Uphengululo lwencwadi: Iidikhethi ezingama-20 ezixhaswe yiUS

NguPhil Armstrong noCatherine Armstrong, nge-9 kaJulayi ka-2020

Ukusuka eCosterfire

Yintoni izizwe ezithi ziyayimela kwaye ubungqina bubonisa ukuba bame-kwaye zihlala zizinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Le ncwadi ixhokonxa iingcinga ibeka elona lizwe linamandla ehlabathini kwaye ithelekisa iinjongo ezichazwe ngurhulumente wase-US kunye nokuziphatha kwayo. Urhulumente wase-US uzenzela umfanekiso wakhe njengomgcini wenkululeko nentando yesininzi; njengoko uhlala ujonge kwaye uzilungiselele, ungathandabuzi, ukungenelela kwezopolitiko zezinye izizwe ukuba, ukuba kunjalo, inkululeko nedemokhrasi zisengozini. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuchaseneyo nobuzwilakhe obuchasayo ngazo zonke iindlela, umbhali uphawula ukuba, enyanisweni, urhulumente wase-US uxhasa njani imali, iingalo kunye noqeqesho kuluhlu olubanzi loorhulumente abacinezelayo, kubandakanya noozwilakhe, ukuba ngaba inkxaso enjalo ithathwa njengemidla yase-US, Nokuba ziphi iirekhodi (ngokubhekisele kwidemokhrasi namalungelo oluntu) oorhulumente ngokwabo.

Ukuxhasa ubuzwilakhe

Kwizahlulo zokwazisa, uDavid Swanson uqwalasela uluhlu olubanzi loorhulumente wengcinezelo exhaswa yi-US kwaye ke ajolise ngqo kugqobhoko, kuba kaloku yimikhosi urhulumente wase-US ahlala esithi uyachasa. Ubonisa indlela uninzi lwelizwe 'elingazinzanga' lehlabathi (njengoko kuchazwe nguRich Whitney [2017], ojika indlela yakhe kuqoqosho olunikezelwe 'yiNdlu yeNkululeko', umbutho oxhaswe ngurhulumente wase-US- 'mahala', 'isahlulo simahla' kunye 'nokungafunekiyo') zixhaswa ngumkhosi yi-US. Ubonisa ukuba, ngokuchasene nembambano yokuba ungenelelo lomkhosi wase-US uhlala usecaleni 'lentando yesininzi', i-US ihlala ithengisa izixhobo ku amacala omabini ukubandakanyeka kwiingxabano ezininzi kwihlabathi jikelele. Umbhali bobabini ubalaselisa ubude obude bale ndlela: ukuba ayinakujongwa nje njengenqaku lobuongameli bukaTrump kwaye uxhasa ukuba isikhundla se-US kwinkxaso yoorhulumente abacinezelayo silandela kubumbano olunamandla phakathi korhulumente wase-US kunye neengalo zase-US. abavelisi (le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'yimbumba yamashishini asemkhosini').

Kula macandelo alandelayo, iSwanson ijonge uninzi lwabalawuli abakhoyo behlabathi ngoku kwaye ibonisa ukuba baxhaswa njani yi-US, ngakumbi kwezomkhosi. Akwenza ngokubonelela ngamatyala angamashumi amabini akhoyo ngoku-kovavanyo lobunkokheli behlabathi lonke, bonke bexhaswa yi-US. Sithetha ukuba, ngokwenza njalo, umbhali ubonelela ubungqina obucacileyo bokuphikisa uluvo lokuba i-US imi ngokuchasene noozwilakhe nakwilizwe abalawulayo. Umbhali uqaphela ukubaluleka kokubonelela ngobungqina obulungelelanayo ngendlela yoluhlu. Kuhlala kunzima kakhulu ukutshintsha umbono endaweni yakhe. Ubungakanani bobungqina buhlala bufuneka, ngakumbi xa amandla emidla eboniswe ephezulu kakhulu.

