I-White House, iSebe likaRhulumente kunye namagosa e-Pentagon agcina ukuba uhlaselo lwe-drone lujolise ekujoliseni abanqolobi be-Al-Qaeda kula mazwe kunye nokutyumza iinqaba zabo; nangona kunjalo, amanani abonisa ukuba uninzi lwamaxhoba e-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ezithunyelwe kummandla ngabantu. I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism isanda kutyhila ukuba phakathi kwe-2004 kunye ne-2015, kukho i-418 ye-drone ye-drone ngokumelene nePakistan kuphela, okukhokelela ekubulaweni kwe-2,460 kubantu be-3,967, kuquka ubuncinane be-423 abantu. Ngelixa eminye imithombo ibeka inani labantu abenzakeleyo ePakistan ngexesha leminyaka eli-11 kuma-962.
Umlweli woxolo waseMelika kunye nesithethi uxelela i-Arhente yeNdaba yeFars ukuba isicwangciso se-drone yayingeyompazamo eyenziwa nguMongameli uBush, kunokuba "yayilulwaphulo-mthetho" awalwenzayo kwaye uMongameli u-Obama waqhubela phambili.
NgokukaBrian Terrell oneminyaka engama-58 ubudala, urhulumente wase-US akabangi nje abantu abamsulwa ngohlaselo lwe-drone, kodwa ubeka ukhuseleko lwakhe emngciphekweni kwaye ejongela phantsi umgangatho wakhe woluntu.
"Inyani yokuba ugwayimbo lwase-US sisixhobo sokugaya i-Al-Qaeda ziindaba ezimnandi kubaxhasi bemfazwe, nanjengoko iyothusa kuye nabani na onomdla kukhuseleko lwase-US kunye noxolo kunye nozinzo lweendawo apho zenzeka khona. ," uthe.
“Endaweni yokwenza izixhobo ukuze kuliwe imfazwe, i-US ngoku ilwa imfazwe ukuze yenze izixhobo ezingakumbi,” utshilo uTerrell.
UBrian Terrell uhlala kwaye usebenza kwifama encinane eMalay, eIowa. Uhambe kwiindawo ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela ngemisitho yokuthetha esidlangalaleni, kubandakanya eYurophu, eLatin America, naseKorea. Uye watyelela iPalestine, Bahrain, kunye ne-Iraq kwaye wabuya kutyelelo lwakhe lwesibini e-Afghanistan ngoFebruwari ophelileyo. Ungumququzeleli weVoices for Creative Non-Violence kunye nomququzeleli wesiganeko kwi-Nevada Desert Experience.
I-FNA ithethe noMnu. Terrell malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo womkhosi wase-US kunye nokuziphatha kwawo malunga nentlekele efike kuMbindi Mpuma, uhlaselo lwe-drone kunye nelifa "leMfazwe yobugrogrisi." Oku kulandelayo sisicatshulwa esipheleleyo sodliwano-ndlebe.
UMBUZO: Uhlaselo lweenqwelomoya zase-US ePakistan, eSomalia naseYemen luthwalise nzima uluntu lwala mazwe, nangona kusithiwa amaphulo edrone ajolise ekujoliseni iinqaba ze-Al-Qaeda. Ngaba urhulumente wase-US uye wakwazi ukufezekisa le njongo ngokuthumela iidrones ezingenamntu kwezi ndawo sele zihlwempuzekile kwaye zingaphuhliswanga ngokwaneleyo?
IMPENDULO: Ukuba iinjongo zogwayimbo lwedrone yase-US ibikukutshabalalisa i-Al-Qaeda kwaye izise uzinzo kwimimandla ephantsi kohlaselo, ngoko ke iphulo le-drone kuya kufuneka yamkelwe njengokusilela. UNabeel Khoury, usekela-mphathi wemishini e-Yemen ukusuka kwi-2004 ukuya kwi-2007, uye waphawula ukuba "ngenxa yesakhiwo sesizwe saseYemen, i-US ivelisa malunga namashumi amane ukuya kwamashumi amathandathu iintshaba ezintsha kwi-AQAP nganye [i-al Qaeda kwi-Peninsula yase-Arabia] ebulawa yi-drones" kunye le mbono kwabelwana ngayo abaninzi ababesakuba ngoonozakuzaku kunye nabaphathi zomkhosi abanamava kummandla.
