Imfazwe kunye neentlobano zeemfazwe ziye zavutha kwaye zikhutshwe ngenxa yobandlululo, uxolo, inzondo yonqulo, kunye nezinye iintlobo zobuhlanga.
Umlando uKatheleen Belew uthi Kuye kubekho ulungelelaniso eUnited States phakathi kwemva yemfazwe kunye nokunyuka kobundlobongela bamhlophe.
"Ukuba ukhangeleka, ngokukodwa, kwiindawo ezisemgangathweni ekubambeni kwabakwaKu Klux Klan, zilungelelanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokubuya kwamaqhawe ekulwa kunye nemva yemfazwe kunokuba zenzelwe ukulwa nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe, i-populism, ubunzima bezoqoqosho, okanye nayiphi na ezinye izinto abachazi-mlando babesetyenziselwa ukuzichaza, "utsho.
Udokotela uMartin Luther King Jr. udumileyo ukuba kufuneka sijongane neengxaki ezintathu zokungena kunye: ubuhlanga, ubukhosi kunye nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo.
Nantsi ingqungquthela evela Imfazwe Lixoki nguDavid Swanson:
I-Bigoted Racist Jingoism Inceda I-Medicine Yehla
Yintoni eyenza amanga amaninzi kunye namagama angabhaliweyo angamkelekanga kunye nokubandlulula, ngokumelene nabanye kunye nokuthanda kwethu. Ngaphandle kobuhlanga bezenkolo, ubuhlanga kunye nokuthanda izwe, iimfazwe ziya kuba nzima ukuthengisa.
Inkolo sele isilungelelaniso seemfazwe, ezazilwelwa koothixo ngaphambi kokuba zilwe ngenxa yamaharahara, ookumkani, nabalawuli. Ukuba uBarbara Ehrenreich unelungelo lakhe kwincwadi yakhe ethi Blood Rites: Imvelaphi kunye neMbali ye-Passions of War, abaqala phambili beemfazwe beemfazwe bebhikisana neengonyama, iingwe kunye nezinye izidlo ezimbi zabantu.16 Enyanisweni, ezo zilo izinto ezisisiseko apho izithixo zakhiwe-kwaye zingabanjwanga iidrones ezibiziweyo (umzekelo, "iPredator"). "Isibingelelo sokugqibela" kwimfazwe sinokuxhamla ngokusondeleyo kunye nokuqhutywa kombingelelo wabantu njengoko kwakukho ngaphambi kweemfazwe, njengoko saziwayo, zaba. Iimvakalelo (kungekhona izikhokelo okanye izinto ezifezekileyo, kodwa ezinye iinkolelo) zonqulo kunye nemfazwe zinokuba zifana noko, ukuba azifani, ngenxa yokuba le miba mibili inembali efanayo kwaye ayizange ibe kude.
Iimfazwe kunye neemfazwe zenkoloni kunye nezinye iimfazwe ezininzi ziye zafumana izizathu zonqulo. AmaMelika alwa imfazwe yeenkcubeko zonqulo ngezizukulwana ezininzi ngaphambi kwemfazwe yokuzimela ngaphandle kweNgilandi. Umphathi uJohn Underhill e-1637 wachaza imfazwe yakhe yempi ngokumelene nePequot:
UCaptaine Mason engena kwiWigwam, wakhupha uphawu lophawu lomlilo, emva kokuba ebethe amanxeba amaninzi endlwini; emva koko hee wayitshisa iWestide… mna ngokwam ndibase umlilo emazantsi ngoqeqesho lwePowder, imililo yazo zombini iintlanganiso embindini weFort yatshisa kakhulu, yatshisa konke kwisithuba sehafu; abantu abaninzi abakhaliphileyo bebengazimiselanga kuphuma, kwaye balwa kakhulu… ngokokuze batshiswe batshiswe… kwaye babhubha kabukhali… Uninzi lwatshiswa eFort, kokubini amadoda, abasetyhini kunye nabantwana
Le Ngqungquthela ichaza njengemfazwe engcwele: "INkosi iyavuya ukubenzela abantu bayo ingxaki neengxaki, ukuze yena abonelele ngenceba, aze abonise ngokucacileyo ubumnandi bakhe bumnandi kwiimiphefumlo zabo." 18
Ngaphantsi kwetyala kuthetha umphefumlo wakhe, kwaye abantu bakaNdikhoyo bayabantu abamhlophe. Abemi baseMerika babeba neenkalipho kwaye banesibindi, kodwa babengabonakali njengabantu ngokubanzi ngokupheleleyo. Kwiminyaka emibini neyesigama emva koko, abaninzi baseMelika babevelise umbono ogqithiseleyo ngakumbi, kwaye abaninzi babengenalo. UMongameli uWilliam McKinley wayebheka amaPhilippines njengento efunekayo yokusebenza emkhosini ngenxa yabo.
