho kunye nelungelo elingcwele ukubaphatha ngendlela othanda ngayo. Phambili, majoni angamaKristu! Ukuphazamisa konke odibana nako; Nyathela inkululeko yabantu phantsi kweenyawo ezingcwele. Yidumiseni iNkosi enophawu lwedola oluphindaphinda ugqatso lwalo oluthandayo! Yenza inkunkuma yangaphandle ihloniphe uphawu lwakho lobabalo. Thembela kusindiso olungamampunge, sebenza njengezixhobo zoozwilakhe; Imbali izakuthi ngawe: 'Laa mpahla yezidenge ezigwetyelwe uthixo!' ”Kwisithuba esingaphezulu kwenkulungwane okoko yabhalwa le ngoma, ukuqonda kokuthotywa kweengcinga kuphelile noko, kwaye akukho maKristu athabatha inxaxheba emfazweni kwakhona.

Ja nuwari 3. Ngaloo mini kwi-1967, uJack Ruby, umbulali osolwa ngokubulawa kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, u-Lee Harvey Oswald, wafela entolongweni yaseTexas. URuby wagwetywa ngokubulala u-Oswald kwiintsuku ezimbini emva kokudubula kukaKennedy ngelixa u-Oswald wayeselugcinweni lwamapolisa. URuby wagwetyelwa ukufa; Ukanti ukugwetywa kwakhe kwabhenelwa, kwaye wanikwa ityala elitsha nangona ukudubula kwenzeka phambi kwamapolisa kunye nabacholi beendaba. Njengomhla wokumiselwa kwetyala elitsha likaRuby, waxelwa ukuba usweleke kumbindi wemiphunga ngenxa yomhlaza wemiphunga ongafunyaniswanga. Ngokweengxelo ezingazange zikhutshwe yi-National Archives kude kube ngu-Novemba 2017, uJack Ruby wayexelele i-FBI enolwazi ukuba "ibukele iziqhushumbisi" ngomhla wokubulawa kuka-Mongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, kwaye wayekwindawo apho kwabulawa khona. URuby wakukhanyela oku ngexesha lokulingwa kwakhe, egcina ukuba wayethanda ukuthanda ilizwe xa wabulala u-Oswald. Ingxelo yeKhomishini kaWarren ka-1964 yagqiba kwelokuba uOswald noRuby babengeyonxalenye yeyelenqe elikhulu lokubulala uMongameli uKennedy. Ngaphandle kwezigqibo ezibonakala ziqinile, ingxelo ayiphumelelanga ukuvala amathandabuzo malunga nomsitho. Ngo-1978, iKomidi eliKhethekileyo leNdlu lokuBulala lagqiba kwingxelo yokuqala ukuba uKennedy "mhlawumbi wabulawa ngenxa yelenqe" elinokuthi libandakanye abaphangi abaninzi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. Iziphumo zekomiti, njengeKhomishini kaWarren, ziyaqhubeka ukuphikiswa. Izimvo zomongameli omncinci wase-US zamenza ukuba athandwe kakhulu kwaye aphoswe kakhulu: "buya umva emfazweni ufune indlela yoxolo," utshilo.

January 4. Ngaloo mini kwi-1948, isizwe saseBurma (saziwa nangokuthi yiMyanmar) sazikhulula ngokwase-British colonialism kwaye saba yi-republic republic. AmaBritani aye alwa nemfazwe emithathu elwa neBurma kwi-19th leminyaka, okwesithathu kuwo kwi-1886 yenza iBurma iphondo laseBritani India. I-Rangoon (yaseYangon) yaba yintloko kunye nechweba elixakekileyo phakathi kweCalcutta neSingapore. AmaNdiya amaninzi kunye namaShayina afika kunye neBrithani, kwaye utshintsho olukhulu lwenkcubeko lwabangelwa yimingeni, ukuxhonywa, kunye neengqungquthela. Ulawulo lwaseBrithani, kwaye wenqaba ukususa izicathulo xa ungena kuma-pagodas, oothixo bamaBuddhist abakhokelwayo. IYunivesithi yeRangoon ivelise i-radicals, kunye nomfundi omtsha osemthethweni, u-Aung San, waqala zombini "iLungu leNkululeko ye-Anti-Fascist" (AFPFL), kunye ne "People's Revolutionary Party" (PRP). Kwakuyi-San, phakathi kwabanye, oye wakwazi ukuthetha ngokuzimela kweBurma kwiBrithani kwi-1947 kwaye ukuseka isivumelwano kunye nohlanga lweBurma. USan wabulawa ngaphambi kokuzimela. Intombi encinane kaSan u-Aung San Suu Kyi waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe kwintando yesininzi. Kwi-1962, umkhosi waseBurma wawuthatha urhulumente. Kwakhona wabulala abafundi be-100 ababhikisha ngokuthula kwiYunivesithi yaseRangoon. Kwi-1976, abafundi be-100 babanjwe emva kokuhlala elula. USuu Kyi ugcinwe phantsi kwendlu, kodwa wathola iNew Priel Peace Peace ku-1991. Nangona umkhosi uhlala unamandla eMyanmar, u-Suu Kyi wakhethwa ngumcebisi welizwe (okanye i-prime minister) kwi-2016, exhaswa yiBurmese National League yeDemokhrasi. USuu Kyi ugxeke ehlabathini lonke ekujongeni okanye ukuvumela imikhosi yaseBurma ukuba ibulale amaninzi amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana beqela leRohingya.

Ja nuwari 5. Ngaloo mini ku-1968, u-Antonin Novotny, umbusi weStalinist waseCzechoslovakia, waphumelela njengobhala wencwadi yokuqala ngu-Alexander Dubcek, owayekholelwa ukuba intlalo-ntle ingafumaneka. I-Dubcek isekela ubukhomanisi, kodwa ivelise inkululeko yokuthetha kwiinguqulelo zokuxhasa imibutho yabasebenzi kunye namalungelo oluntu. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba yi "Spring Spring". ISoviet Union yahlasela iCzechoslovakia; iinkokeli zenkululeko zathathwa eMoscow, zatshintshwa ngamagosa aseSoviet. Ukuguqulwa kukaDubcek kwachithwa, kwaye uGustav Husak owayengomnye esikhundleni sakhe wamisa kwakhona umbuso wobuKhomanisi. Oku kwazisa iimibhikisho ezinkulu kulo lonke ilizwe. Iziteshi zerediyo, amaphephandaba kunye neencwadi ezipapashwe ngeli xesha, njenge-Garden Party kunye neMemorandam yi-Vaclav Havel yavalwa, kwaye i-Havel yavalelwa iminyaka emine. Amawaka a bafundi aqhuba ukuhlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezinezinsuku ezine kwizikolo eziphakamileyo kunye neekholeji zelizwe lonke, kunye namafektri athumela ukutya ngokubambisana. Ezinye iziganeko ezibuhlungu nezobuhlungu zenzeke. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 1969, uJan Palach umfundi wekholeji wazibeka emlilweni eWenceslas Square ukukhazamisa umsebenzi kunye nokususwa kweenkululeko zoluntu. Ukufa kwakhe kwafana nomthombo wePrague, kwaye umngcwabo wakhe waba ngumboniso wokubhikisha. Umfundi wesibini, uJan Zajíc wenza isenzo esifanayo kwisikwere, ngelixa isithathu, uEvžen Plocek, wafa e Jihlava. Njengoo oorhulumente bamaKhomanisi bexoshwa ngaphaya kweYurophu yaseMpuma, imibhikisho yaPrague yaqhubeka kwada kwaDisemba 1989 xa urhulumente kaHusak wagqiba. UDubcek wabuye wabizwa nguSihlalo wePalamente, kwaye iVlav Havel yaba ngumongameli waseCzechoslovakia. Ukuzisa u-communism ekupheleni kweCzechoslovakia, okanye iPrague "ihlobo," ithatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi amabini yokubhikisha.