Ngaphambi kokuba athathe umhlala-phantsi ngowe-1960, umongameli waseUnited States uEisenhower walumkisa ngokuvela “kwesakhiwo somkhosi nemizi-mveliso” esizingisayo. Ingeniso eza kwenziwa licandelo labucala ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo ibikhula ngaphandle komlinganiselo wezoqoqosho kwaye walumkisa ngelithi oku kunika inkuthazo yokuvusa ungquzulwano. Ukusukela ngelo xesha, inzuzo ikhule kunye nefuthe lequmrhu kwinkqubo yonyulo kunye nolawulo lweshishini kumajelo eendaba. Uloyiko lukaMongameli Eisenhower ngekamva luyinyani yanamhlanje.
Endaweni yokwenza izixhobo ukuze kuliwe imfazwe, i-US ngoku ilwa imfazwe ukuze yenze izixhobo ezininzi. Inyani yokuba ugwayimbo lwe-drone yase-US sisixhobo sokugaya i-Al-Qaeda ziindaba ezimnandi kubantu abafumana inzuzo emfazweni, nanjengoko iyothusa nakubani na onomdla kukhuseleko lwase-US kunye noxolo kunye nozinzo lweendawo apho zenzeka khona.
NgoFebruwari walo nyaka, umzekelo, i-US Navy ye-US Navy ye-122.4 yezigidi zekhontrakthi yokuguqulwa kwekhontrakthi kwi-Raytheon Missile Systems Co. ukuthenga ngaphezu kwe-100 imijukujelwa ye-Tomahawk ukuze ithathe indawo yaleyo idutyulwe eSiriya yayibhiyozelwa kumajelo eendaba kwaye ngamalungu eCongress ngaphandle kokujonga ukuziphatha. , ukusebenza kwezomthetho okanye kobuchule kwezo hlaselo. Ekuphela kwesizathu esifunekayo kolu hlaselo lubulalayo, kubonakala ngathi, bathengisa imijukujelwa.
Q: Ngo-Okthobha ka-2013, iqela lamazwe kuMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo, elikhokelwa yiBrazil, iChina kunye neVenezuela, laqhankqalaza ngokusesikweni ngokuchasene nokuthunyelwa kohlaselo lwasemoyeni olungenamntu ngokuchasene nezizwe ezizimeleyo ngulawulo luka-Obama. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano kwi-UN yayilixesha lokuqala xa ukuba semthethweni kokusetyenziswa kwe-US kweenqwelomoya eziqhutywa kude kunye neendleko zomntu zaxoxwa kumgangatho wehlabathi. UChristof Heyns, unobhala okhethekileyo we-UN malunga nokubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, isishwankathelo okanye ukubulawa ngokungekho ngqiqweni walumkisa malunga nokwanda kwee-UAVs phakathi kwamazwe kunye namaqela abanqolobi. Ithini impendulo yakho kule ngxoxo iqhubekayo malunga nesiseko esisemthethweni sokusebenzisa iidrones kunye nenyaniso yokuba uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luqalisile ukuvakalisa ukuchasa kwalo mkhuba unobungozi?
IMPENDULO: Wonke urhulumente uqeshe amagqwetha ukuba anike izizathu zokuthethelela izenzo zelo lizwe, nokuba zinkulu kangakanani na, kodwa akukho ngxoxo yokwenyani malunga nokuba semthethweni kokusetyenziswa kweedrones ukuhlasela okanye ukubeka iliso kumazwe apho i-US ingekho emfazweni. Umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni ngowokuba ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe amandla abulalayo nxamnye nomntu ongengomlo kwithafa ledabi, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe “ukuba ubeka 'isisongelo esisemnyango sokuhlaselwa ngogonyamelo' nxamnye neMelika." Oku kunokunika ingcamango ephosakeleyo yokuba ubuncinane inzame yenziwe ukuqhuba iphulo le-drone ngokuthobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
NgoFebruwari 2013, nangona kunjalo, iPhepha leNgcaciso leNgcaciso yeSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US, “Ubusemthethweni boMsebenzi obulalayo ojoliswe kuMmi wase-US oyiNkokeli ePhezulu yoMsebenzi ye-Al-Qaida okanye i-Associated Force,” yapapashwa ecacisa inkqubo entsha yolawulo. kunye nengcaciso ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi yegama elithi “imminent.” “Okokuqala,” itsho njalo, “imeko yokuba inkokeli esebenzayo ibeke isoyikiso ‘esikufuphi’ sokuhlasela ngogonyamelo nxamnye neUnited States ayifuni ukuba iUnited States ibe nobungqina obucacileyo bokuba kuya kwenzeka uhlaselo oluthile kubantu baseUnited States nakwiminqweno yabo. kwikamva langoku.”