Ngaloo nto, uMcKinley wase1899 uxelele iqoqo lamaMethodhe ayengayifuni iPhilippines, kwaye "xa beza kuthi, njengesipho esivela koothixo, andingazi ukuba benzani nabo." UMcKinley uthe wayethandaze kwaye wamkela ukukhanya okulandelayo. Kuya kuba "ukwesaba nohlazo" ukunika iiPhilippines eSpain, "ishishini elibi" ukuwanikela eJamani okanye kwiFransi, kwaye kwakuya kuthiwa yenze "uhlaselo kunye nokuziphatha kakubi" ukusuka ePhilippines ukuya ePhilippines. Ngoko, ngokukhokelwa nguThixo, uMcKinley wabona ukuba wayengenanto yokhetho: "Akukho nto esele isele ukuba siyenze kodwa ukuba sithathe bonke, kwaye sifundise abasePhilippines, size sithuthukise size sisebenzise." UMcKinley wayecebisa ukuba luhlanga oluneyunivesithi elidala kuneHarvard kunye nobuKristu bokwenzela abantu abahlala kwiCatholic Catholic.19
Ngokuqinisekileyo amaninzi amaninzi weendwendwe zamaMethodist abuza ubulumko bukaMcKinley. Njengoko uHarold Lasswell wathi kwi-1927, "Iicawa malunga nayo yonke inkcazo inokuthenjwa ukusikelela imfazwe ethandwayo, nokubona kuyo ithuba lokunqoba kwanoma yiyiphi na into endiyiyoyiyoyoyikhethayo." Yonke into eyadingekayo, uLasswell Wathi, kwakuza kuba "abafundisi abaqingqiweyo" ukuxhasa imfazwe, kwaye "izibane ezincinci ziza kuphazamisa." Iimpapasho zeeprogram eUnited States ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi ndabonisa ukuba uYesu wayenxibe i-khaki kwaye ebona umbhobho wesikhunta. ULasswell wayephila ngemfazwe eyayilwa namaJamani, abantu abayinkokheli enye njengamaMelika.20 Kulula kangakanani ukusebenzisa inkolo kwiimfazwe ezilwa namaSulumane kwi-21ste leminyaka. IKarim Karim, unjingalwazi onxulumene neCarling University of Journalism and Communication, uthi:
Umfanekiso ogqityiweyo ngokomlando we-'Silamsi embi 'iye yazinceda kakhulu oorhulumente baseNtshona baceba ukuhlasela amazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Ukuba uluvo lukawonkewonke emazweni abo lunokuqiniseka ukuba amaSulumane ayinobundlobongela kwaye anobundlobongela, ke ukuwabulala nokutshabalalisa impahla yabo ibonakala iyamkeleka.20
Enyanisweni, kunjalo, unqulo lwabakho alukhombisi ukulwa nabo, kwaye abaongameli base-US abasayi kubanga oko. Kodwa ukuguquka kwamaKristu kuqhelekileyo kwimikhosi yaseMerika, kwaye kunjalo inzondo yamaSulumane. Amajoni axelele kwi-Military Freedom Freedom Foundation ukuba xa befuna ukululekwa ngezempilo yengqondo, baye bathunyelwa kubafundi abaye bawacebisa ukuba bahlale "kwindawo yokulwa" ukuba "babulale amaSulumane kuKristu." 22
Inkolo isenokusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza inkolelo yokuba into oyenzayo yinto enhle nangona ingenangqiqo kuwe. Umntu ophakamileyo owuqondayo, nokuba awuyi. Inkolo inokunikela ubomi emva kokufa kunye nenkolelo yokuba uyabulala kwaye usengozini yokufa ngenxa yeso sizathu esona sikhulu. Kodwa inkolo ayikho yedwa umahluko weqela ongasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza iimfazwe. Naluphi na ulwahlulo lwenkcubeko okanye ulwimi oluya kuyenza, kwaye amandla okubandlulula ubuhlanga ukuziphatha ezimbi kakhulu zokuziphatha kwabantu ngokusemthethweni. I-Senator Albert J. Beveridge (i-R-IN) yenze iNational Senate isingqiqo yenkxaso ye-Philippines:
UThixo akayilungiseleli abantu abakhuluma isiNgesi kunye namaTetonic iminyaka engamawaka ngaphandle kwezinto ezingenanto kunye nokuzicamngca kunye nokuzibonga. Hayi! Usenzele abaququzeleli behlabathi behlabathi ukuseka inkqubo apho i-chaos ilawula khona.23
Iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi eYurophu, ngelixa zilwa phakathi kweentlanga ngoku ezicatshangelwa ngokuba "zimhlophe," zibandakanya ubandlululo kumacala onke. Iphephandaba laseFransi elithi La Croix ngoAgasti 15, 1914, lubhiyozela "i-ancient era ye-Gauls, amaRoma, kunye namaFrentshi ngaphakathi kwethu," kwaye yathi "amaJamani kufuneka acocwe kwi-bhanki yasekhohlo yaseRhin. Ezi zifo ezintle kufuneka zibuyiselwe kwimida yazo. Amagunya aseFransi kunye neBelgium kufuneka agxeke umtshabalali ngokubethelwa ngokukhawuleza, kanye kunye. Ukulwa kwemfazwe kubonakala. "24
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva kwaba yi-United States yokujika ingqondo yayo. NgoDisemba i-7, i-1917, i-Congressman Walter Chandler (D-TN) ibhengezwe kumgangatho weNdlu:
Kuye kwathiwa ukuba uza kuhlalutya igazi lomJuda phantsi kwemicroscope, uyakufumana iTalmud kunye neBhayibhile endala ijikeleza kwezinye iisuntswana. Ukuba uhlalutya igazi lommeli waseJamani okanye iTeuton uyakufumana oombayimbayi kunye namasuntswana amaqokobhe neebhombu ejikeleza egazini…. Yilwa nabo de ulitshabalalise lonke iqela. 25
Olu hlobo lokucinga aluncedisi kuphela ekunciphiseni iincwadi zokukhangela iimfazwe eziphuma kwiipokethi zamalungu eCongress, kodwa nokuvumela abantu abatsha abathumela kwimfazwe ukuba babulale. Njengoko siza kubona kwisahluko 5, ukubulawa akuveli lula. Mayelana neepesenti ze-98 zabantu bavame ukuchasana nokubulala abanye abantu. Ngoku kutshanje, isifo sengqondo senze indlela yokuvumela i-US Navy ukuba ilungiselele ukubulala ababulali. Iquka ubuchule, "ukufumana amadoda ukuba acinge ngeentshaba ezinokuthi ziya kufuneka zijamelane nazo njengeendlela ezingaphantsi kobomi [ngeefilimu] zithandekile ukubonakalisa intshaba engaphantsi komntu: ububudenge bezithethe zasekuhlaleni buhlekwa ngabantu, zenziwe njengabantu ababi. "26
Kulula kakhulu ukuba isosha lase-US libulale i-hadji ngaphezu komntu, njengokuba kwakulula ukuba amaNazi abulale abantu abangenabantu. UWilliam Halsey, owawisela i-United States imikhosi yamanxweme eMzantsi Pacific ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, wacinga ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "Ukubulala iJaps, ukubulala iJaps, ukubulala iJaps," waza wafunga ukuba xa imfazwe iphela, ulwimi lwaseJapan kuya kuthetha kuphela kwisihogo.27
