NguMarc Kodack / Iziko leMozulu kunye noKhuseleko, Ingqongileyo ngokuchasene neMfazwe, Agasti 20, 2021
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu oTshintsho lweMozulu anokuDodobalisa izixhobo kunye neziQhushumbisi
UMarc Kodack / Iziko leMozulu kunye noKhuseleko
(Nge-23 kaDisemba ngo-2019) -Utshintsho lwemozulu luza kuchaphazela izinto ezininzi ezithengiswayo, umz. Njengokuba amaqondo obushushu esiya enyuka iindawo ezomileyo zehlabathi, efana ne Phakathi empuma (ebaluleke kakhulu Ukhuseleko lwesizwe sase-US)Ukugcinwa kweembumbulu kunye neziqhushumbisi (i-AE) phantsi kobushushu obugqithisileyo kungakhokelela kukungazinzi kunye nokubakho kwemikhosi engacwangciswanga.
Kutshanje inqaku in Scientific American [bona inqaku elingezantsi I-EAW] iphonononga ukugcinwa kweembumbulu apho “ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokuthomalalisa ingqibelelo yolwakhiwo, kubangele ukwanda kweemichiza ezolisayo kunye nokonakalisa amakhaka okhuselo.”
Iimpawu zokumelana nezinto zinokumelana nokunyuka kwexesha elifutshane kubushushu obukhulu. Imikhosi enxulumene nobushushu ngama-60% ngakumbi kwiidepho zeembumbulu phakathi kwenyanga ka-Epreli naphakathi ku-Septemba xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu esenza kwiindawo ezinje ngeMbindi Mpuma. Kwinqaku:
Ngaphandle kokubeka iliso rhoqo, izinto ezishushu ezinobushushu ngaphakathi kwimishini yokunyanzela zinokunyanzela indlela yazo ngokutywina kunye neeplagi zokugcwalisa, iindawo ezibuthathaka zeqokobhe. INitroglycerin iba buthathaka kakhulu xa ifunxa ukufuma kangangokuba nokushukuma okuncinci kunokubususa… Iziphumo zomzimba ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga kukuba inqanaba eliphezulu loxinzelelo lwenzeka phakathi kwezinto ngenxa yokunyuka kwamanqanaba ezinto ezizezinye. umngcipheko wokuphatha iimpazamo ngabantu abadiniweyo.
Oku kuphakamisa umngcipheko wokuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokugcinwa. Umkhosi wase-US unayo inkqubo Ukugcinwa kwe-AE kwiimeko ezinobuchule, ezinokwahluka ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina ukuya kwindawo evulekileyo ene / ngaphandle kwezikhongozeli. I-AE inokugcinwa emhlabeni okanye kumphezulu ongaphuculwanga.
Ngokwe-2016 yomkhosi khokelo kumba, izinto ezininzi ze- “AE zinobuzaza obukhulu kubushushu kwaye zisabela kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu kunalawo afunekayo ukutshaya iinkuni, iphepha, kunye namalaphu aqhelekileyo… ukonakala kukhawuleza xa ukufuma kudityaniswe nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu.” Utshintsho lwemozulu alukhankanywanga njengomahluko ofuna ukuthathelwa ingqalelo xa kucwangciswa ukugcinwa kwe-AE, nangona kunjalo.
Ukulawula amaqondo obushushu kwiindawo ezomileyo ngaphakathi kuluhlu olwamkelekileyo olungathobi ukusetyenziswa kwe-AE, nokuba i-AE igcinwe ngaphakathi kwindawo okanye kwindawo evulekileyo, iya kuba ngumceli mngeni. Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu okutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuzandisa zonke iimeko zokugcina ezinobuchule. Oku kubandakanya naziphi na izixhobo ezikhutshelweyo ezifuna ukukhuselwa kunye nokugcinwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-AE eyaneleyo yeentlobo kunye nokulinganisa zihlala zisebenza kwaye ziyafumaneka ukuze zisetyenziswe xa zifuneka, yenye indawo apho utshintsho lwemozulu luya kuchaphazela amandla oMkhosi wokuqhubela phambili amandla kunye nokufezekisa iinjongo zawo njengenxalenye yeNdibaniselwano.
Ithunyelwe ngokungqinelana nesihloko se-17, Icandelo le-107, iKhowudi yase-US, ngeenjongo ezingezizo ezentengiso, ezemfundo.