Isikhundla sikarhulumente wase-US kukuba unokubulala nabani na naphi na ukuba isazisi sakhe siyaziwa okanye akunjalo, ukuba "iindlela zabo zokuziphatha" okanye "utyikityo" luhambelana nomntu onokuthi abeke isoyikiso nangaliphi na ixesha kwixesha elizayo. . “Utyikityo” lwesisongelo esisemnyango “yindoda ephakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-40,” utsho owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku waseMelika ePakistan, uCameron Munter. "Imvakalelo yam yeyomntu olwayo yeyomnye umntu - ke, i-chump ebiye entlanganisweni." Elinye igosa eliphezulu leSebe likarhulumente licatshulwe lisithi xa iCIA ibona "abafana abathathu betsiba iijack," iarhente icinga ukuba kunjalo. inkampu yoqeqesho lwabanqolobi.
Ngokucacileyo akukho nkxaso yasemthethweni kwibango lokuba oku kubulala zizenzo ezisemthethweni zemfazwe. Xa umkhosi usenza izinto ezingaphandle komthetho, liqela lemigulukudu okanye lihlokondiba. Nokuba amaxhoba ohlaselo lwedrone ayaziwa kwaye achongiwe ngokuqinisekileyo - oku kunqabile ukwenzeka - okanye ukukrokrela ngenxa yendlela abaziphatha ngayo okanye "umonakalo owenzelwa isibambiso," amadoda, abasetyhini kunye nabantwana babulawa ngempazamo, ezi azikho ngaphezu kokubetha kwesitayile seqela lemigulukudu okanye ukuqhuba ngokudubula. Xa ihlokondiba labantu abachas’ umthetho libulala umntu ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi okukrokrelekayo ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala, [ngoko] oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-lynching. Phakathi kwezona zenzo zokwaphulwa komthetho kunye nemilinganiselo yabantu kukuziphatha “kokucofa kabini,” apho iidrones zibhabha ngaphezulu kwamaxhoba azo angaphambili zize zibethe abaphenduli bokuqala abaza kunceda abenzakeleyo nababhubhileyo, kulandela ingqiqo yokuba nabani na oza kuye. uncedo lomntu obelandela indlela yokuziphatha erhanelekayo lukwalandela indlela yokuziphatha erhanelekayo.
Omnye umaleko wolwaphulo-mthetho obandakanya le nkqubo yinto yokuba uhlaselo lwe-drone luhlala luqhutywa ngamalungu omkhosi onxibe iyunifomu ngokwemiyalelo yeCIA, egqitha kumketo oqhelekileyo womyalelo.
Njengoko ithunyelwe yi-US, i-drones ibonakalisa ukuba yinkqubo yezixhobo enokuncinci okanye engakwazi ukukhusela, iluncedo ekubulaweni, kodwa "ayinamsebenzi kwindawo ekhuphisanayo," yavuma intloko yoMkhosi woMoya woMkhosi woMoya kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Kusenokuthiwa nokuba nezixhobo ezinjalo akukho mthethweni.
Oku kubulalana kukubulala nje. Zizenzo ezoyikekayo ezo. Ngamatyala. Kuyavuyisa ukuba abanye kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe nase-US bayathetha kwaye bazama ukubaphelisa.
UMBUZO: UBen Emmerson, unobhala okhethekileyo we-UN malunga namalungelo oluntu kunye nokuchasene nobunqolobi uphawule kwingxelo yokuba ngo-Oktobha 2013, kwakukho uhlaselo lwe-drone lwe-33 lwase-United States, olubangele ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngokuphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaba iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye namaqumrhu anxulumene nazo zinako ukwenza iUnited States iphendule, okanye ngaba umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe awunyanzelekanga ukuba uqwalaselwe kulo mba?
