Ukusuka kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeVietnam kunye neSyria, iziyobisi zihlala ziyinxalenye yongquzulwano njengeebhombu kunye neembumbulu.
NguBarbara McCarthy, Al Jazeera
UAdolf Hitler wayeyi-junkie kwaye ukungeniswa kweziyobisi ngamaNazi kunika intsingiselo entsha kwigama elithi 'imfazwe yeziyobisi'. Kodwa ayingabo bodwa. Ushicilelo lwamva nje luveze ukuba iziyobisi ziyinxalenye yengxabano njengeembumbulu; bahlala bechaza iimfazwe kunokuhlala ngokungacacanga ecaleni kwabo.
Kwincwadi yakhe Blitzed, Umbhali waseJamani uNorman Ohler uchaza indlela iReich yesithathu eyayizaliswe ngayo ziziyobisi, kubandakanya icocaine, iheroin kunye ne-crystal meth, eyayisetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ukusuka kumajoni ukuya koomama kunye nabasebenzi basefektri.
Ekuqaleni yapapashwa ngesiJamani njenge UDere totale Rausch (I-Rush iyonke), le ncwadi ichaza ngembali yokuxhatshazwa ngu-Adolf Hitler kunye nabaphembeleli bakhe kwaye ikhuphe iziphumo ebezikade zingashicilelwanga malunga noGqirha Theodor Morell, ugqirha ohambisa iziyobisi kwinkokheli yaseJamani nakwizwilakhe lase-Italiya uBenito Mussolini.
“UHitler wayengumFuhrer ekusebenziseni kwakhe iziyobisi naye. Iyavakala, ngenxa yobuntu bakhe obugqithisileyo, ”utshilo u-Ohler, ethetha esekhaya lakhe eBerlin.
Emva kokuba incwadi ka-Ohler ikhutshwe eJamani kunyaka ophelileyo, inqaku kwiphephandaba iFrankfurter Allgemeine lalinombuzo umbuzo: "Ngaba ubudenge bukaHitler buya buqondakala ngakumbi xa umjonga njengengoma?"
“Ewe nohayi,” uphendula u-Ohler.
U-Hitler, impilo yakhe ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasemzimbeni ibingumbono wentelekelelo enkulu, exhomekeke kwiinaliti zemihla ngemihla ze “drug drug” i-Eukodol, ebeka umsebenzisi kwimeko yovuyo- kwaye ihlala ibenza bangakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo- kunye necocaine. awayeyiqala ukuyithatha rhoqo ukusukela ngo-1941 ukubheka phambili ukulwa nezifo ezibandakanya ukuxhalaba okungapheliyo kwesisu, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu kunye negubu lendlebe elaphukileyo.
"Kodwa sonke siyazi ukuba wenza izinto ezininzi ezithandabuzekayo ngaphambi koko, ke ngekhe ubek 'ityala iziyobisi ngayo yonke into," u-Ohler ubonakalisa. "Oko bekuthethile, badlale indima ekufeni kwakhe."
Kwincwadi yakhe, u-Ohler uchaza ukuba, ngasekupheleni kwemfazwe, "amayeza agcina umphathi-mkhosi ozinzileyo ekukhohlisweni kwakhe".
Ubhale wathi: "Umhlaba ungatshona kunye nothuthu olujikeleze yena, kwaye isenzo sakhe sabulala izigidi zabantu ngobomi babo, kodwa uFuhrer waziva enesizathu sokungena kwakhe."
Kodwa into enyukayo kufuneka yehle kwaye xa izinto ziphelile ukuya esiphelweni semfazwe, uHitler wanyamezela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukurhoxa kakhulu kwe-serotonin kunye ne-dopamine, i-paranoia, i-psychosis, amazinyo abolayo, ukugungqa okukhulu, ukusilela kwezintso kunye nenkohliso, u-Ohler uyacacisa.
Ukudodobala kwengqondo kunye nomzimba wakhe kwiiveki zakhe zokugqibela eFuhrerbunker, a ngaphantsi komhlaba Indawo yokuhlala yamalungu ombutho wamaNazi, u-Ohler, anganxulunyaniswa nokurhoxa e-Eukodol endaweni yokuya eParkinson njengoko bekukholelwa ngaphambili.
