Ukwakha iNkqubo yoxolo

NguRobert A. Irwin

Amanqaku ayenziwe nguRuss Faure-Brac

Oku kubhaliwe kwi-1989, kodwa kunjalo nanamhlanje ngokuphishekela uxolo njengangaphambili.

Isishwankathelo seSishwankathelo

• Izinto eziphambili zeNkqubo yoKhuseleko zi:

1) Ulawulo lwehlabathi kunye nohlengahlengiso

2) Imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo yesizwe engoyikisi

3) Utshintsho kuqoqosho nakwinkcubeko oluya kuthi luxhase uxolo nenkululeko ngokunciphisa ukungalingani kunye noxinzelelo

• Nangona ukunyanzelisa uorhulumente kwiinguqu zepolisi kubalulekile, isicwangciso esibanzi sokutshintsha abantu kunye namaziko kuyadingeka, kuquka:

1) Ukutshintsha ukuba yeyiphi imithombo yolwazi abathembele kuyo abantu

2) Ukuxhasa uluntu ngonyulo

3) Ukucela umngeni kubuhlanga, isini kunye nobuzwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yangoku

4) Ukukhuthaza amalungiselelo oqoqosho ahlukeneyo

• Ukuba imfazwe ingayilungiselelwa njengenkqubo yokulimaza, uxolo luyakhiwa njengendlela yokuvelisa ukuvumelana.

Isingeniso - Indlela yokuSondeza iNkqubo yokuThumela iMfazwe

• Imizamo yangaphambili yokuphelisa imfazwe ayinelanga. Ukuphelisa imfazwe indlela kufuneka ikwazi ukujamelana neentlobo zezinto ezinokungahambi kakuhle, zibe nzima kodwa ziguquguquke kwaye zinamandla kangangokuba ukuba into enye ayisebenzi, enye iyaqala ukusebenza.
• Inkqubo yoxolo eqinisekileyo iquka iziqendu ezininzi:

1)    Ukuguqulwa komhlaba ukunciphisa iimbangela zemfazwe

2) Amaziko e ngqu zulwano ukunqanda imfazwe

3) Umntu wesithathu (umkhosi okanye ongeyomkhosi) lokunceda uxolo ukumisa ngokukhawuleza ukuhlaselwa

4) Idumile ukumelana nokungaxhasi nxamnye naluphi na uhlobo lokuhlaselwa okufutshane okutshabalalisa ngokuthe ngqo. Ukunqoba akuqinisekanga kodwa akukho nto.

Icandelo lokuqala: Ingxabano yangoku kunye nangaphezulu

• Ukhuseleko lwase-US luchazwe kwizibonda eziphambili njengempi yenkcubeko yenyukliya, ukuchasana nokulawulwa kweengalo.
• Ababhali abahlukahlukeneyo baye bahlaziya izizathu zemfazwe: uluntu olukhulu loluntu (ukulungiswa kwemali isisombululo), ukungalingani kwezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho ("ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe"), iinkqubo (umfana okanye uhlanga) ukulawula nokuzithoba.
• UJoanna Macy ugxininisa izithako ezine kwiqhinga elikhokelela ekuxolweni:
  • Ukukulungela ukujamelana neengxaki
  • Amandla okubona nokucinga ngendlela echanekileyo
  • Ukuguqulwa kwamandla
  • Ubunzima bokungabi nonyango

Icandelo lesibini: Ukuyila inkqubo yoxolo

• Kubalulekile ukucinga ngokucacileyo kwi1) ngokucacileyo malunga neenjongo kubalulekile, i-2) injongo ecacileyo ngakumbi, kunye ne-3) ukujonga amaziko amatsha kubangela umngeni kumaziko akhona.
• Ekuqwalaseleni indlela ongayifumana ngayo, qwalasela nokwenzeka kunokuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu.
• Ixesha elichanekileyo lokuqwalaselwa ekufezekiseni injongo kufuneka lisekelwe ekubeni unamandla angakanani.
• Isakhelo esihle sokucwangcisa sisekelwe kwi uhlalutyo yintoni ekhoyo ngoku, a umbono yintoni eya kuba khona kwikamva kunye qhinga ukufumana ukususela kwixesha elizayo ukuya kwixesha elizayo.
• Zama izisombululo ezininzi Nga xeshanye, jonga oko kusebenza kwaye kulungelelanise
• A ogqibeleleyo ukuyila inkqubo yoxolo akudingeki ukuzisa uxolo.
• Hanna Newcombe ku Ukuyila kwiLizwe elingcono (1983) inikeza izikhokelo eziyisixhenxe eziqhelekileyo:

1) Ukuphuhlisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, uluhlu oluqhubekekayo lwezinye iindlela, endaweni yoyilo olunye, olumileyo, olungqongqo loyilo

2) Yakha ukungabi nabundlobongela, ucwangco kunye nobulungisa njengezinto ezintathu zoxolo

3) Nika ingqalelo amanqanaba kwaye uqhubeke ngokuzama, ukuvavanya impumelelo kunye nokusilela endleleni ukuze kulungiswe ulungiso

4) Nika ingqalelo kububanzi kunye nokudityaniswa kwesicwangciso (?)