A: Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo, akunjalo? Ukuba i-US ayiphenduli ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwayo, yiyiphi intembeko i-UN kunye namanye amaziko ngamazwe ngamazwe? Unokusetyenziswa njani umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kulo naliphi na ilizwe?
Itekhnoloji yedrone ivumela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ukuba lwenziwe phakathi koluntu lwaseMelika- ukuba amaxhoba aseYemen, ePakistan okanye e-Afghanistan, abenzi bobubi balapha ekhaya kwaye ukubamisa kukwaluxanduva lokuthotyelwa komthetho wendawo. IGatya eliSobungangamsha leSiqendu VI soMgaqo-siseko wase-US lifundeka ngolu hlobo: “…zonke iZivumelwano ezenziweyo, okanye eziya kwenziwa, phantsi kweGunya lase-United States, ziya kuba ngowona Mthetho uphakamileyo woMhlaba; kwaye abagwebi kulo naliphi na iLizwe baya kubotshelelwa ngoko, nayiphi na iNto ekuMgaqo-siseko okanye kwiMithetho yalo naliphi na iLizwe ngokuchasene noko.” Ndibanjiwe ngelixa ndibhikisha ngokungekho mthethweni kwiziseko zokusebenza ze-drone e-Nevada, eNew York nase-Missouri kwaye akukho jaji owake wacinga ukuba ezo zenzo zifanelekile njengemizamo yokuyeka ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba lwenziwe. Ngaphambi kokuba ndigwetywe iinyanga ezintandathu entolongweni ngenxa yokwephula umthetho, enye ijaji yathi, “Umthetho wasekhaya usoloko uwoyisa umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe!”
Ukuvumela i-US ukuba ibaleke ngokubulala kusongela ucwangco loluntu kunye nokhuseleko ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
UMBUZO: Amanye amagosa e-UN alumkise ukuba itekhnoloji isetyenziswa kakubi njengendlela “yobupolisa behlabathi”. Urhulumente wase-US uye wandisa imisebenzi yakhe ye-drone kule minyaka yakutsha nje kwaye wathatha iinqwelo-moya zakhe ezingajongwanga wazisa kwimimandla efana ne-Iraq, iLibya kunye ne-Gaza Strip. Kwakhe kwakho iimeko zokuba iidrones zaseMelika ziye zabhabha phezu kwendawo yomoya yase-Iran. Ngaba ezo zenzo aziyi kudala ukungathembani phakathi kwe-United States kunye nezizwe ezikuloo mmandla amazwe azo aphantsi kohlaselo?
IMPENDULO: Ingqikelelo yokuba nasiphi na isizwe esinye esithatha indima “yobupolisa behlabathi” iyakhathaza ngokwayo, nangakumbi xa eso sizwe sibonakalise ukungakhathali kulawulo lomthetho njengoko i-US iye yenza. Ukubetha kweDrone, iGuantanamo, u-Abu Ghraib, ukuthuthunjiswa, ukuvavanya izixhobo zenyukliya kumhlaba wesivumelwano somthonyama, zonke ziyathandabuza indima yamapolisa ehlabathi.
I-US ilawula umhlaba ngendlela efanayo njengoko isiya iqhuba izitalato zayo. Urhulumente womanyano imiba yokuhlasela izixhobo, kwaneemoto ezixhobileyo kunye neitanki, kumasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni kwizixeko ezinkulu nezincinci kwaye amapolisa aqeqeshelwe ukujonga abantu ekumele ukuba bayabakhusela kwaye basebenze njengeentshaba.
Ngaphantsi kwe-5% yabemi behlabathi, i-US inamabanjwa angaphezu kwama-25% ehlabathi kwaye inani labantu basentolongweni lenziwe ngokungafaniyo ngabantu bebala. Amasebe amapolisa e-US ahlala ebamba kwaye ehlala ebulala abemi baseMelika kwizitrato zaseMelika ngokusekwe "kwiprofayili yobuhlanga," oluyinguqulelo yasekhaya "yogwayimbo". Abafana bamanani abantu abathile banokubulawa ngokusekwe “kwindlela yabo yokuziphatha” eBaltimore njengase Waziristan.