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KweMfazwe Yehlabathi II
Isimanga, ewe, kukuba ngelixa amaNazi ayenyusa umgangatho wokuphila okucocekileyo kwama-Aryan, ayengazihlambulukanga.
Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yeWeimar, iziyobisi zazifumaneka ngokulula kwikomkhulu laseJamani, Berlin. Kodwa, emva kokuhlutha amandla ngo-1933, amaNazi awagxotha.
Ke, ngo-1937, banelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza elisekwe kwimethamphetamine IPervitin- into evuselelayo enokugcina abantu bevukile kunye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwabo, ngelixa bebenza bazive bonwabile. Bade bavelisa uhlobo lweetshokholethi, i-hildebrand, equle i-13mg yeyeza - kakhulu ngakumbi kunepilisi yesi-3mg yesiqhelo.
NgoJulayi 1940, ngaphezulu 35 million Iidosi ze3mg zePervitin ezivela kumzi-mveliso weTemler eBerlin zathunyelwa kumkhosi waseJamani naseLuftwaffe ngexesha lokuhlasela kweFrance.
"Amajoni ayevukile kangangeentsuku, ematsha engayeki, ngekhe kwenzeke ukuba bekungekho ngekristal meth ewe ewe, kule meko, iziyobisi bezinempembelelo kwimbali," utshilo u-Ohler.
Ubonisa uloyiso lwamaNazi kwi-Idabi laseFrance kwichiza. “UHitler wayengayilungelanga imfazwe kwaye umqolo wakhe wawudongeni. I-Wehrmacht yayingenamandla njengama-Allies, izixhobo zabo zazingaphucukanga kwaye babenamajoni ezigidi ezithathu kuphela xa kuthelekiswa nezigidi ezine zeAllies. ”
Kodwa bexhobile ngePervitin, amaJamani ahamba kwindawo enzima, engalalanga kangangeeyure ezingama-36 ukuya kuma-50.
Ngasekupheleni kwemfazwe, xa amaJamani ayephulukana nosokhemesti uGerhard I-Orzechowski yenze itshungama yokuhlafuna icuba eya kuvumela abaqhubi beenqwelo moya zabanye ukuba bahlale bephaphile iintsuku ezininzi. Uninzi luye lwaphazamiseka engqondweni ngenxa yokuthatha iyeza ngelixa libekwe bucala kwindawo evaliweyo ixesha elide.
Kodwa xa umzi mveliso weTemler uvelisa iPervitin kunye neEukodol ibhomu ngoo-1945, yaphawula ukuphela kwamaNazi- kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi nguHitler.
Ewe, amaNazi ayengengabo kuphela ababesebenzisa iziyobisi. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abaqhubi bamadlelane banikwa ii-amphetamine zokubagcina bephaphile kwaye begxile kuhambo olude, kwaye iiAllies zazineziyobisi ezizikhethele zona- I-Benzedrine.
I-Laurier yezeMbali yoLondolozo lweMbali kwi Ontario, Canada, iqulethe iirekhodi ezibonisa ukuba amajoni kufuneka afake i-5mg ukuya kwi-20mg ye-Benzedrine sulphate qho kwiiyure ezintlanu ukuya kwezintandathu, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba iipilisi ze-amphetamine ezizizigidi ezingama-72 zatyiwa ziiAllies ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II). Iparatroopers kuthiwa bayisebenzisa ngexesha lokufika komhlaba kwe-D-Day, ngelixa amajoni ase-US exhomekeke ekuhlaselweni kweTarawa ngo-1943.
Ke kutheni ababhali bembali bebhale kuphela ngeziyobisi ngokungathandabuzekiyo kude kube ngoku?
"Ndicinga ukuba abantu abaninzi abayiqondi indlela ezinamandla ngayo iziyobisi," u-Ohler ubonakalisa. “Oko kungatshintsha ngoku. Andinguye umntu wokuqala ukubhala ngazo, kodwa ndicinga ukuba impumelelo yencwadi ithetha…… ezo ncwadi zexesha elizayo kunye neemovie ezinje Ukuwa usenokunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kuHitler.