Ja nuwari 6. Ngaloo mini kwi-1941, uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wenza intetho eyazisa igama elithi "Inkululeko EMine," eyathetha inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nencoko; inkululeko yonqulo; inkululeko ekukholweni; kunye nenkululeko ekufuneni. Intetho yakhe yayijolise kwinkululeko yabemi belizwe ngalinye, ukanti abemi baseMelika kunye nelizwe liphela basasokola kwingingqi nganye kwezi. Nanga amanye amazwi uMongameli Roosevelt awawathetha ngala mini: “Kwiintsuku ezizayo, esizama ukuzenza ukuba zikhuseleke, sijonge phambili kwihlabathi elisekwe phezu kwenkululeko yabantu ebalulekileyo. Eyokuqala yinkululeko yokuthetha nokuthetha - kuyo yonke indawo ehlabathini. Eyesibini yinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ukuba anqule uThixo ngendlela yakhe - naphina emhlabeni. Eyesithathu yinkululeko ekusweleni - ethi, xa iguqulelwa kumanqanaba ehlabathi, ithetha ukuqondwa kwezoqoqosho okuya kukhusela kwisizwe ngasinye ubomi obunempilo bexesha lokuthula kubemi balo - kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni. Eyesine yinkululeko yoloyiko- ethi, etolikwa ngokwemiqathango yehlabathi, ithetha ukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ngendlela efezekileyo kangangokuba kungabikho sizwe siya kuba nako ukwenza isenzo sobundlongondlongo ngokuchasene nommelwane. Naphi na emhlabeni…. Akusoze kuphele oko ngaphandle koloyiso. ” Namhlanje urhulumente wase-US uhlala ethintela amalungelo oLungiso lokuQala. Iipolls zifumana ubukhulu becala phesheya zijonga i-US njengesoyikiso esikhulu soxolo. Kwaye i-US ikhokela onke amazwe azizityebi ngobuhlwempu. Iinkululeko ezine zihlala zisenzelwa.

January 7. Ngaloo mini kwi-1932, uNobhala kaRhulumente wase-US uHenry Stimson wanikela i-Stimson Doctrine. I-United States ibizelwe kwi-League of Nations ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kuhlaselo lwaseJapan olwenziwe eChina. UStimson, ngemvume kaMongameli uHerbert Hoover, wabhengeza kwinto ekwabizwa ngokuba yimfundiso kaHoover-Stimson, inkcaso yase-US kwimfazwe yangoku eManchuria. Imfundiso yathi, okokuqala, i-United States ayinakuvuma nasiphi na isivumelwano esayekethisa ubukhosi okanye ingqibelelo yase China; Okwesibini, ayizukubona naluphi na utshintsho kumhlaba olwenziwe ngokunyanzelwa kweengalo. Isiteyitimenti sasisekwe ekuphelisweni kwemfazwe nge-1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact ethe yaphelisa ukwamkelwa kunye nokwamkelwa koloyiso phantse kwihlabathi liphela. I-United States ihlupheke ngexesha lasemva kwe-WWI njengoko abemi bayo babetsala nzima noxinzelelo olwenziwe eWall Street, ukusilela kweebhanki, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi enkulu kunye nentiyo enkulu yemfazwe. I-US yayingenakulindeleka ukuba ingene kwimfazwe entsha kungekudala kwaye yenqabile ukuxhasa uManyano lweZizwe. I-Stimson Doctrine sele ichaziwe njengengasebenziyo, ngenxa yokuhlasela kweShanghai ngamaJapan emva kweeveki ezintathu, kunye neemfazwe ezalandela i-Yurophu ezibandakanya amanye amazwe angawuhloniphi umthetho. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba le mfundiso yayizenzela, kwaye yayenzelwe ukugcina nje urhwebo luvulekile ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu ngelixa ungathathi cala. Kwelinye icala, kukho ababhali-mbali kunye nezithiyori zomthetho eziqondayo ukuba inaliti yokuziphatha kwiipolitiki zehlabathi yenze iStimpson Doctrine yaba negalelo ekubumbeni imbono entsha yemfazwe kunye neziphumo zayo.

Ja nuwari 8. Ngale mini, uAJ Muste (1885 - 1967), waseMelika ozelwe ngamaDatshi, waqala ubomi bakhe. U-AJ Muste wayengomnye wabalandeli bezentlalo abangabikho kwezopolitiko ngexesha lakhe. Ukuqala njengomlungiseleli kwiCawa yaseDutch Reformed, waba ngumbutho wezentlalontle kunye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi, kwaye wayengomnye wabasunguli kunye nomqondisi wokuqala weKholeji yeBasebenzi yaseNew York. Ku-1936, wazibophelela kwi-pacifism kwaye wagxininisa amandla akhe ekuchasweni kwemfazwe, amalungelo oluntu, inkululeko yoluntu kunye nokungabikho kwemida. Wasebenza kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane bokubuyisana, iCongress of Racial Equality (CORE), kunye ne-War Resisters League, kwaye yaba ngumhleli Ukukhulula kwiphephancwadi. Waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe woxolo ngexesha lemfazwe yase-US eVietnam; Kungekudala ngaphambi kokubhubha kwakhe, waya eMantla eVietnam kunye negqiza labefundisi kwaye wadibana nenkokeli yamaKomanisi uHo Chi Minh. U-AJ Muste wayehlonitshwa ngokubanzi kwaye enconywa kumbutho wezobulungisa kwezentlalo ngokukwazi kwakhe ukunxibelelana nabantu bayo yonke iminyaka kunye nemvelaphi, ukumamela nokubonisa kuwo onke amanqaku, kunye nokuvala umgama phakathi kwamacandelo ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo. IZiko leSikhumbuzo le-AJ Muste lahlelwa ngo-1974 ukugcina ilifa lika-AJ liphila ngenkxaso eqhubekayo yombutho ongenabundlobongela kutshintsho lwentlalo. IZiko lipapasha amaphecana kunye neencwadi ezimalunga nobundlobongela, libonelela ngezibonelelo kunye nenkxaso kumaqela asemazantsi e-US nakwihlabathi liphela, kwisiXeko saseNew York “Peace Pentagon”. Kumazwi kaMuste: “Akukho ndlela yoxolo; luxolo indlela. ”

January 9. Ngaloo mini kwi-1918, i-US ibambe imfazwe yayo yokugqibela kunye namaNative aseMelika kwi-Battle of Bear Valley. AmaIndiya aseYaqui aqhutyelwa emantla yimfazwe yawo ende neMexico, kwaye awela umda kufutshane neziko lomkhosi eArizona. I-Yaquis ngamanye amaxesha yayisebenza kwiindawo ze-citrus zase-US, zithenge izixhobo ngomvuzo wazo, zibuyele eMexico. Ngolo suku lubalulekileyo, umkhosi wafumana iqela elincinci. Ukulwa kwaqhubeka de omnye uYaqui waqala wawangisa iingalo zakhe ekunikezeleni. I-Yaquis ezilishumi zathathwa, zaze zaxelelwa ukuba zilungelelanise izandla zazo phezu kweentloko. Inkosi iphakame yema, kodwa igcine izandla esinqeni. Njengokuba izandla zakhe bezinyuswe ngenkani, bekubonakala ukuba uzama ukubamba isisu sakhe kunye. Wayekhathazwe kukuqhushumba okubangelwe yimbumbulu eyayibeka esinqeni sakhe, kwaye wasweleka ngosuku olulandelayo. Omnye wababanjiweyo yayingumfana oneminyaka elishumi elinanye umpu wakhe wawude nje ngokuba mde. Eli qela elinesibindi lenze ukuba inkulu ikwazi ukubaleka. Abo babanjiweyo basiwa e-Tucson ngehashe ukuya kuvavanywa. Bakwazi ukubonakalisa amajoni ngexesha lohambo ngesibindi namandla abo. Ekulingweni kwetyala, ijaji yazichitha zonke izityholo zomntwana oneminyaka elishumi elinanye, waze wagweba abanye abasibhozo iintsuku ezingama-30 kuphela entolongweni. UColonel Harold B. Wharfield ubhale wathi: "Isigwebo besikhetha uYaquis obezokugxothwa eMexico ajongane nokubulawa njengabavukeli."