Utshintsho lweMozulu lunokuba luPhephetha iiDepho zeArms
Amaza obushushu ashushu angazinzisa izixhobo zemipu, ngakumbi apho iziqhushumbisi zingagcinwanga ngokufanelekileyo
UPeter Schwatzstein / iSayensi yaseMelika
Kwakuyithuba elincinci phambi kwe-14 AM, ngentsasa engenamoya ngoJuni 2019, xa indawo yokugcina iingalo eBaharka, eIraq Kurdistan, imoshiwe. Ukuqaqambisa isibhakabhaka sakusasa ngeekhilomitha ngeenxa zonke, ukuqhushumba kwathumela iirokethi, iimbumbulu kunye nemijikelezo yoombayimbayi eyayijikeleza kumacala onke. Amagosa athi akukho mntu ubuleweyo. Kodwa ukuba kwakungekho ngeyure yokuqala kunye nokunciphisa ikampu, inani lokufa lalinokuba libuhlungu.
Emva konyaka, enye I-arsenal yaqhuma Kumazantsi mpuma eBaharka, kuthiwa utshabalalisa izigidi zeedola eziziimbumbulu ngexesha lokulwa ne-ISIS. Ukuqhuma okufanayo kwiBaghdad kwalandela iiveki ezimbalwa emva koko, ukubulala nokwenzakalisa inqwaba yabantu phakathi kwabo. Phambi kokuphela kweli hlobo liphelileyo, ubuncinci iziza ezintandathu zemishini ziye zangumlilo e-Iraq kuphela, ngokutsho kwemithombo yezokhuseleko e-Iraq.
Ngelixa iinkcukacha zokuqhushumba zinqabile, abaphandi bavumile ukuba uninzi lweziganeko zabelana ngomxholo ofanayo: imozulu eshushu. Uqhushumbo ngalunye lwaluza phakathi kwehlobo laseIraq elide nelitshisayo, xa amaqondo obushushu ayedla ngokufikelela kuma-45 degrees celcius (113 degrees Fahrenheit). Kwaye bonke babetha kanye njengamaza obushushu anamandla anyuka. Iingcali zeziqhushumbisi zithi ubushushu obunje bunokuyenza buthathaka ingqibelelo yolwakhiwo, kubangele ukwanda kweemichiza ezinobushushu kunye nokonakalisa amakhaka okhuselo.
Njengokuba utshintsho lwemozulu lonyusa amaqondo obushushu ehlotyeni kwaye lukhulisa inani kunye nobushushu bamaza obushushu kwihlabathi liphela, iingcali zezixhobo zilumkisa ngeziqhushumbisi ezingacwangciswanga kwiziza zemishini, okanye i-UEMS- ngakumbi kwiindawo esele zingene kwimpixano okanye zilawulwa gwenxa, okanye zombini.
Umdibaniso onamandla ubhebhethekisa intshabalalo kunye nokufa okunabemi beendawo ezinomkhosi omkhulu. "Ngokukhawuleza xa kushushu, siyoyika okona kubi," utshilo u-Emad Hassan, osebenza ngentsimbi eDora, ummandla waseBaghdad oye wehlelwa ziintlekele ezininzi zedepho.
Kuthatha nje iNye
Akukho luhlu lubanzi lweenkcukacha-manani ezigubungela ngokukhethekileyo ubushushu obunxulumene nobushushu- ubuncinci kuba bahlala bebulala amangqina akufutshane kwaye batshabalalise ubungqina, okwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni kanye kanye ebangela ezi ziganeko. Kodwa ukusebenzisa idata ukusuka kuPhando lweeArms ezincinci, iprojekthi yokubeka esweni iingalo eseGeneva, uhlalutyo olwenziwe ngumbhali weli nqaku lubonisa ukuba i-UEMS iphantse ibe ngama-60 epesenti ngakumbi phakathi kuka-Epreli naphakathi ku-Septemba.
Ezo datha zikwabonisa ukuba malunga 25 ekhulwini Iintlekele zedepho ezinjalo azichazwa. Esinye isihlanu kucingelwa ukuba sinxulumene neemeko zokusingqongileyo- nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ubushushu kusenokwenzeka ukuba sesona sizathu sabo siphambili- ngokutsho kweshumi elinambini leengcali zezixhobo kunye namagosa omkhosi ekwenziwe udliwanondlebe nawo kweli nqaku.