Ukuba imfazwe yavela njengendlela abantu ababulala iilwanyana ezinkulu ukuba baxakeke ngokubulala abanye abantu njengoko ezo zilwanyana zafa, njengoko u-Ehrenreich ubonisa ukuba, ubuqabane bawo nobuhlanga kunye nazo zonke ezinye izinto ezahlukileyo phakathi kwamaqela abantu zide. Kodwa ubuzwe yiyona nto yakutshanje, inamandla, kwaye imfihlakeleyo yokuzinikela ngokuzimeleyo ehambelene nemfazwe, kwaye yona yodwa eyakhula ekwenzeni imfazwe. Ngelixa iinqwelo zamandulo ziza kufa ngenxa yobuqaqawuli babo, amadoda namabhinqa anamhlanje baya kufa ngenxa yengubo enemibala engabonakali nto. Ngomhla emva kokuba iUnited States imemezele imfazwe eSpeyin kwi-1898, ilizwe lokuqala (iNew York) ludlulisela umthetho ofuna ukuba abantwana besikolo babulise ifulegi yase-US. Abanye bayeza kulandela. Uhlanga lwalukholo olutsha.28
USamuel Johnson uxelele ukuba ukuthanda ubutyebi kukuphephela kokugqibela kwinqanaba, kanti abanye bacetyise ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo, ngowokuqala. Xa kuziwa ekukhuthazeni iimvakalelo ezinjengeemfazwe, ukuba ezinye iintlukwano ziyahluleka, zihlala zikhona: utshaba alukho kwelizwe lethu kwaye bulisa iflegi yethu. Xa iUnited States ixoke ngokugqithiseleyo kwiVietnam yaseVietnam, bonke kodwa abavoti ababili bavotela isigqibo seGulf of Tonkin. Omnye wabini, uWayne Morse (D-OR) watshela ezinye iisenethi ukuba wayexelelwe yiPentagon ukuba ukuhlaselwa okubanjwe yiNyakatho yeVietnam kwacaphukisa. Njengoko kuya kuxoxwa kwisahluko 2, ulwazi lukaMorse luchanekile. Nakuphi na ukuhlaselwa kwakuya kucatshiswa. Kodwa, njengoko siza kubona, ukuhlaselwa ngokwawo kwakuyiqhinga. Oogxa ba-Morse abazange bamchase ngenxa yokuba wayephosakele, nangona kunjalo. Esikhundleni salo, i-senator yamtshilo ukuthi, "Isihogo, uWayne, awukwazi ukulwa nomongameli xa zonke iifowuni zijonge kwaye siza kuya kwindibano yesizwe. Bonke [uMongameli] uLyndon [uJohsonson] ufuna isiqwenga samaphepha esixelela ukuba senze khona ngaphandle, kwaye simxhasa. "29
Njengoko imfazwe iphela iminyaka, ingabonakaliyo intshabalalisa izigidi zabantu, ii-senators kwiKomiti yoBudlelwane beZizwe zangaphandle zixubusha ngokufihlakeleyo inkxalabo yabo yokuba baxoxwe. Sekunjalo bakhetha ukuzola, kwaye iirekhodi zezinye iintlanganiso azizange zenziwe kuluntu kude kube yi-2010.30 Iiflegi zabonakala zixhomekeke kuwo wonke unyaka.
Imfazwe ilungele ukuthanda ubuzwe njengokuthanda izwe. Xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I iqalile, abaninzi abahlali beYurophu baxhamla kwiiflegi zabo zelizwe ezahlukeneyo baza balahla umzabalazo wabo wokusebenza ngamazwe ngamazwe.31 Namhlanje, akukho nto iqhuba ukuphikiswa kwamaMelika kwiinkalo zamazwe ngamazwe njengemfuno yase-US kwimfazwe nokugxininisa ukuba amasosha ase-US awazange kuncike kwigunya ngaphandle kweWashington, DC
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