Ja nuwari 10. Ngaloo mini kwi-1920 i-League of Nations yasungulwa. Yayingumbutho wokuqala wezizwe ngezizwe owasekwa ukugcina uxolo lwehlabathi. Kwakungeyonto intsha. Iingxoxo ezilandela iimfazwe zikaNapoleon zikhokelele ekugqibeleni kwiiNdibano zaseGeneva naseHague. Ngo-1906, u-Theodore Roosevelt owawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel wathi makubekho “uManyano Loxolo.” Emva koko, ekupheleni kwe-WWI, i-Bhritane, i-French kunye ne-US balungiselela izindululo zekhonkrithi. Oku kukhokelele kuthethathethwano kunye nokwamkelwa "koMnqophiso woManyano lweZizwe" kwiNkomfa yoXolo eParis ngo-1919. Umnqophiso, owawugxile kukhuseleko oluhlangeneyo, ukuphelisa izixhobo, nokusombulula iimbambano zamazwe ngamazwe ngothethathethwano nolamlo. Isivumelwano seVersailles. Umbutho ubulawulwa yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neBhunga eliLawulayo (livuleleke kuphela kumagunya amakhulu). Ngokuqala kweWWII, kwacaca ukuba uManyano aluphumelelanga. Ngoba? Ulawulo: Izigqibo zifuna ukuvota ngokungafaniyo kweBhunga eliLawulayo. Oku kwanika amalungu eBhunga ithuba lokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. ubulungu: Iintlanga ezininzi azizange zijoyine. Kwakukho amalungu angama-42 asungula kunye nama-58 kwincopho yawo. Uninzi lwaluyijonga “njengoManyano lwaMaxhoba.” IJamani yayingavunyelwe ukujoyina. Oorhulumente bamaKomanisi babengamkelwa. Kwaye okuhlekisayo kukuba, iUnited States ayizange ijoyine. UMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, umxhasi ophambili, akakwazanga ukuyifumana ngeNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ukungakwazi ukunyanzelisa izigqibo: I-League yayixhomekeke kubanqobi beWWI ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo. Babenqwenela ukwenza njalo. Iinjongo eziphikisanayo: Imfuno yokunyanzeliswa ngokuxhatshazwayo ngokuchasene nemizamo yokungasebenzi. Kwi-1946, emva kweminyaka eyi-26 kuphela, i-League of Nations yatshintshwa yiZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Ja nuwari 11. Ngaloo mini kwi-2002, iNkampu yasejele yaseGuantanamo Bay yaqalisa ukusebenza eCuba. Ekuqaleni kwakujoliswe ukuba ibe "isiqithi ngaphandle komthetho" apho ugubungela obangelwayo kungabanjwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo kunye nokuphenywa ngaphandle kokuthintela, intolongo kunye nemikhosi yemikhosi yaseGuantánamo Bay yinto ephazamisayo. I-Guantánamo ibe ngumqondiso wokungabi nabulungisa, ukuxhaphazwa, nokungahoywa umthetho. Ekubeni intolongo ivuliwe, phantse amadoda angama-800 adlule kwiiseli zawo. Ukongezelela ekugcinweni okungekho mthethweni, abaninzi baye baxhatshazwa kunye nonyango olunyango. Uninzi lwabanjelwe ngaphandle kwentlawulo okanye ityala. Amabanjwa amaninzi sele egcinwe iminyaka emveni kokuba ekhutshelwe ukukhululwa ngumkhosi wase-US, onamathele kwisigxina apho ingalo yombuso ekulungele ukufikelela ekugqibeleni ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abo. I-Guantánamo ibe yinto ephazamisayo kwi-reputation kunye nokukhuseleko kwe-United States kunye nesixhobo sokuqesha amaqela afana ne-ISIS ayenxibe amabanjwa abo kwi-GITMO orange. Umongameli wase-United States kunye nee-arhente zakhe iminyaka engazange azisebenzise amandla okuphela ukuvalelwa ngokungapheliyo kunye nokuvalwa kweGuantánamo. Ukuvalwa kweGuantánamo indlela efanelekileyo kudinga ukuphela kokuvalelwa entolongweni ngonaphakade ngaphandle kwentlawulo okanye ityala; ukudlulisa abavalelwayo abaye bachithwa ukuze badluliselwe; kunye nokuvalela abavalelwa ukuba kukho ubungqina bokungalunganga kwiinkqubo zenkundla zomthetho e-United States. Amatyala e-US federal ahlala ephethe iimeko zobugwenxa obuphezulu. Ukuba umtshutshisi akanako ukubeka ityala kunye nesibanjwa, akukho sizathu sokuba umntu kufuneka aqhubeke evalelwe, enoba eGuantánamo okanye eUnited States.

Ja nuwari 12. Ngaloo mini kwi-1970 Biafra, ummandla ophulukisayo kwimzantsi-mpuma yeNigeria, unikezelwa kwi-Federal Army, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa iMfazwe Yombutho yaseNigeria. IGijeria, owayengumkhosi waseBrithani, wafumana ukuzimela kwi-1960. Le imfazwe enegazi negawulayo yimbangela yokuzimela eyakhelwe ngokukodwa kwiminqweno yamandla ekoloniyali. IGiigeria yayiyiqoqo ehlukileyo yamazwe azimeleyo. Ngethuba lexesha lobukoloni lalilawulwa njengemimandla emibini, eMntla naseMzantsi. Kwi-1914, ngokulungelelaniswa kokulawula kunye nokulawula okusebenzayo ngaphezu kwezibonelelo, uMntla noMzantsi babehlanganisiwe. IGijagi ineamaqela amathathu amaninzi: i-Igbo ngasempuma-mpuma; iHausa-Fulani ngasentla; kunye neYoruba kumzantsi-ntshona. Ekuzimeleyo, uNdunankulu wavela kumntla, ummandla onabantu abaninzi. Ulwahlulo lwengingqi lwenza ukuba kube nzima ukubumbana kobuzwe. Ukunyanzelisa kwanyulwe ngexesha lokhetho lwe-1964. Phakathi kwezigxeko ezigqithisileyo zokukhwabanisa, umntu onoxanduva lokunyulwa kwakhe utyunjwe kwakhona. Kwi-1966, amagosa amancinci azame ukukhutshwa. U-Aguiyi-Ironsi, intloko ye-Nigerian Army kunye ne-Igbo, wayicima kwaye waba yintloko yelizwe. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, abaphathi bamantla basemantla baqhubela phambili. UYakubu Gowon, ongasemntla, waba ngumbuso welizwe. Oku kwakhokelela ekuhlakaleni kwe-pogroms ngasentla. Kuye kwabulawa i-100,000 Igbo kwaye izigidi zibalekile. Ngomhla we-Meyi 30, i-1967, i-Igbo, yazisa iSithili esiMzantsi-mpuma iRiphabliki eZimeleyo yaseBiafra. Urhulumente Wezobukhosi waya empini ukuze ahlanganisane nelizwe. Injongo yokuqala yayikukuthatha iPort Harcourt kunye nokulawulwa kweendawo zeoli. I-Blockades ilandele, eyabangela indlala enkulu kunye nendlala ye-2 yezigidi zabantu baseBiafran. Iminyaka engama-50 kamva, imfazwe nemiphumo yayo iyaqhubeka ingqwalasela engxowankulu.

Ja nuwari 13. Ngaloo mini kwi-1991, i-Soviet Special Forces yahlasela i-Lithuanian ithelevishini kunye nomsakazo, yabulala i-14 kwaye inxeba phezu kwe-500 njengama-tank ehamba phakathi kwezihlwele zabantu abangahlaselwanga balindile inqaba yokukhusela ukuzimela kweLithuania. ISigqeba esiPhezulu saseLithuania sikhiphe isibheno ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi ukuba siqaphele ukuba i-Soviet Union ihlasele ilizwe layo, kwaye iLithuanians ihlose ukugcina ukuzimela phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko. I-Lithuania yayibhengeze ukuzimela kwayo kwi-1990. IPalamente yaseLithuania yenzelela ngokukhawuleza umthetho owenzela umbutho karhulumente ekuthinjweni kwimeko apho iBhunga kufuneka likhutshwe yi-intervention yamaSoviet. Umkhokeli waseRashiya, uBoris Yeltsin, waphendula ngokuphika isandla sakhe ekuhlaselweni, waza wathandaza kumajoni aseRashiya athi le nto yayingekho mthethweni, kwaye wabamema ukuba bacinge ngemindeni yabo esele ekhaya. Nangona yena noMikhail Gorbachev benqaba ukubandakanyeka, ukuhlaselwa kwamaSoviet kunye nokubulala kwaqhubeka. Isihlwele saseLithuani sazama ukukhusela umbhobho weTV kunye nomsakazo. Iitanki zaseSoviet zahamba zaza zagxotha isihlwele. Amajoni aseSoviet athatha kwaye atshintsha ukuhanjiswa kweTV. Kodwa isikhululo esincinci seTV saqala ukusasaza ngeelwimi ezininzi ukuvumela umhlaba wazi. Isihlwele esikhulu sasihlanganisene ukukhusela isakhiwo seBhunga eliPhezulu, kwaye imikhosi yaseSoviet yabuya. Ukuthukuthela kwamazwe ngamazwe kulandelwa. NgoFebruwari, iLithuani bavotela ngokukhululeka ukuzimela. Njengoko iLithuania yafumana ukuzimela kwayo, kwacaca ukuba ukuhlasela kwezempi kwakungekho ilungelelaniso kwihlabathi lonxibelelwano lonxibelelwano olwandayo.