5) Sebenzisa umgaqo "wenkxaso-mali" apho nawuphi na umsebenzi kufuneka wenziwe kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi lihambelana nokusebenza kakuhle komsebenzi

6) Ngena "kwindalo kunye nendalo" - "phantse" ayonelanga (?)

7) Ukwandisa kokubini ukwamkeleka kunye nokusebenza kwesicwangciso. Mhlawumbi amaqela ahlukeneyo atyhala izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo ezahluka ngendlela ethozame ngayo.

• Ngokuqwalasela urhulumente wehlabathi, umsebenzi lawulo akufuneki ukuthunyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwiziko elibizwa ngokuba nguRhulumente. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lufuna:

1) Abameli abonyuliweyo ukwenza imithetho

2) Isebe elilawulayo elinamapolisa ukunyanzelisa imithetho

3) Iinkundla zisombulula ukungavisisani

Ezinye izinto ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yomthetho zi:

1) Uxinzelelo oluyindalo oluyimbewu yongquzulwano lwexesha elizayo

2) Ubunyani benkqubo yezomthetho kwaye ke ukuzimisela kwamaqela "ukuthobela isigqibo"

3) Iindlela zokusombulula ungquzulwano ezisetyenziselwa ukuthintela iingxaki ukuba zifike kwinqanaba elibi

4) Iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanzeliswa xa kwaphulwa imithetho

• Akuyinyaniso ukuba iindlela zokhuseleko kwimeko enye ziindlela ezinye izinto ezisongela kuzo. Kukho iindlela zokukhusela ezingasongela abanye kwaye ezibandakanya akukho ukuhlaselwa okuphawulekayo, njengezixhobo ezinokwakhiwa (ezinjengeenkqantosi kunye nezakhiwo ezichasene neenqwelo-moya) okanye ngaphakathi okanye kwintsimi yomntu (njengenqwelo-moya ezincinci). Iziphathamandla zeenqwelo zokulwa, iimfono ezinde ixesha elide kunye neembhobho zokugqithisa ziyabakhuthaza kwaye zitshitshisa ngokucacileyo kwamanye amazwe.
• Uqoqosho loxolo oluhlala lukhuselekile, luzinzileyo kwaye lunelisekile.
  • Iintlangano ziya kuba nzima ukulwa nemfazwe kwindlela abafaka ngayo inzingo, ukuphelelwa lithemba kunye nokungabikho kokungabikho kokungathembeki ngokunyaniseka kwabo bonke.
  • Kukho umda wokukhula koqoqosho, kodwa ngolawulo olufanelekileyo kukho ubomi obuhle kubo bonke abantu behlabathi.
  • Uphuhliso loqoqosho olubandakanyekayo luya kuxhasa uxolo lwehlabathi lonke ngeendlela ezintathu:
    • Ngokunika amandla abemi ukuba bahlolisise kwaye balawulwe iinkokeli baze banqande ukunyanzeliswa kwimfazwe
    • Ngokulondolozwa kwimo engqongileyo ngokunyusa ulawulo lwengingqi lwentando yesininzi kwimpilo yezoqoqosho, kwaye
    • Ngokunyusa abantu abanekhono kunye nomnqweno wokuthatha inxaxheba kwisigqibo
    • Indlela yokuthula ayiyi kuvela kutshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwenkcubeko, inkolo okanye ingqondo yabantu, kodwa kunokuba ishintshe imiba yento yangoku.

Icandelo lesithathu: Ukwenza uxolo luyinyaniso

• Esikhundleni sokuzama ukunyanzelisa abaphambili-nkqubo ukuba basebenzisane kwisicwangciso senzo sokuzisa uxolo, kufuneka senze ngokuthe ngcembe inxalenye yezinto zokuthula. Ukwakha uxolo oluqinileyo nolomeleleyo kunokuba luqine ngakumbi kuneenkqubo zemfazwe, ngoko siya kutshintsha.
• "Eyona nto ibhetele" imeko yokwenza uxolo ingaba neendlela ezine:
  • Imizamo emikhulu yokuphelisa iimbangela zemfazwe
  • Iinkqubo zokusombulula iingxabano zomhlaba wonke
  • Ukuxhatshazwa kobudlova ngokwenza uxolo ngakumbi kunemfazwe
  • Ukhuselo oluchasene nobudlova, uncediswa yiArhente entsha ye-UN yokuTshintshisa
  • Iziganeko ezintle kakhulu zibaxabisekileyo kuba zi-balance-balance "

kwimeko "isicwangciso esilungelelanise ukuhlaziywa kweengalo eziqhubekayo.

• Uluntu oluninzi olusisiseko luvela kuluntu lwaseMerika lufunekayo ukuba kucindezele urhulumente wethu ukuba avumele ezinye iindibano zenze iinqunto zazo malunga nendlela ezihlelwe ngayo.
• Ukubamba umsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi wokhetho ngakwesinye isandla kunye nokungahambisani nokuzikhethela kunye nokuphakanyiswa kweemfuno ziyancedisa.