Umbhali-mbali wezonyango waseJamani uGqirha Peter Steinkamp, ofundisa kwiyunivesithi yase-Ulm, eJamani, ukholelwa ekubeni iza phambili ngoku kuba “uninzi lwamaqela achaphazelekayo afile”.
“Xa uDas Boot, umboniso bhanyabhanya wase-U-boat waseJamani osuka ngo-1981 wakhululwa, wabonisa imiboniso yabaphetheyo besikhephe i-U besikhephe benxilile. Kubangele ingqumbo kumagqala amaninzi emfazwe awayefuna ukuboniswa njengabantu abacocekileyo, ”utshilo. "Kodwa ngoku uninzi lwabantu abalwa kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi alusekho kuthi, sinokubona amabali amaninzi okusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, hayi nje ngeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, kodwa naseIraq naseVietnam."
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Ewe, ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza kudala kude kakhulu kunemfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.
Kwi-1200BC, abefundisi be-pre-Inca Chavin ePeru banike izifundo zabo iziyobisi ezisebenzayo ukuba bazuzeamandla ngaphezulu, ngelixa amaRoma ayelima opium, apho uMlawuli uMarcus Aurelius wayedume kakhulu umlutha.
IViking "berserkers", ethiywe ngegama elithi "iibhere iingubo”E-Old Norse, edume ngokulwa kwindawo enjengengqondo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuthatha ii-mushroom" zemilingo "kunye ne-myrtle. Umbhali-mbali wase-Iceland kunye nembongi uSnorri Stuluson (AD1179 ukuya ku-1241) ubachaze "njengabaphambene njengezinja okanye iingcuka, baluma amakhaka abo, kwaye bomelele njengeebhere okanye iinkabi zasendle".
Kutshanje, incwadi uGqirha Feelgood: Ibali likagqirha owaphembelela imbali ngokunyanga kunye nokufaka iziyobisi kubantu ababalaseleyo kubandakanya uMongameli uKennedy, uMarilyn Monroe, kunye no-Elvis Presley, ngu-Richard Lertzman no-William Birnes, batyhola i-US Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi nguMongameli uJohn F Kennedy iphantse yabangela iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini ngexesha ingqungquthela yeentsuku ezimbinikunye nenkokeli yaseSoviet uNikita Krushcher ngo-1961.
Imfazwe yaseVietnam
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, Shooting up, umbhali wasePoland uLukasz Kamienski uchaza indlela amajoni ase-US awayezisebenzisa ngayo iinkonzo zawo ngesantya, ii-steroids, kunye neepilisi zentlungu "ukubanceda baphathe umlo owandisiweyo" ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Ingxelo yeKomiti eKhethiweyo yezeNdlu yoLwaphulo-mthetho ngo-1971 yafumanisa ukuba phakathi ko-1966 no-1969, umkhosi owawusetyenziswa 225 yezigidi iipilisi ezikhuthazayo.
“Ukulawulwa kwezinto ezikhuthazayo ngumkhosi kube negalelo ekusasazeni imikhwa yeziyobisi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kube neziphumo ezibi, kuba i-amphetamine, njengoko amagqala amaninzi esitsho, yonyusa ubundlongondlongo kunye nokulumka. Abanye bakhumbula ukuba xa isantya siphelile, babecaphuka kangangokuba baziva ngathi bayadubula 'abantwana ezitratweni', ”utshilo uKamienski kwi-Atlantic ngo-Epreli 2016.
Oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni amagqala amaninzi alo mfazwe ehlupheke emva koxinzelelo. Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwamaVeterans kaZwelonke eVietnam isifundo eyapapashwa ngo-1990 ibonisa ukuba ama-15.2 eepesenti amajoni angamadoda kunye nama-8.5 eepesenti abantu ababhinqileyo abaye balwa kumzantsi-mpuma weAsia baphathwa yiPTSD.