Ja nuwari 14. Ngaloo mini kwi-1892 UMartin Niemöller wazalwa. Wasweleka ngo-1984. Lo mfundisi ubalaseleyo wamaProtestanti owavela njengotshaba luka-Adolf Hitler wachitha iminyaka esixhenxe yokugqibela yolawulo lwamaNazi kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, nangona wayethanda ubuhlanga. UNiemöller mhlawumbi ukhunjulwa kakuhle ngesicatshulwa esithi: “Kuqala beza beza kubusoshiyali, kwaye khange ndithethe kuba andinguye uSoshiyali. Emva koko beza kwi-Trade Unionists, kwaye andithethanga kuba andiyiyo i-Trade Unionist. Emva koko beza kumaJuda, kwaye andithethanga kuba bendingenguye umYuda. Emva koko beza kum, akwabikho mntu undithethelelayo. ” UNiemöller wakhululwa kuMkhosi waseJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Wagqiba kwelokuba alandele ekhondweni likayise ngokungena kwisikolo sabefundisi. UNiemöller waziwa ngokuba ngumshumayeli onomoya. Ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezivela emapoliseni, waqhubeka nokushumayela ngokuchasene neenzame zikarhulumente zokuphazamisa iicawa kunye noko wayekujonga njengobuhedeni obukhuthazwa ngamaNazi. Ngenxa yoko, uNiemöller wabanjwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo wavalelwa yedwa esiseleni phakathi kowe-1934 nowe-1937. UNiemöller waba ngumntu odumileyo phesheya. Wanikela intetho yokuvula kwintlanganiso ka-1946 ye-Federal Council of Churches e-United States kwaye wahamba ethetha ngokubanzi ngamava aseJamani phantsi kobuNazi. Ngexesha eliphakathi le-1950s, uNiemöller wasebenza namaqela amazwe aphesheya, kubandakanya neBhunga leeCawa zeHlabathi, ngoxolo lwehlabathi. Uhlanga luka-Niemöller lwaseJamani aluzange lutshintshe njengoko wayehlasela ngokuchasene neJamani, esithi ukhetha umanyano nokuba uphantsi kobuKomanisi.

Ja nuwari 15. Ngaloo mini kwi-1929, uMartin Luther King, uJr. wazalwa. Ubomi bakhe buphela ngokukhawuleza kwaye buhlungu ngo-Ephreli 4th, 1968, xa wabulawa eMemphis, eTennessee. Umntu ongeyena umongameli ukuba abe neeholide lelizwe lase-US elizinikezele ngodumo lwakhe, kwaye lowo kuphela ongengumongameli okhankanywe ngesikhumbuzo esikhulu eWashington, DC, uDkt. King's "Ndinephupha" intetho, Intetho yeNobel Peace Prize, kwaye "Incwadi evela kwiJaji yaseBirmingham" ziphakathi kweentetho ezihlonishwayo kunye nemibhalo ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Ukuphefumlelwa kokubili kokholo lwakhe lobuKristu kunye neemfundiso zikaMahatma Gandhi, uDkt. King wahola inxaxheba ekupheleni kwe-1950 kunye ne-1960s ukufumana ukulingana komthetho kwabase-Afrika baseMelika eMelika. Ngethuba leminyaka engaphantsi kwe-13 iminyaka yobunkokheli beManyano oLuntu lwaMaLungelo aseMelika, ukusuka ngoDisemba, i-1955 kude kube ngo-Ephreli 4, i-1968, ama-America afinyelele inkqubela phambili yokwenene ngokobuhlanga eMelika kuneminyaka eyi-350 eyadlulileyo. UDkt. King uyabonwa njengenye yeenkokheli ezinkulu ezingapheliyo kwimbali yehlabathi. Nangona abanye bekhuthaza inkululeko ngokuthi "naluphi na uhlobo olufunekayo," uMartin Luther King, Jr. wasebenzisa igunya lamagama kunye nezenzo zokungaxhatshazi, njengento yokuqhankqalaza, ukulungiswa kweendawo kunye nokungahloneli komntu ukufezekisa iinjongo ezingenakwenzeka. Waqhubeka ekukhokeleni amaphulo afana neentlupheko, kunye neengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, ngokuhlala ehlala ethembekile kwimigaqo yakhe yokungabi nonyanzelo. Ukuchasana kwakhe nemfazwe yaseVietnam, kunye nokukhuthaza ukunyuka ngaphaya kobuhlanga, ubukhosi kunye nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu abanoxolo nabanobugqwetha ukuba bafune ukubambisana ngokubanzi kwihlabathi elingcono.

Ja nuwari 16. Ngaloo mini ku-1968, u-Abbie Hoffman noJerry Rubin bamisela i-Youth International Party (i-Yippies), nje ngelinye ilanga ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli uLyndon Baines Johnson anike iNtetho yeNyunyana yeNyunyana ukuba i-US iphumelele imfazwe yaseVietnam. Ii-Yippies zaziyinxalenye yentshukumo ebanzi yokulwa imfazwe phakathi kweminyaka yama-1960s-70s eyathi yakhula ngokuhamba kwamalungelo oluntu. Bobabini uHoffman noRubin babeyinxalenye yomlo ochasene nemfazwe ngoMatshi kwiPentagon ngo-Okthobha u-1967, eyathi uJerry Rubin wayibiza ngokuba "sisiseko sezopolitiko zeYippie." UHoffman noRubin basebenzise “isimbo sakwaYippie” kwimisebenzi yabo yokulwa imfazwe nxamnye nobungxowankulu, bejoyinwa ziimvumi ezinje ngeLizwe Joe kunye neFish, kunye neembongi / ababhali abanjengoAllen Ginsberg abacaphule iimvakalelo zikaHoffman malunga namaxesha oxinzelelo: “[Hoffman] bathi ezopolitiko sele zizinto zemidlalo yeqonga kunye nomlingo, ngokusisiseko, yayikukusebenzisa imifanekiso ngamajelo eendaba ukuba babedidekile kwaye beqhatha abantu baseMelika, bebenza ukuba bamkele imfazwe ababengakholelwa kuyo. Imiboniso emininzi yoqhankqalazo neeYippies yayiquka enye kwiDemocratic National Convention ngo-1968 apho bazimanya neBlack Panther, aBafundi beDemocratic Society (SDS) kunye neKomiti yeSizwe yokuHambisa iMfazwe eVietnam (i-MOBE). Umnyhadala wabo woBomi eLincoln Park, kubandakanya nokutyunjwa kwehagu egama linguPigasus njengomtyunjwa wabo wobongameli, kukhokelele ekubanjweni kwetyala likaHoffman, uRubin, kunye namanye amalungu. Abaxhasi beYippies baqhubeka noqhankqalazo lwabo lwezopolitiko, kwaye bavula iMyuziyam yaseYippie kwisiXeko saseNew York.

Ja nuwari 17. Ngaloo mini kwi-1893, abaxhamli be-US, abashishini, kunye neeMarines bawubhubhisa ubukumkani baseHawaii e-Oahu, ukuqala udidi olude loorhulumente onobundlobongela nolunobungozi obuphangaleleyo emhlabeni jikelele. Ukumkanikazi waseHawaii, uLili'uokalani, uphendule ngale ngxelo ilandelayo kuMongameli uBenjamin Harrison: izinto ezenziweyo ngokuchasene nam noRhulumente womgaqo-siseko woBukumkani baseHawaii ngabantu abathile abathi bamisele uRhulumente wexeshana kunye nobu Bukumkani ... ukunqanda nakuphi na ukungqubana kwemikhosi, kwaye mhlawumbi ukuphulukana nobomi, ndikwenza oku phantsi koqhanqalazo, kwaye Ukunyanzelwa ngumkhosi kunyanzelise igunya lam kude kube lelo xesha uRhulumente wase-United States uya kuthi, emva kokuba enikiwe izibakala kuwo, asuse isenzo sommeli wakhe kwaye andibuyisele kwigunya endibanga ukuba ndilawula umgaqo-siseko weIihawai Islands."UJames H. Blount wabizwa ngokuba nguKhomishini ekhethekileyo, wathumela ukuphanda, kwaye abike iziphumo zakhe ekufunyenwe. U-Blount wenza isigqibo sokuba iUnited States yayijongene ngqo nokuchithwa ngokungekho mthethweni kurhulumente waseHawaii, kwaye izenzo zorhulumente wase-United States zaphule imithetho yehlabathi jikelele kunye nolawulo lwamazwe aseHawaii. Kwiminyaka eyikhulu kamva, ngelilanga le-1993, iHawaii ibambe umboniso omkhulu kumsebenzi wase-US. I-United States yanikezela ukuxolisa, ngokuvuma ukuba iiHawaii "azizange zikhulule ngokuzenzekelayo izibango zabo ... ukuba zibukhosi." Amantombazana aseHawaii aqhubeka ekhuthaza ukukhululwa kweHawaii evela eUnited States, nakwizempi zaseMelika.