Uninzi lwezixhobo zokuyila zenzelwe ukumelana nobushushu obukhulu kodwa kuphela kwixesha elifutshane. Ukuba ubonakaliswe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokufuma ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo, isixhobo sokugcina izixhobo sinokungazinzi kwaye sinokude sizikhulule ngokwaso. Iinkuni kwimigodi yabasebenzi abasebenza emigodini iyabola; irabha kunye neplastiki kwimigodi yeplastiki inokuphazamisa kwilanga elingapheliyo. Ngaphandle kokubeka iliso rhoqo, izinto ezitshisayo ezinobushushu ngaphakathi kwimishini yokunyanzela zinokunyanzela indlela yazo ngokutywina kunye neeplagi zokugcwalisa, iindawo ezibuthathaka zeqokobhe. INitroglycerin iba novakalelo kakhulu xa ifunxa ukufuma kangangokuba nokushukuma okuncinci kunokuyicima. I-phosphorus emhlophe inyibilika ibe lulwelo e Iqondo lama-44 C kwaye inokuqhekeza isitya sangaphandle sombane njengoko sisanda kwaye sisebenza kunye neqondo lobushushu.
Xa iziqhushumbisi zivuza, abanye basabela ngobumdaka emoyeni ukuze benze iikristale eziyingozi ngaphandle ezinokuqhushumba okanye zishukume. UJohn Montgomery, umcebisi oyintloko kwezobuchwephesha malunga nokulahla iziqhushumbisi eHalo Trust, umgodi komhlaba -ukucaca umbutho ongajonganga kwenza nzuzo.
Iigobolondo zodaka, iirokethi kunye nemijikelezo yezixhobo zomkhosi ikakhulu zisemngciphekweni kuba zixhotyiswa zizinto ezenza ukuba zibenoxanduva lokwazisa xa kukho into ecaphukisayo. Ukuqiniswa kwemichiza kuthintela ukuzitshisa. Kodwa kuzo zonke iidigri ezintlanu-C ukunyuka ngaphezulu kweqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo lokugcina, isisinisi siphelelwa yinto ye-1.7, ngokweHalo Trust. Ukupheliswa kukhawulezisa ukuba izixhobo zivelisiwe kubushushu obugqithileyo ekuhambeni kwemini.
Okokugqibela, akusekho kuzinzisa- kwaye ngenxa yoko, ngamanye amaxesha akusekho ndawo yokuxhasa. Ubininzi be ISipro yaphulukana nombane ngoJulayi ka-2011 xa isikhululo sombane esisesona sikhulu sakhutshwa zizikhongozelo ezingama-98 zokuhambisa ezazizele zathimba izixhobo zaseIran ezathi zaqhuma emva kokupheka iinyanga phantsi kwelanga leMeditera, zikhukulisa izihambisi zazo.
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anyusa nengozi yokuphatha iimpazamo ngabantu abadiniweyo. Ukusuka kwimimandla yongquzulwano olungalawulekiyo ukuya kwindawo enezixhobo zokugcina ezisezantsi ze-NATO, amajoni athi ehlotyeni kulapho iingozi zinokuqhuma ngenxa yomdibaniso wokwenza izigqibo kwenkungu kunye nezixhobo ezibuthathaka ngakumbi, zombini ezibangelwa bubushushu obugqithisileyo. "Kwezomkhosi, yonke into inzima ngakumbi xa kusehlotyeni," litsho igosa lezomkhosi laseIraq eligama linguAli. “Ngoku ihlobo alide liphele.”
Ingxaki Esombululekayo
Uqikelelo lwemozulu luyahluka kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika, kodwa amaqondo obushushu ashushu kule mimandla anokunyuka ukuya kuthi ga izidanga ezisixhenxe C. ngo-2100, isifundo se-2016 kwi Utshintsho lwemozulu wagqiba. Kwaye a Ucwaningo lwe-2015 ifumanise ukuba izixeko eziselunxwemeni kuMbindi Mpuma ziya kubona ukunyuka kweziganeko ezinobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokufuma. Ezi ntsingiselo zimisela ukubakho kwee-UEMS ezininzi kwixa elizayo.
Nangona inani elipheleleyo le-UEMS lalibonakala ngathi liyancipha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, njengoko iingalo zexesha lemfazwe ezibandayo zisetyenzisiwe okanye zacinywa, amaqondo obushushu anyukayo abonakala ngathi ayijongela phantsi le mpumelelo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, utshilo u-Adrian Wilkinson, umhloli wexesha elide wezixhobo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neminye imibutho.