Ngokutsho kwesifundo ngoku JAMA Psychiatry, Ijenali yamazwe aphononongwe ngoontanga kwezonyango, abaphengululi, kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi kwezengqondo, impilo yezengqondo, isimilo sokuziphatha, kunye namacandelo amanyeneyo, abantu abangama-200,000 basasokola kwi-PTSD phantse kwiminyaka engama-50 emva kweMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Omnye wabo nguJohn Danielski. WayekwiMarine Corp kwaye wachitha iinyanga ezili-13 eVietnam phakathi kowe-1968 nowe-1970. Ngo-Okthobha, wakhupha incwadi yesikhokelo ngabantu abagulayo ebizwa ngokuba nguJohnny Come Crumbling Home: enePTSD.
“Ndabuya ekhaya ndisuka eVietnam ngo-1970, kodwa ndisenePTSD njengabanye abantu - ayipheli. Xa ndandiseVietnam ngo-1968 ehlathini, uninzi lwabafana endadibana nabo batshaya ukhula kwaye bathatha ii-opiates. Sikwasele nesantya esikhulu kwiibhotile ezimdaka, ”utshilo, ethetha ngomnxeba ekhaya lakhe eWest Virginia.
“Abafana bomkhosi babefumana izikhuthazi kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeepilisi eSaigon naseHanoi, kodwa apho sasikhona, sasela nje isantya. Yeza ngebhotile emdaka. Ndiyazi ukuba ibenza abantu babe bhetyebhetye kwaye bahlala iintsuku ezininzi. ”
“Ewe kunjalo, amanye amadoda enze izinto eziphambeneyo phaya. Ngokuqinisekileyo yayinento yokwenza neziyobisi. Isantya sasinzima kangangokuba xa abafana babebuya eVietnam babenesifo sentliziyo kwindiza kwaye besifa. Baya kuba kukhutshwa okunjalo-inqwelomoya iya kufana neeyure ezili-13 ngaphandle kweziyobisi. Khawufane ucinge ngokulwa eVietnam emva koko ugoduke usweleke endleleni egodukayo, utshilo uDanielski.
Uyachaza: "I-amphetamine inyusa ukubetha kwentliziyo yakho kwaye intliziyo yakho iyaqhuma."
Kwinqaku lakhe laseAtlantic, uKamienski ubhale wathi: "IVietnam yaziwa njengemfazwe yokuqala yamachiza, yabizwa njalo kuba inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezisebenza ngengqondo ngabezomkhosi lalingaqhelekanga kwimbali yaseMelika."
UDanielski uyachaza: "Ukubuya kwethu kwakungekho nkxaso kuthi. “Wonke umntu wasithiya. Abantu basityhola njengababulali babantwana. Iinkonzo zamagqala zazingumqobo. Kwakungekho ngcebiso malunga neziyobisi. Yiyo loo nto abantu abaninzi bezibulele xa bebuya. Ngaphezulu kwe70,000 amagqala azibulele ukusukela eVietnam, kwaye 58,000 wasweleka emfazweni. Akukho ludonga lwesikhumbuzo kubo. ”
“Ngaba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kweziyobisi nePTSD?” Ubuza. “Ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa kum eyona nto yayinzima yayikukuzikhetha ndaziva ndikubuya nam. Akukho mntu ukhathalayo. Ndiye ndaba likhoboka le-heroin ndaza ndanxila, ndaye ndaphinda ndachacha ngo-1998. Iinkonzo ziphucukile ngoku, kodwa amadoda awayesakuba ngumkhosi awayesebenza e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan asazibulala - anezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuzibulala. ”
Imfazwe eSiriya
Kutshanje, ukungqubana kwe-Mbindi Mpuma kuye kwabona ukonyuka kokunyuka kwe-Captagon, i-amphetamine ekuthiwa ibangela imfazwe yamakhaya eSyria. NgoNovemba ophelileyo, iipilisi ezizizigidi ezili-11 zabanjwa ngamagosa aseTurkey kumda waseSyria-eTurkey, ngelixa ngo-Epreli 1.5 million babanjwa eKuwait. Kwincwadi ye-BBC ebizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe yase-Syria Iziyobisi ukusukela ngoSeptemba 2015, omnye umsebenzisi ucatshulwa esithi: “Kwakungekho loyiko ngakumbi xa ndithatha uCaptagon. Awunakulala okanye uvale amehlo, ulibale ngayo. ”
URamzi Haddad ngugqirha wezengqondo waseLebhanon kunye nomseki weziko leziyobisi elibizwa ngokuba yiSkoun. Ucacisa ukuba uCaptagon, "owenziwa eSyria", ubekhona "ixesha elide- ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40".