Ja nuwari 18. Kulo suku, kwi-2001, ezimbini Amalungu eqela elisebenza ngokuthe ngqo, i-Trident Plowshares, ahlawulwa emva kokuhlawuliswa ngokulimaza iBritish HMS Impindiselo eyayithwele ikota yezixhobo zenyukliya zaseBritani. USylvia Boyes, i-57, yaseWest Yorkshire, noMlambo, owayesakuba nguKeith Wright, i-45, yaseManchester, avumele ukuhlasela HMS Impindiselo ngezando nangezembe kwizibuko laseBarrow-in-Furness, eCumbria, ngo-Novemba ka-1999. Aba babini bakuphika nakuphi na ukungalunganga, nangona kunjalo, besithi isenzo sabo besifanelekile kuba izixhobo zenyukliya bezingekho mthethweni phantsi komthetho wamazwe aphesheya. Ukuqhubeka kweempikiswano ezingqonge abezopolitiko ukuthembakala ngesixhobo senyukliya kukhokelele kwinkundla yamatyala yokuba abantu baziva bedanile kwaye benyanzelekile ukuba bathabathe amanyathelo. Isithethi seTrident Plowshares songeze: "Ekugqibeleni kubekwe umzekelo wokuba amaNgesi alandele isazela sawo kwaye abhengeze ukuba iTrident ayikho mthethweni." Izenzo zangaphambili e-Bhritane ezikhokelela ekufumaneni amatyala e-Trident Plowshares zibandakanya amatyala afakwe kwi-1996 xa ijaji e-Liverpool Crown Court yagweba amabhinqa amabini atyholwa ngokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kwijet yomlo we-Hawk kumzi-mveliso waseBritish Aerospace. Ngo-1999, isherifu eGreenock, eStrathclyde, yafumanisa ukuba abafazi abathathu babekwa ityala lokulimaza izixhobo zekhompyuter zangaphantsi kolwandle kwindawo yamanzi eLoch Goil engenatyala. Kwaye ngo-2000, abafazi ababini abatyholwa ngokupeyinta ngokuthintela ukulwa nemfazwe kwi-submarine yenyukliya bafunyanwa bengenatyala eManchester, nangona kamva umtshutshisi wanyanzelisa ukuba kuphindwe kwenziwe ityala. Ukungabikho kokuzibophelela koorhulumente kumanyathelo oxolo lwamazwe aphesheya kushiye abahlali kwilizwe jikelele besoyika imfazwe yenyukliya, kwaye benokholo oluncinci koorhulumente babo ukunciphisa ingozi.

Ja nuwari 19. Ngaloo mini kwi-1920, ebusweni bokuxhaphazwa kwamalungelo abantu, iqela elincinane lithatha i-stand, kwaye i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yazalwa. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kwakukho ukwesaba ukuba iNkcubeko yamaKhomanisi eRashiya iza kufakwa kwi-United States. Njengoko kudla njalo xa ukwesaba kukugqithisileyo ingxoxo engqinelanayo, inkululeko yoluntu ihlawule ixabiso. NgoNovemba 1919 noJanuwari 1920, kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Palmer Raids," iGqwetha likaGenariyard General Mitchell Palmer laqalisa ukujikeleza nokuxoshelwa kuthiwa "ama-radicals." Amawaka abantu abanjwe ngaphandle kwemvume kwaye ngaphandle kokubaluleka komgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene nomthetho ukukhangela kunye nokuthunjwa, kwaphathwa kakubi, kwaye kubanjwe kwiimeko eziyingozi. I-ACLU ibabalwe, kwaye iguquke ngaphezu kweminyaka ukusuka kweli qela elincinci libe ngumkhuseli-nkulu welizwe lolo lungelo elichazwe kuMgaqo-siseko wase-US. Bavikela ootitshala kwi Imiba kwimeko kwi 1925, walwa ne-Japanese internship e-1942, wajoyina i-NAACP kwi-1954 kwimfazwe esemthethweni yokufumana imfundo elinganayo IBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo, kwaye wawavikela abafundi abanjwe ngokubhikisha kwidrafti kunye neVietnam imfazwe. Baqhubeka bekulwela amalungelo okuzala, inkululeko yokuthetha, ukulingana, ubumfihlo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi komhlaba, kwaye zikhokelela ukulwa nokuphelisa ukuhlushwa nokufuna ukuphendula ngokupheleleyo kwabo bavuma. Kwiminyaka engange-100, i-ACLU isebenze ukukhusela nokugcina amalungelo namalungelo athile aqinisekisiwe ngumthetho-siseko we-United States. I-ACLU ithathe inxaxheba kwiimeko ezininzi zeNkundla ephakamileyo kunanoma yiphina enye inhlangano, kwaye iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-firm firm law firm.

Ja nuwari 20. Ngaloo mini kwi-1987, umbutho wobulungisa kunye noxolo uTerry Waite, umthunywa okhethekileyo we-Archbishopu waseCanterbury, wathathwa ekuthinjweni eLebhanon. Wayekhona ukuze axoxisane malunga nokukhululwa kwamaxhoba asentshona. UWaite wayenerekhodi enomtsalane. Ngo-1980 wathetha-thethana ngempumelelo nokukhululwa kwabathinjiweyo eIran. Ngo-1984 waxoxisana ngempumelelo nokukhululwa kwabathinjiweyo eLibya. Ngo-1987 akazange aphumelele kangako. Ngexesha lothethathethwano, naye ngokwakhe wabanjwa. Ngo-Novemba ngo-18, 1991, ngaphantsi nje kweminyaka emihlanu kamva, yena nabanye bakhululwa. UWaite wayeve ubunzima kakhulu kwaye wamkelwa ekhaya njengegorha. Nangona kunjalo, isenzo sakhe eLebhanon sisenokungabi yile nto babonakala ngathi bayayenza. Kamva kwavela ukuba phambi kokuba aye eLebhanon wadibana no-Lt. Colonel Oliver North. UMantla wayefuna ukuxhasa ngemali i-Contras eNicaragua. Inkongolo yase-US iyalile. I-Iran yayifuna izixhobo kodwa yayixhomekeke ekuvinjelweni kweengalo. UMantla ulungiselele ukuba izixhobo ziye eIran kutshintshiselwano ngemali ethunyelwe kwiContras. Kodwa uMntla wawufuna ikhava. Kwaye abantu baseIran babefuna iinshurensi. Abathunjiweyo baya kubanjwa de kube iingalo zisiwe. UTerry Waite wayezakuboniswa njengendoda ebethethathethana malunga nokukhululwa kwabo. Akukho mntu wayenokubona ukuthengiswa kweengalo kufihlwe ngasemva. Nokuba uTerry Waite wayesazi ukuba uyadlalwa akuqinisekanga. Nangona kunjalo, uMntla ngokuqinisekileyo wayesazi. Intatheli yophando yanikela ingxelo yokuba igosa leBhunga lezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke lavuma ukuba uMantla "ubaleke uTerry Waite njengearhente." Eli bali lesilumkiso ligxininisa isidingo, nkqu nakwabo baneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo kunye neyona njongo iphambili, yokulinda ngokuchasana nokwenza ubunye.