Kumacandelo okuqukumbela, umbhali ubalaselisa ukungaziphathi kakuhle kukarhulumente e-US ekuphatheni nasekuqeqeshweni kwezomkhosi phesheya. Ubonelela ngobungqina obuqatha bebango lakhe lokuba i-US, kude kube ngoku, ingumthengisi wezikhali okhokelayo kumazwe aphesheya, oxanduva lokufa okubangelwa yimfazwe kwihlabathi liphela kunye nomsebenzisi we-95% weziseko zomkhosi wehlabathi ezikhoyo ngaphandle kwelizwe labo elilawulayo.

Umbhali uxoxa ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Arab Spring 'yango-2011 ukuqaqambisa njani ukungangqinelani kwesimo se-US; ibhengeza esidlangalaleni ukuba iyayixhasa imikhosi enyanzela intando yenkululeko kodwa, eneneni, isenzo sayo ibonelele ngemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kurhulumente okhokelwa ngoozwilakhe abahlaselwa ziintshukumo zoqhanqalazo. Uphuhlisa umgca wempikiswano ngendlela eqinisekisayo ngokubonisa ukuba i-US inerekhodi yokuxhasa ubugqwetha kangangexesha elide-amaxesha amaninzi kwezomkhosi- kwaye ijike ibachase xa ithe yaziva ukuba iimfuno zayo zitshintshile. Ucacisa ngenkxaso yase-US ka-Saddam Hussein, uNoriega no-Assad ngeendlela zemizekelo kwaye uqhubeka nokubonelela ngamanye amaxesha, njengoRafael Trujillo, uFrancisco Franco, uFrancoise Duvalier, uJean-Claude Duvalier, u-Anastasio Somoza Debayle, uFulgencio Batista I-Shah yase-Iran.

Unyanisile vs inyani

Sithi iSwanson ibetha isikhonkwane entloko xa iphawula:

'Ukuba inkxaso yase-US kubazwilakhe ibonakala ingahambelani ne-rhetoric yase-US malunga nokusasaza idemokhrasi, inxenye yenkcazo yoko isenokuba kukusetyenziswa "kwedemokhrasi" njengegama lekhowudi "kwicala lethu" nokuba kunaluphi na unxibelelwano kwidemokhrasi yokwenyani okanye ummeli karhulumente okanye imbeko yamalungelo oluntu '(iphe. 88).

Emva koko uthi ukuba olutshaba alulo,

Ubuzwilakhe kodwa endaweni yoko yiSoviet Union okanye ubuKomanisi okanye ubuNqolobi okanye ubuSilamsi okanye ubuSoshiyali okanye iTshayina okanye i-Iran okanye iRussia, kwaye ukuba kukho nantoni na eyenziweyo egameni lokoyisa utshaba kuthiwa "yidemokhrasi," ininzi into ebizwa ngokuba yintando yesininzi isasazeka. kubandakanya ukuxhasa ubuzwilakhe kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zabanye oorhulumente abacinezelayo ngokulinganayo '(iphe. 88).

Ukuqukumbela kwakhe le nxalenye yomsebenzi, umbhali ugxininisa ukubaluleka kwemali, ephinda axhaswe yimizekelo emininzi, ngakumbi, ubukhulu becala lenkxaso-mali yangaphandle yeetanki zokucinga ezinempembelelo kakhulu ekubumbeni umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US.