Inxalenye enkulu yamajoni ase-US ashiyekileyo kunye neekontraka e-Afghanistan zikhona ukuqeqesha amapolisa ase-Afghan! Isigqebelo soku sinokulahleka kwabaseMelika, kodwa hayi kuluntu lwehlabathi.
Umbuzo: Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba i-74% yamaPakistani, ngakumbi emva kokunyanzeliswa kohlaselo lwedrone phantsi koMongameli Obama, bajonga i-United States njengotshaba. Ngeli xesha urhulumente wasePakistan usebenzisana ne-United States kwiskimu se "War on Terror". Ngaba iphulo le-drone linempembelelo kumfanekiso kawonkewonke we-United States kumazwe athi abe ngumxholo wemijukujelwa yenqwelo-moya engaphoswanga?
A: Ngelixa usebenzisana ne-US "kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi," iPakistan ikwaqhankqalaze ngokubulawa kwabantu ngedrone kwaye yayalela ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-US ukuba ibayeke. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-UN yamkele isigqibo, esiziswe ngokudibeneyo yiPakistan, iYemen kunye neSwitzerland, ngokuchasene nogwayimbo lwe-drone, akukho nto. Isikhundla solawulo sesokuba urhulumente wase-Islamabad kufuneka axelele abantu basePakistan ukuba bayaluchasa olu qhankqalazo, kodwa bayaluvuma ngokufihlakeleyo. Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba urhulumente anike imvume eyimfihlo nakubani na ukuba enze nantoni na? Sekunjalo, ngakumbi, ukuba urhulumente anike imvume kumkhosi wasemzini ukuba asebenzise isibhakabhaka sakhe ukuze abulale ngokukhawuleza abemi bawo? Nokuba yinyani le okanye hayi, ukuba i-US isebenze ngokubulalayo ngaphakathi kwePakistan ngokuchasene nemiyalelo echaziweyo yorhulumente wayo luhlaselo kulawulo lwePakistan kwaye ijongela phantsi amaziko ayo. Ewe, ezi zenzo zinempembelelo efanelekileyo kumfanekiso woluntu wase-US kumazwe aphantsi koqhankqalazo lwe-drone nakwihlabathi liphela.
UMBUZO: Ngokubanzi, ucinga ntoni ngeendleko zoluntu zeprojekthi yorhulumente wase-US yeMfazwe yoBugrogrisi? Yayiyintshukumo eyaqalwa nguMongameli Bush, kwaye nangona uMongameli u-Obama wayigxekayo ngexesha leengxoxo zomongameli ngo-2007, waqhubeka nezenzo zomanduleli wakhe, kuquka nokubandakanyeka okumandla emkhosini e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kunye nokugcina indawo yokuvalelwa phesheya apho abarhanelwa bobunqolobi bakhona. igcinwe. UMongameli u-Obama wayewugxekile “umgaqo-nkqubo kaMnu. Bush wamazwe angaphandle osekelwe kwingcamango ephosakeleyo” kodwa kubonakala ngathi uphinda iimpazamo ezifanayo. Uthini umbono wakho ngaloo nto?
A: Kwiphulo lika-2008, u-Barack Obama uxelele i-rally e-Iowa, ilizwe apho ndihlala khona, ukuba kunokuba yimfuneko "ukuqhumisa" uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi ngaphaya kwamanqanaba erekhodi asekwe lulawulo lukaBush. Iindleko zokunyusa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi osele ludumbile luthwalwa ngabona bantu bahluphekayo apha nakwamanye amazwe. Ngeendlela ezininzi, u-Obama wasayina ngaphambi kokuba anyulwe ukuba uya kuqhubeka nemigaqo-nkqubo embi kakhulu kaBush. Le migaqo-nkqubo yayingelona “impazamo” xa uBush wayeyiphumeza, yayilulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuzigcina akuzompazamo ngoku.
I-US ayiyi kusombulula iingxaki zayo zasekhaya okanye ifumane ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi, kwaye ayiyi kukwazi ukwenza nayiphi na igalelo eluxolweni lwehlabathi ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa izinto eziphambili kunye nokulandela oko uDkt Martin Luther King akubiza ngokuthi "inguqu enkulu yemilinganiselo."
Udliwano-ndlebe nguKourosh Ziabari