Ja nuwari 21. Ngaloo mini kwi-1977, uMongameli we-US uJimmy Carter, ngosuku lwakhe lokuqala njengomongameli, waxolela yonke ixesha laseVietnam eliqulunqa i-dodgers. I-US yayimangalele amadoda e-209,517 okwephula imithetho yoyilo, ngelixa elinye i-360,000 yayingazange ihlawulwe ngokusemthethweni. Abahlanu abaphambili babengamele oko iVietnam ibiza ngokuba yiMfazwe yaseMerika, kwaye iUnited States ibiza iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Ababini balabo baongameli babekhethwe kwizithembiso zokuphelisa imfazwe, bathembisa ukuba babengayigcinanga. UCarter wayethembise ukunika uxolo olungenasiphelo kubantu abaye bashiya umgaqo-nkqubo ngokubalekela ilizwe okanye ngokungabhalisi. Ngokukhawuleza wagcina eso sithembiso. UCarter akazange axolele abo babesemagunyeni aseMelika kunye nabashiyekileyo, nokuba nabani na umntu othe wenziwa ngogonyamelo njengombhikishi. Mayelana neepesenti ze-90 zalabo abashiye eUnited States ukukhusela isayilwayo baya eKhanada, njengoko kwenza abaninzi abantu. Urhulumente waseCanada wavumela ukuba, njengokuba bekuye kwadala ukuba abantu babalekele ubukhoboka ngokudlula umda. Ngokumalunga ne-50,000 yoqulunqo lwabaxhasi bahlala kwiCanada ngokusisigxina. Ngoxa i-draft draft yaphela ngo-1973, kuMongameli we-1980 uCarter wabuyisela imfuneko yokuba irejista yamadoda eneminyaka eyi-18 eneminyaka ezayo. Namhlanje abanye bajonga ukungabikho kwalesi sifundo kubafazi, bekhulula ekusongweni kokunyanzelwa ukuba baye empini, njengokucalulwa. . . malunga nabasetyhini, ngoxa abanye babona imfuno yindoda njengendawo yokuqhafaza. Nangona bekungekho ulungelelwano lokubaleka, amawaka ashiye umkhosi waseMelika kwi-21st kwinkulungwane.

Ja nuwari 22. Ngaloo mini kwi-2006, uEvo Morales yavulwa njengoMongameli waseBolivia. Wayengumongameli wokuqala welizwe laseBolivia. Njengomlimi omncinci we-coca, uMorales wayesebenzayo kwimibhikisho ngokuchasene nemfazwe kwizilwanyana kunye namalungelo asekuhlaleni asetyenziswayo epulazini kwaye aqhubeke nokusetyenziswa kweeNdawo eziPhakamileyo ze-Andes. Kwi-1978 wajoyina waza wabuya ephakamileyo kwimanyano yabasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Kwi-1989 wayethetha ngesiganeko ekukhunjuleni ukubulawa kwabantu ngamafama ase-11 coca ngabaphathi beeNgingqi zasemaphandleni. Ngaloo mihla i-agents ehlasele uMorales, emshiya ezintabeni ukuba afe. Kodwa wahlangulwa waza waphila. Oku kwakukuguqulwa kweMorales. Waqala ukuqwalasela i-militia kunye nokuqalisa imfazwe yama-guerrilla kunye noorhulumente. Ekugqibeleni, ke, wakhetha kungengobundlobongela. Waqala ngokuphuhlisa iphiko lezopolitiko lunyunyano. Ngo-1995 wayeyinhloko yoMbutho we-Movement for Socialism (MAS) kwaye wanyulwa kwiCongress. Ngu 2006 wayengumongameli waseBolivia. Ukulawula kwakhe kugxile kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa intlupheko nokungafundi, ukulondolozwa kwendawo, ukulungiswa komthonyama urhulumente (iBolivia inabantu abaninzi bemveli), kunye nokulwa nempembelelo ye-United States kunye namazwe angamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-Apreli 28, i-2008, wabhekisela kwi-Forum yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiingxaki zeMveli kunye nemiyalelo ye-10 yokugcina i-Planet. Umyalelo wakhe wesibini wathi: ^"Ukutshatyalaliswa kwaye UTHETHE UKUPHELELA emfazweni, okuza kuphela ukuzisa inzuzo kwimibuso, ukutshintshiselwa, kunye neentsapho ezimbalwa, kodwa kungekhona abantu. . . . "

Ja nuwari 23. Ngaloo mini kwi-1974, i-Yiputa kunye ne-Israel yaqala ukukhutshwa kwemibutho eyaphumelela ngokugqithiseleyo impi phakathi kwamazwe amabini kwi-Yom Kippur War. Imfazwe yayiqale u-Okthobha u-6, ngomhla oyingcwele wama-Yom Kippur, xa imikhosi yase-Egypt neyase-Syria zahlasela u-Israyeli ngethemba lokuphinda babuyise imimandla ababephulukene nayo kwimfazwe yama-Arab nama-Israeli yowe-1967. Imikhosi yase-Israeli neyase Yiphutha zazigunyazisiwe yiSinayi ngokwahlukana kweMikhosi yezeMikhosi etyikitywe ngala mazwe mabini kwiintsuku ezintlanu ezidlulileyo, nge-18 kaJanuwari 1974, phantsi kwephiko leNkomfa ye-Geneva eyayixhaswa yi-UN ngo-1973. Ngasentshona kwe-Suez Canal eyayihleli ukusukela ekuphelisweni komlilo ngo-Okthobha u-1973, kunye nokubuyela umva kwiikhilomitha ezininzi kwi-Sinai ngaphambili kwimpuma yomsele ukuze kumiswe indawo ye-UN elawulwa yi-UN phakathi kwemikhosi enobutshaba. Indawo yokuhlala yashiya u-Israyeli elawula yonke iPeninsula yeSinayi, kwaye kwakusaza kubakho uxolo olupheleleyo. Utyelelo lukaNovemba 1977 eJerusalem nguMongameli wase-Egypt u-Anwar el-Sadat lwakhokelela kuthethathethwano olunzulu kunyaka olandelayo e-Camp David e-US Apho, ngoncedo olubalulekileyo oluvela kuMongameli uJimmy Carter, Sadat kunye ne-Nkulumbuso yase-Israel u-Menachem Start bafikelela kwisivumelwano apho yonke ISinayi yayiza kubuyiselwa eYiputa kunye nobudlelwane bezopolitiko phakathi kwala mazwe mabini amiselweyo. Isivumelwano satyikitywa nge-Matshi 26, 1979, kwaye nge-25 ka-Epreli 1982, u-Israyeli wabuyisela indawo yokugqibela yeSinayi eJiphutha.

Ja nuwari 24. Ngaloo mini kwi-1961, iibhomu ezimbini ze-hydrogen zawa eNorth Carolina xa i-B-52G ihamba kunye nabasebenzi abane-8. Inqwelo yayiyingxenye yesithuthi se-Strategic Air Command esasungulwa ngexesha lokulwa kwamaqanda ngokumelene neSoviet Union. Elinye lalishumi, i-jet yayiyinxalenye yendiza ehamba phambili kwiNxwemeni yaseAtlantiki xa ngokukhawuleza yalahlekelwa ngumbane. Abadlali bazama ukufika eSeymour Johnson Air Force Base e-Goldsboro, eNorth Carolina, ngaphambi kokuba ukuqhuma kuqhube kwiintlanu ezihamba nge-parachute, ezine zazo zazisinda, kunye nabanye babini bafela kwinqwelo. Iibhokliya ezimbini zeMK39 zikhutshwe yi-explosion, amaxesha ama-500 anamandla kunokuba ahlasele eHiroshima, eJapan. Iingxelo zokuqala zomkhosi zathi iibhomu zafunyanwa, zazingenakuhlengahlengiswa, kwaye indawo ikhuselekile. Enyanisweni, ibhobho enye yehla yi-parachute kwaye yabuyiselwa enye enye okanye ezintandathu zifuna ukukhusela i-detonation. Enye ibhokhwe yayinelisekile ukungaphumeleli ingalo ngokupheleleyo, kodwa yehla ngaphandle kweparachute kwaye yahlukana ngokukhawuleza kwimpembelelo. Uninzi lwalo luhlala kulolu suku lujonge ngaphantsi komhlaba kwindawo yamanzi apho ifike khona. Kwiinyanga ezimbini nje kamva, enye inqwelo ye-B-52G yaphazamisa kufuphi neDenton, North Carolina. Amalungu amabini anesibhozo ahlala kuyo. Umlilo ubonakala kwiikhilomitha ze-50. IiWindows zaxhonywa ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zeekhilomitha ezili-10 ngeenxa zonke. Umkhosi wathi indiza yayingenalo ibhomu yenyukliya, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yayiye yathi nangalo moya kwiGoldsboro.