Icandelo lokugqibela lencwadi lijongana nomcimbi wokucinezela kunye nomceli mngeni wokuba ingaphela kanjani inkxaso ye-US kubugqwetha. I-Swanson ikhomba 'Umthetho oMileyo wokuLwa amaLungelo abaLuntu, i-HR 5880, i-140', waziswa nguCongressikazi u-Ilhan Omar. ISwanson iphawula ukuba, ukuba lo mthetho usayilwayo ungangumthetho uyakuthintela urhulumente wase-US ekuboneleleni ngenkxaso ebanzi kurhulumente wengcinezelo. Kunzima ukungavumelani neemvakalelo ezivezwe ngumbhali ekupheleni kwencwadi yakhe:

'Umhlaba kufuneka uphathe ulawulo loorhulumente kude kubacinezeli nakubabulali. I-United States idinga ukutshintsha izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka ukusuka kwimfazwe kunye nezixhobo ezisebenza kumashishini anoxolo. Ukuhamba okunjalo kuya kuba kokuphezulu ngokokuziphatha, okusingqongileyo, kuqoqosho, nangokwempembelelo yamandla okusindiswa komntu '(iphe.91).

Umbhali uvelisa ubungqina bentsomi obenza ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuba i-US ihlala ilwa kwicala lentando yesininzi, iphikisana nokuba ilizwe (okanye inkokeli) kujongwa njenge-pro-US okanye anti-US ngumba ophambili (umbono onokuthi , kwaye ihlala isenzeka, iyatshintsha). Uhlobo loorhulumente bamanye amazwe ngokwalo ayisiyeki umkhweli wongenelelo.

Njengakwelinye ilizwe, kunjalo ekhaya

I-Swanson ke ngoko iqaqambisa indlela echasene kakhulu nomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle kwaye ijonge nzulu, Sitsho ukuba umahluko uyabonakala ngokufanayo kumgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya. Ngokoluvo oludumileyo (lwaseMelika), inkululeko sisiseko eyakhelwe kuso i-USA. Kodwa ekusetyenzisweni kwalo mgaqo ubalulekileyo urhulumente waseMelika ukhetha ngokukhathazeka- Kumakhaya nakwimigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle. Isilungiso sokuqala sabemi baseMelika inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nendibano yoxolo kwiimeko ezininzi ziye zangakhathalelwa ngurhulumente wabo xa bekuphazamisa ukuthanda kwabo.

Rhoqo oku kuye kwabonakala ngakumbi kunampendulo yoqhanqalazo oluqhubayo lwabamnyama kuLuntu emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd. Ngaphandle kokhuselo olucacileyo loLungiso lokuqala, uqhanqalazo oluninzi loxolo luye lwanyanzelwa ngamandla. Ngomhla wokuqala kuJuni^st Esi siganeko singumfuziselo, apho amapolisa asebenzisa irhasi yinyembezi, iimbumbulu zerabha kunye neziqhushumbisi ukuze acoce iLafayette Square yoqhankqalazo olunoxolo ukuvumela uMongameli uTrump ukuba enze umfanekiso ngaphandle kwecawa yaseSt John (Parker okqhubekayo 2020). Ngeli xesha kwintetho yeWhite House, umongameli wazibhengeza 'njengehlakani labo bonke abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo' - umanyano, kubonakala ngathi, uyakuvumela ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezingenalo uxolo ukuvala intetho yasimahla.

Into ebangela umdla kukuba, uvavanyo olufanayo loqhanqalazo lugwetywe ngokungathandabuzekiyo xa elinye ilizwe lingumenzi wobubi. Kwi-tweet ka-Meyi 2020, uTrump wabongoza urhulumente wase-Irani ukuba angasebenzisi ubundlobongela ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi kwaye 'bayeke ababhengezi bekhululekile'. Ukukhuseleka okunjalo ngokubaluleka kokushicilelwa simahla, khange kukhokelele umongameli ukuba avume okanye agwebe uhlaselo oluninzi lwamapolisa kwiintatheli ezigubungela uqhankqalazo lwe-Black Lives Matter e-USA (ngokwe-US Press Freedom Tracker, ukusukela nge-15 kaJuni. , ukuhlaselwa ngokwasemzimbeni kwiintatheli ngamapolisa angama-57). Ingcambu yokungangqinelani akukho nzima ukuyichaza.