Izinto ezenzelwa ukwakhiwa kuninzi lwamazwe asaphuhlayo zihlazisa ngesantya esikhawulezileyo kunangaphambili ngenxa yokuvezwa bubushushu, kwaye imikhosi iyasilela ukuyilahla ngexesha, zitsho iingcali zeengalo kunye namagosa omkhosi ekwenziwe udliwanondlebe nawo kweli bali.
Kwezinye zeendawo zehlabathi ezinobundlobongela, imeko yokungenzi proferi yamaqela amaninzi axhobileyo kuthetha ukuba banolwazi oluncinci lobuchwephesha kwaye bahlala bezenzela izindlu kwiindawo ezinokubakho, apho kunokubakho ukubonwa ngakumbi lilanga kunye nonyango olubi, ngokweengalo ezizimeleyo- Ingcali yolawulo uBenjamin King. Kwaye kuba Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunokuba negalelo kubundlobongela kwiindawo ezininzi ezifanayo apho i-UEMS enxulumene nobushushu isanda, oku kuqhushumba kungathintela ukulungela komkhosi kwamanye amazwe ngexesha labo lemfuneko enkulu.
Kukho iindlela ezibonakalayo zokujongana nengxaki, nangona kunjalo. Ngokugcina izixhobo zokulawula indawo elawulwa liqondo lobushushu kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo ezigcinwe zicocekile ngebrashi kunye nezinye izinto ezinokutsha, oomkhosi abanamarekhodi okhuseleko anganciphisi ukuba semngciphekweni kweedepho zabo ekuqiniseni ubushushu kunye nezinye izinto ezisingqongileyo, utshilo uWilkinson. Mna
Ndia wasifunda esi sifundo ngo-2000, xa ingca ende yatsha umlilo kubushushu kwaye yasasaza amadangatye kwindawo yeziqhushumbisi, yabulala abantu abahlanu. Eyona UEMS ibulalayo, kubandakanya enye ngo-2002 eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,000 XNUMX eNigeria, babekwiindawo ezisezidolophini-ke ngokwakha kwiindawo ezizimeleyo ezinabahlali abambalwa, imikhosi inokukunciphisa ukuwa ukuba eyona nto imbi iyenzeka.
Okubaluleke nangakumbi kukuba, amajoni kufuneka abambe bhetele kwii-inventri zawo, zitsho iingcali ezininzi kunye nokungenzi nzuzo IZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe laseGeneva lokuGxothwa kwabantu. Ukungaqiniseki ngento abanayo kwiimeko ezininzi, abalawuli bedepho abayazi imimandla eyahlukeneyo ekufuneka itshatyalalisiwe.
“Kufuneka ubenazo zonke iirekhodi kunye namaxwebhu anxulumene nokugcinwa, utshintsho lobushushu, ukufuma nokunye okuninzi. Kufuneka ibe yinkqubo enoxanduva olupheleleyo, utshilo uBlaz Mihelic, owayesakuba ngumhloli wezixhobo kunye nomphathi weprojekthi kwi-ITF Enhancing Human Security, iSlovenia engenzi nzuzo esebenza ngokuncitshiswa kweengalo.
Kodwa ukuze lonke olu phuculo lwenzeke, kuyakufuneka kubekho utshintsho elwandle kwizimo zengqondo, iingcali zeengalo zithi. Uninzi lwezomkhosi azenzi zigcinwa njengeyona nto iphambili, kwaye bona-kunye nabezemvelo-abonwabanga kwithemba lokufumana inkqubo ebizayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha engcolisayo yokutshabalalisa kunye nokuhlaziya ingqokelela yabo rhoqo.
URobin Mossinkoff, intloko yecandelo lenkxaso kwiForam yoKhuseleko lweNtsebenziswano kwi-intergovernmental Organisation for Security nentsebenziswano eYurophu. "Kodwa ukuba uyakwazi ukuchitha i-300 yezigidi zeedola kwizixhobo ezitsha, unganakho ukukwenza oku."
Ithunyelwe ngokungqinelana nesihloko se-17, Icandelo le-107, iKhowudi yase-US, ngeenjongo ezingezizo ezentengiso, ezemfundo