January 25. Ngalo mhla kwi-1995, uncedo wanikela umongameli waseRussia uBoris Yeltsin isikhwama. Kuyo, isikrini sedatha ye-elektroniki sibonise ukuba umjukujelwa osungulwe kwimizuzu emine ngaphambili kwindawo yoLwandle lwaseNorway kubonakala ngathi usinge eMoscow. Idatha eyongezelelweyo iphakamise ukuba umjukujelwa sisixhobo esiphakathi esasetyenziswa yimikhosi ye-NATO ngaphesheya kweYurophu kwaye indlela yayo yokuhamba yayihambelana nokwaziswa ukusuka kwinkwili yaseMelika. Yayiluxanduva luka-Yeltsin ukuthatha isigqibo kwisithuba esingaphantsi kwemizuzu emithandathu ukuba ngaba angakwenza na ukuba aqalise ukuziphindezela kwangoko kwimijukujelwa yase-Russia yenyukliya ekwaziyo ukubetha iithagethi kwihlabathi liphela. Konke anokufuna ukukwenza kukucofa uthotho lwamaqhosha angezantsi kwescreen sedatha. Ngethamsanqa, nangona kunjalo, ngokusekwe kumnxeba oshushu ovela kwiGeneral Staff yaseRussia, eyayine "bhola ekhatywayo yenyukliya", ngokukhawuleza kwabonakala ukuba umkhondo womjukujelwa ofunyenweyo awunakuwusa kumhlaba waseRussia. Kwakungekho sisongelo. Into eyayisungulwe ngokwenyani yayiyirokethi yemozulu evela eNorway eyilelwe ukufundisisa i-aurora borealis. INorway yazise amazwe ngaphambi kwale mishini, kodwa kwimeko yeRussia, ulwazi alufikanga kumagosa afanelekileyo. Ukusilela kusasebenza njengesinye sezikhumbuzo ezininzi kwimbali yakutshanje malunga nendlela ekunxibelelana gwenxa ngayo, impazamo yomntu, okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle koomatshini kunokukhokelela kwintlekele engalindelekanga yenyukliya. Esona sisombululo sisiso kwingxaki iya kuba kukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Okwangoku, ukususa izixhobo zenyukliya kwimeko yokulumkisa iinwele, njengoko ixhaswa zizazinzulu ezininzi kunye nabaphembeleli boxolo, kungabonakala kulinyathelo eliphakathi.

January 26. Ngaloo mhla kumongameli we-1992 waseRashiya uBreis Yeltsin wamemezela injongo yakhe yelizwe ukuba ayeke ukujolisa kwiinqwelo ze-intanethi ezinqamle kwiintlanga zase-US kunye namaqabane alo. Isiteyitimenti sandulela uhambo lokuqala luka-Yeltsin njengo-Mongameli e-US, apho wayeza kudibana khona e-Camp David kunye no-Mongameli u-George HW Bush. Kwinkomfa noonondaba eyayibanjelwe apho ngoFebruwari 1, ezi nkokheli zimbini zabhengeza ukuba amazwe abo angene kwixesha elitsha “lobuhlobo nentsebenziswano.” Nangona kunjalo, ekuphenduleni umbuzo wentatheli malunga nesibhengezo sika-Yeltsin sokujolisa, uMongameli Bush wenqabile ukwenza i-US kumgaqo-nkqubo ophindayo. Endaweni yoko, wathi nguNobhala welizwe uJames Baker oza kuya eMoscow kungaphelanga inyanga eyokubeka isiseko seengxoxo ezingaphezulu. Ebonakalisa ixesha elitsha elichaziweyo lobuhlobo baseMelika / neRussia, iintetho eziphumeleleyo zakhawuleza zangqina. NgoJanuwari 3, 1993, uBush kunye no-Yeltsin batyikitya iSivumelwano sokuCuthwa kweArms sesibini (i-START II), eyayinqabela ukusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-mafutha ezininzi ezijolise kuzo ezizimeleyo (i-MIRVs) -eye iphethe eyayo inhloko-kwimikhosi ye-intercontinental ballistic. Umnqophiso wagqitywa yi-US (ngo-1996) kunye neRashiya (ngo-2000), kodwa ukunyuka kwe-US / Russia ngokukhawuleza kwathintela ukuba iqale ukusebenza. Ukuqhushumba kwe-NATO ekhokelwa yi-NATO yamadlelane aseRussia eSerbia eKosovo ngo1999 yayisusa intembelo yaseRussia kumhlaba olungileyo waseMelika, kwaye xa i-US yaphuma kwisivumelwano se-Anti-Ballistic Missile ngo-2002, iRussia yaphendula ngokurhoxa kwi-START II. Ithuba eliyimbali lokulandela izixhobo ezomeleleyo zenyukliya laye lachithwa, kwaye, namhlanje, omabini la mazwe ayaqhubeka nokujolisa kwizixhobo zenyukliya kumaziko amakhulu abemi.

Ja nuwari 27. Ngaloo mini kwi-1945, ikampu enkulu yokufa yaseNazi yaseJamani ikhululwe yi-Soviet Red Army ekhokelela ekukhunjweni kwalo mhla Usuku Lwehlabathi LokukhunjulwakwiNkumbulo yamaxhoba okuQhulwa kweSizwe. Igama lesiGrike, uHolocaust, okanye "ukubingelela ngomlilo," lihleli njengelona gama linxulunyaniswa nokungcwatywa kwamakhulu amawaka kwiinkampu zokubulala ukuze kubulawe abantu kwigumbi legesi. Xa amaNazi athatha ulawulo eJamani ngo-1933, ngaphezulu kwama-1945 ezigidi zamaJuda ayehlala kumazwe awayeza kuhlala okanye ahlaselwe ngamaNazi aseJamani ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ngo-6, phantse ama-3 ezigidi zamaJuda kunye nezigidi ezi-200,000 zabanye abantu babulawa njengenxalenye yesisombululo sokugqibela somgaqo-nkqubo wamaNazi. Nangona amaJuda ayebonwa njengabantu abaphantsi, kwaye esona sisongelo sikhulu eJamani, yayingengawo kuphela amaxhoba obuhlanga bamaNazi. Phantse ama-Roma ayi-200,000 (amaGypsies), amaJamani angama-1945 akhubazeke ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwasemzimbeni, amabanjwa emfazwe aseSoviet, kunye namakhulu amawaka abanye nabo bangcungcuthekiswa babulawa ishumi elinambini leminyaka. Isicwangciso samaNazi iminyaka yayikukugxotha amaJuda, hayi ukuwabulala. I-United States kunye nabalingane basentshona kangangeminyaka benqabile ukwamkela iimbacu ezingamaJuda. Impatho eyoyikisayo yamaYuda ngamaNazi ayizange ibe yinxalenye yepropaganda yaseNtshona yemfazwe de yaphela imfazwe. Imfazwe yabulala amatyeli aliqela abantu ababulewe ezinkampini, kwaye ayibandakanyekanga kwimizamo yoonozakuzaku okanye yamajoni ukunqanda amaNazi. IJamani yanikezela kuma-Allies ngoMeyi ka-XNUMX, ikhulula abo basezinkampini.

Ja nuwari 28. Ngale mini ngo-1970, uMnyhadala woXolo woBusika wawubanjelwe eMadison Square Garden kwisiXeko saseNew York ukuphakamisa iimali zabaviwa bezopolitiko abachasene nemfazwe. Yayisisiganeko sokuqala somculo esiveliswe ngenjongo eyodwa yokunyusa imali kwiinjongo zokulwa imfazwe. UMnyhadala woXolo woBusika waveliswa nguPeter Yarrow kaPeter Paul noMary; Phil Friedmann, owayesebenze kwiphulo lokutyumba uMongameli kuSenator u-Eugene McCarthy; kunye noSid Bernstein, umkhuthazi womculo odumileyo owazisa kuqala iiBeatles eUnited States. Elinye lamatye aziwayo e-jazz, i-jazz, i-blues kunye ne-folk artists, kuquka i-Blood Sweat kunye neinyembezi, uPeter Paul noMary, uJimi Hendrix, uRichie Havens, uHarry Belefonte, iiVoices zase-East Harlem, iRascals, uDave Brubeck, uPaul Desmond, UJudy Collins kunye nomlingisi weenwele. UPeter Yarrow kunye noPhil Friedmann babenakho ukweyisela abadlali ukuba banikele ngexesha labo kunye nemidlalo yabo. Le yayiyimpumelelo ebalulekileyo xa ithelekiswa neWoodstock, eyayibanjwe kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili, apho uninzi lwabadlali abafanayo babenyanzelisa ukuhlawulwa. Impumelelo yoMnyhadala woXolo lwaseBusika ukhokele uYarrow, Friedmann, kunye noBernstein ukuba bavelise uMnyhadala woXolo weHlabathi eShea Stadium eNew York. Yabanjwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1970 ukuphawula i-25^th Isikhumbuzo sokubanjelwa kwebhobho le-athomu kuHiroshima, ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-arom e-athomu. Ngokubonisa ukuba iziganeko zomculo zingasetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa ulwazi, ukubandakanya kunye nemali, iMikhosi yoXolo yaba ngumzekelo wamanqaku eenzuzo ezilandelelanayo ezilandelwayo, ezifana ne-Concert yeBangladesh, iNcedo lweeFama kunye ne-Live Aid.