Akunjalo, ngelishwa, kukungahoyi inkululeko yoLungiso lokuQala kuphela kubongameli bukaTrump, okanye nakwabo baseRiphabhlikhi. Ulawulo luka-Obama, umzekelo, babone uqhankqalazo lweDwala lokuma ngo-2016 ngokuchasene nolwakhiwo lwePayipi yokuFikelela eDakota kumhlaba waseMelika - apho amapolisa aphendula ngerhasi yeinyembezi, iziqhushumbisi kunye nemipu yamanzi kumaqondo obushushu aqandayo. UMongameli u-Obama usilele ukugxeka ubundlobongela bamapolisa obuninzi nxamnye noqhankqalazo olunoxolo (Colson 2016), ityala elicacileyo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo licinezelwe ngamandla.

Ngelixa le meko yangoku yoxinzelelo igqithile, ayikaze ibe njalo. Indlela yokukhetha urhulumente wase-US ngokubaluleka kwenkululeko ibonakala kwindlela abaphatha ngayo abemi bayo, ngakumbi kwindawo yoqhankqalazo (Ixabiso et al 2020). Okokugqibela, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko athetha okuncinci xa etyeshelwa okanye egxothwa ngokuthe ngqo ngurhulumente ekufanele ukubaxhasa, kwaye endaweni yoko athabathe isigqibo sokumisela umgaqo-nkqubo obalekisa inkululeko.

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi umbhali ubhalayo,

'Injongo yale ncwadi imfutshane kukwenza ukuba abantu baqonde ukuba umkhosi wase-US uxhasa ubuzwilakhe, kude kube sekupheleni kokuvula iingqondo ezinokwenzeka zokubuza ngemfazwe' (p.11).

Sithetha ukuba uphumelele ngokuqinisekileyo ukufezekisa le njongo. Okubalulekileyo, uyakwenza ngelixa eqaqambisa ukungangqinelani okunzulu okubandakanyekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US; Iziphikiso esithethe ngazo ngasentla ziyabonakala nakwimigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya. Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ke 'uhlala ungahambelani'. Ibonakaliswe njengesekwe ngokusisiseko kukhuselo lwenkululeko nentando yesininzi, ngelixa, kusetyenzwa, isekwe phezu kokulandela iimfuno zikarhulumente wase-US kunye namaqela amakhulu oxinzelelo emva kokusekwa kwe-US.

Sikholelwa ukuba incwadi yeSwanson yenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano; uxhasa zonke iimpikiswano zakhe ngobungqina obukholisayo; ubungqina bokuba siyaxabana kufuneka banele ukukholisa umfundi ovulekileyo wokuqonda malunga nobunyani bohlalutyo lwakhe. Sincoma ngentliziyo yonke lo msebenzi kubo bonke abanomdla wokuqonda amandla okuqhuba abashiya ngasemva komgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US.

Ucaphulo

UColson, N., 'Ukuthula kuka-Obama ngokuGquma kwiLitye eliMileyo', Umsebenzi wezeNtlalontle Disemba 1, 2016.

Inkululeko yeNdlu,Amazwe kunye neMimandla'

UParker, A., Dawsey, uJ. Kunye noTan, R., 'Ngaphakathi kwetyala lokukhuphela i-gesi-baqhankqalazi phambi kweefoto zikaTrump', Washington Post Juni 2, 2020.

Ixabiso, M., Smoot, H., Clasen-Kelly, F. noDeppen, L. (2020), '"Akukho namnye kuthi onokuzingca." USodolophu kwi-CMPD. I-SBI yokujonga ukusetyenziswa kwearhente yeekhemikhali kuqhanqalazo, ' Charlotte Observer Juni 3.

UWhitney, R., 'iUS ibonelela ngoncedo loMkhosi kuma-73 eepesenti oonozwilakhe behlabathi,' Thunti, Septemba 23, 2017.