“Ndizibonile iziphumo zeli chiza ebantwini. Nantsi iya ithandwa ngakumbi kwiinkampu zeembacu ezizaliswe ziimbacu zaseSyria. Abantu bangayithenga kubathengisi beziyobisi ngeedola ezimbalwa, ke yona ibiza kakhulu kunecocaine okanye ukonwaba, ”utshilo uHaddad. "Ngexesha nje elifutshane yenza abantu bazive bonwabile kwaye bangoyiki kwaye ibenze ukuba balale kancinci - kufanelekile kwimfazwe, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha izisa isifo sengqondo, paranoia kunye nemiphumela emibi yentliziyo."
UCalvin James, umntu waseIreland owayesebenza njengamayeza eSyria tU-Kurdish Red Crescent, uthi ngelixa engakhange ahlangane nesiyobisi, uvile ukuba siyathandwa phakathi kwabalwi ne-Islamic State of Iraq kunye neqela leqela le-Levant, elaziwa njenge-ISIL okanye i-ISIS.
“Ungayibona indlela abantu abaziphethe ngayo. Ngesinye isihlandlo safumana ilungu le-ISIS elaliphethe abantu kunye nabantwana abahlanu kwaye walimala kakhulu. Wayebonakala engakhange aqaphele nokuba andicele amanzi, wayenengqondo ebukhali, ”utsho uJames. “Omnye umfana wazama ukuziqhushumisa, kodwa khange isebenze kwaye wayesaphila. Kwakhona, wayebonakala engayiboni intlungu kangako. Uye wanyangwa esibhedlele kunye nabo bonke abantu. ”
UGerry Hickey, uceba waseIreland osebenza ngeziyobisi kunye nonyango lwengqondo, akothuki ziziphumo zakutshanje.
“Ukulahlekiswa yinxalenye yekhosi kwaye ii-opiates zinomlutha kakhulu kuba zenza abantu bazive bezolile kwaye zibanike umbono okhuselekileyo wokhuseleko. Ke, kunjalo, bafanelekile kumajoni ahamba ngeenyawo, ukapteni wenqanawa kunye nabanqolobi kutshanje, utshilo.
"Iikhabhathi ziyathanda ukuhlamba imikhosi yazo ngexesha lemfazwe ukuze ishishini lokubulala abantu libe lula, ngelixa bona ngokwabo besebenzisa iziyobisi ukuze kugcinwe ubungangamsha babo obukhulu, i-megalomania kunye nenkohliso."
"Ayinakundothusa into yokuba ukuzibulala kuqhushumbe iziyobisi."
"Eyona nto malunga neziyobisi kukuba, abantu abapheleli nje ekulahlekelweni ziingqondo zabo emva kwexesha, kodwa nempilo yabo iba mandundu emva kokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, ngakumbi nje ukuba iziyobisi zifike kwiminyaka engama-40."
Ukuba uHitler wayekwimeko yokurhoxa kwezi veki zokugqibela zemfazwe, ngekhe ibe yinto engaqhelekanga kuye ukungcangcazela nokubanda, uyachaza. Abantu abarhoxa bangenwa kukothuka okukhulu kwaye bahlala befa. Kufuneka babe namanye amayeza ngelo xesha. Kuthatha iiveki ezintathu zokulungiswa kwakhona. ”
"Ndihlala ndithandabuza kancinci xa abantu bebuza, 'Kazi bayaphi amandla," utshilo. "Ungakhe ujonge phambili."
I-Aritcle ekuqaleni yafunyanwa kwi-Al Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/feature/2016/10/history-war-drugs-vikings-nazis-161005101505317.html