Ja nuwari 29. Ngaloo mini kwi-2014, iintlanga ze-31 zase-Latin American nase-Caribbean zivakalise indawo yokuthula. Isibhengezo sabo senza i-Latin America kunye ne-Caribbean indawo yoxolo esekwe kwimithetho kunye nemithetho yomthetho wamanye amazwe, kubandakanya noMnqophiso we-UN kunye nezinye izivumelwano. Babhengeze ukuzibophelela kwabo ngokusisigxina ekusombululeni iingxabano ngeendlela zoxolo ngenjongo yokuphelisa isoyikiso ngonaphakade okanye ukusebenzisa amandla kwingingqi yethu. Bazibophelela kwizizwe zabo "ukuba bangangeneleli, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yawo nawuphi na uMbuso kwaye bagcine imigaqo yolawulo lwesizwe, amalungelo alinganayo kunye nokuzimela kwabantu." Babhengeze ukuzibophelela kwabantu baseLatin America naseCaribbean ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo kunye namanye amazwe ngaphandle komehluko kwiinkqubo zawo zopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo okanye amanqanaba ophuhliso, ukunyamezelana kwaye bahlala kunye ngoxolo omnye nomnye njengabamelwane abalungileyo. ” Banikezela izizwe zabo ukuba "zihloniphe ngokupheleleyo… ilungelo elingenakuphikiswa likaRhulumente ngamnye lokukhetha ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nenkcubeko, njengemeko ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuhlalisana ngoxolo phakathi kwezizwe." Bazinikezele "kukhuthazo kwingingqi yenkcubeko yoxolo esekwe, i-Inter alia, ngemigaqo yeSibhengezo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Senkcubeko Yoxolo. ” Baye bakwangqina "ukuzibophelela kwamazwe abo" ukuba baqhubeke nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya njengeyona njongo iphambili kunye nokwenza igalelo kupheliso lwezixhobo ngokubanzi, ukukhuthaza ukomeleza ukuzithemba phakathi kwamazwe. "

Ja nuwari 30. Ngaloo mini kwi-1948, uMonghandas Gandhi, inkokeli yoMbutho we-Independence Indian ukulwa noBrithani, wabulawa. Impumelelo yakhe ekusebenziseni ifilosofi yokunganyangeki ikhokelele ekubeni athathwe ngokuba "nguBawo weSizwe sakhe," kunye nokuthathwa ngokubanzi njengoyise wobundlobongela. UMohandas wayekwabizwa ngokuba ngu “Mahatma,” okanye “lowo unomoya omkhulu.” "Usuku lweSikolo lokuNgabikho kobundlobongela kunye noXolo" (i-DENIP) yasekwa eSpain kwimemori yakhe ngalo mhla ka-1964. Ikwabizwa ngokuba liLizwe okanye uMhla weHlabathi woLwaphulo-mthetho noXolo, nguvulindlela, ongekho kurhulumente. , engekho kurhulumente, engekho semthethweni, ezimeleyo, inkululeko kunye nokuzithandela inyathelo leMfundo eNgenabundlobongela kunye nePacifying Education, eqhutywa ezikolweni kwihlabathi liphela nalapho ootitshala nabafundi kuwo onke amanqanaba nakuwo onke amazwe bamenywa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. . I-DENIP ikhuthaza imfundo esisigxina kunye nemvisiswano, ukunyamezelana, ubumbano, ukuhlonipha amalungelo abantu, ukungabinobundlobongela noxolo. Kumazwe anekhalenda esemaZantsi eIkhweyitha, le holide ingabonwa nge-30 ka-Matshi. Umyalezo wayo osisiseko uthi "Uthando Lwehlabathi liphela, Ukungabikho kobundlobongela kunye noXolo. Uthando Lonke lungcono kunobundlobongela, kwaye uxolo lungcono kunemfazwe. ” Umyalezo wokufundisa le mfundo kwiinqobo kufuneka ube ngowamava kwaye ungasetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo kwiziko ngalinye lemfundo ngohlobo lwayo lokufundisa. Abahlobo be-DENIP ngabo bantu abathi, ngokwamkela ubungangamsha boluntu kunye nothando jikelele, ukungabinabundlobongela, ukunyamezelana, ubumbano, ukuhlonipha amalungelo oluntu kunye noxolo ngaphezulu kwezichasi zabo, bexhasa ukusasazeka kwemigaqo ekhuthaze usuku.

Ja nuwari 31. Ngaloo mini kwi-2003, uMongameli wase-US uGeorge W. Bush kunye noNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair badibana kwiNdlu ye-White House. UMongameli Bush uphakamise amacebo ahlukeneyo okuqalisa imfazwe e-Iraq, kubandakanya ukupenda inqwelomoya enophawu lweZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nokuzama ukuyidubula. UBush uthe ku-Blair: “I-US ibicinga ngokubhabha iinqwelo-moya ezihlola i-U2 zigqume nge-Iraq, zipeyintwe ngemibala ye-UN. Ukuba uSaddam ubadubulile, ngewayephule umthetho. ” UBush uxelele uBlair ukuba "kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphume umntu ozokuphinda anike intetho esidlangalaleni malunga ne-WMD kaSaddam, kwaye bekukho nethuba elincinci lokuba abulawe uSaddam." UBlair wazibophelela e-UK ukuba ithathe inxaxheba emfazweni ka-Bush e-Iraq, kodwa wayesanyanzelisa uBush ukuba azame ukugunyazisa iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. "Isisombululo sesibini seBhunga lezoKhuseleko," u-Blair uxelele uBush, "uzakunika i-inshurensi ngokuchasene ne-inshurensi engalindelekanga kunye nehlabathi." UBush uqinisekise uBlair ukuba "i-US izakubeka ubunzima bayo ngokupheleleyo kwimizamo yokufumana esinye isisombululo kwaye 'iya kugqwetha iingalo' kwaye 'ide isoyikise'." Kodwa uBush uthe ukuba akaphumeleli, "inyathelo lomkhosi liza kulandela." UBlair wathembisa uBush ukuba "uqinile noMongameli kwaye ukulungele ukwenza nantoni na ukuze athabathe izixhobo eSaddam." Kwesinye soqikelelo lobuthongo, u-Blair uthe "wayecinga ukuba akunakulindeleka ukuba kubekho umlo wangaphakathi phakathi kweenkolo neentlanga" e-Iraq. Emva koko uBush noBlair babambe inkomfa noonondaba apho bathi babesenza konke okusemandleni ukuphepha imfazwe.

Olu xolo Almanac lukwazisa amanyathelo abalulekileyo, inkqubela phambili, kunye nothintelo kwintshukumo yoxolo oluye lwenzeka ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga ushicilelo olushicilelweyo, okanye PDF.

Yiya kwiifayile zomsindo.

Yiya kwisicatshulwa.

Yiya kwimizobo.

Olu xolo Almanac kufuneka luhlale lulungile unyaka nonyaka de yonke imfazwe ipheliswe kwaye kubekho uxolo oluzinzileyo. Inzuzo evela kwintengiso yoshicilelo kunye neenguqulelo zePDF zixhasa umsebenzi World BEYOND War.

Isicatshulwa sivelisiwe kwaye sihlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo orekhodiweyo I-Tim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, uAlexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Iingcamango zezihloko ezingeniswe yi UDavid Swanson, uRobert Anschuetz, uAlan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, uEleanor Millard, uDarlene Coffman, uDavid McReynolds, uRichard Kane, uPil Runkel, uJill Greer, uJim Gould, uBob Stuart, uAlaina Huxtable, uT Thierry Blanc.

umculo isetyenziswe ngemvume evela “Ukuphela kweMfazwe,” Ngu-Eric Colville.

Umculo weaudio nokudibanisa NguSergio Diaz.

Imizobo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War yintshukumo yehlabathi engavisisaniyo yokuphelisa imfazwe kwaye iseke uxolo olunobulungisa nolizinzileyo. Injongo yethu kukudala ulwazi ngenkxaso eyaziwayo yokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa ngakumbi le nkxaso. Sisebenzela ukuqhubela phambili ngombono wokungathinteli nje nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kodwa ukutshabalalisa iziko lonke. Silwela ukubuyisela inkcubeko yethu kwimfazwe apho uxolo lungendawo apho iindlela zokungqubana kwengxabano zithathe indawo yegazi.