Intetho Eyona Ntle Kakhulu Kunoma yimuphi Umongameli wase-US

Ekucwangciseni i nkomfa ezayo Injongo ekujongeni umngeni kwiziko lemfazwe, ukuba iqhutywe kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika ngoSeptemba 22-24, andinakukunceda kodwa nditsalwe kwintetho umongameli wase-United States enika kwiYunivesithi yaseMerika iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-50 kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Kuthe okanye awuvumelani nam ukuba le yintetho enhle kakhulu eyanikezwa ngumongameli wase-US, kufuneka kube nengxabano encinci yokuba yintetho ininzi kwiyinyathelo kunye nabani na ongayithetha kwiCapitol Hill okanye kwi-White House namhlanje. Nayi ividiyo yeyona nto inxalenye yentetho:

UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wayethetha ngexesha apho, njengamanje, iRashiya kunye neUnited States zanele izixhobo zenukliya ezilungele ukutshitshana ngomzuzwana kweso sithuba sokutshatyalaliswa komhlaba ngenxa yobomi bomntu kaninzi. Ngelo xesha, nangona kunjalo, kwi-1963, kwakukho iintlanga ezintathu kuphela, kungekhona ezikhoyo ezithoba, nezixhobo zenukliya, kunye nezona zimbalwa kunokuba zikhona ngamandla enyukliya. I-NATO isuswe kude kwimida yase-Russia. I-United States yayingazange iququzelele ukukhankanya e-Ukraine. I-United States yayingayilungelelanisi imikhosi yempi ePoland okanye ifake iinqhomfa ePoland naseRomania. Kwakungenakuvelisa ama-nukes amancinci awakuchazwa ngokuthi "angasetyenziselwa." Kwakungekho ebungozi ukuyisebenzisa kwiNorth Korea. Umsebenzi wokulawula izixhobo zenyukliya zase-US wabukeka uhloniphekile kwimikhosi yase-US, kungekhona ukulahlwa kwamadaka kunye nokungahambi kakuhle. Ukholo phakathi kweRashiya ne-United States lwaluphezulu kwi-1963, kodwa ingxaki yaziwa ngokubanzi kwi-United States, ngokungafani nokungazi ngoku. Amanye amazwi e-sanity and restraint avunyelwe kwimidiya yase-US kunye nakwiNdlu ye-White House. UKennedy wayesebenzisa umshushisi woxolo uNorman Cousins ​​njengomthunywa kuNikita Khrushchev, ongazange achaze, njengoko uHillary Clinton uye wachaza uVladimir Putin, ngokuthi "uHitler." Kwaye amaMelika kunye namaSoviet ayenxibelelana. Hayi kwakhona.

U-Kennedy waqulunqa intetho yakhe njengesiluleko sokungazi, ngokukodwa ukungazi ukuba imfazwe ayinakupheka. Oku kuchasene noko uMongameli uBarack Obama uthe eHiroshima ngonyaka odlulileyo nangaphambili ePrague nase-Oslo, kwaye yintoni na uLindsey Graham athi ngemfazwe yaseNyakatho Korea.

UKennedy wabiza uxolo "eyona nto ibalulekileyo emhlabeni." Walahla ingcamango yokuba "i-Pax Americana igxininiswe kwihlabathi ngezixhobo zemfazwe zaseMerika," ngokuchanekileyo yintoni na amaqela amakhulu ezopolitiko ngoku kwaye athetha kakhulu imfazwe ngabameli abaninzi baseMelika abadlulileyo ba ncedise. U-Kennedy waya kude ekuthiwa uyamkhathalela nge-100% kunokuba i-4% yobuntu:

"... kungekhona uxolo lwabantu baseMerika kodwa uxolo kubo bonke amadoda nabasetyhini-kungekhona nje ukuthula ngexesha lethu kodwa uxolo ngonaphakade."

UKennedy wachaza imfazwe kunye nempi kunye nokuphazamiseka njengento engabonakaliyo:

"Iyonke imfazwe ayinanga ingqondo ngexesha elide apho amagunya amakhulu angakwazi ukugcina imikhosi yamandla enyukliya kunye nokungafuni ukukhupha ngaphandle kokungena kwiindawo ezinjalo. Akunakucaluli ngexesha elide elinesixhobo senyukliya esinezihlandlo ezilishumi ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla anikezelwa yiyo yonke imikhosi yomoya ohlangeneyo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ayenzi nto ingqiqo kwixesha apho izibetho ezibulalayo eziveliswa yi-exchange exchange enyukliya ziza kuthwala umoya kunye namanzi nomhlaba kunye nembewu kwiindawo ezikude zehlabathi kunye nezizukulwana ezingakazalwa. "

UKennedy walandela imali. Ukusetyenziswa kwezempi ngoku kungaphezulu kwesigamu semali yokusetyenziswa kwemibutho yaseburhulumenteni, kwaye iTump ifuna ukuyiqhubela kwi-60%.

"Namhlanje," kusho uKennedy ku-1963,

"Inkcitho yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka kwizixhobo ezifunyenwe ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba asizange sizisebenzise kubalulekile ukugcina uxolo. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezinjalo ezingenasiphelo-ezinokutshabalalisa kwaye zingalokothi zidale-akuyena yedwa, ngaphantsi kweyona ndlela ihamba phambili, iindlela zokuqinisekisa uxolo. "

Ku-2017 nokuba ubuhle beendlovukazi ziye zatshintshela ekuvukeleni imfazwe kunokuba "uxolo lwehlabathi." Kodwa kwi1963 Kennedy uthetha uxolo njengorhwebo olunzulu likarhulumente:

"Ndiyathetha ngoxolo, ngoko ke, njengemfuneko yokuphela kwengqiqo yabantu. Ndiyaqonda ukuba ukuphishekela uxolo akuyona into ephawulekayo njengokufuna imfazwe-kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo amazwi alabo abaphishekelayo awela ezindlebeni ezingavumiyo. Kodwa asikho msebenzi ophuthumayo. Abanye bathi akunakuncedo ukuthetha uxolo lwehlabathi okanye umthetho wehlabathi okanye ukutshabalaliswa kwehlabathi-kwaye kuya kuba yinto engeluncedo de iinqununu zeSoviet Union zithathe isimo sengqondo. Ndiyathemba ukuba bayakwenza. Ndiyakholwa ukuba sinokubanceda benze. Kodwa ndikholelwa ukuba kufuneka sihlolisise isimo sethu sengqondo-njengabantu ngabanye kwaye njengeSizwe-ngenxa yesimo sethu sengqondo kubalulekile njengabo. Kwaye bonke abaphumelele kwesi sikolo, wonke ummi onengqiqo onokuphelelwa yimfazwe kwaye unqwenela ukuzisa uxolo, kufuneka aqalise ngokujonga ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngokujonga isimo sakhe sengqondo malunga neendlela zokuthula, kwi-Soviet Union, kwiinkqubo zobundlobongela kunye inkululeko nokuthula apha ekhaya. "

Ngaba unokucinga ukuba naliphi na isithethi esivunyiweyo kwiimveliso zenkampani okanye kwiCapitol Hill ebonisa ukuba kwiintsebenziswano zaseUnited States malunga neRashiya inxalenye enkulu yenkinga ingaba yimimoya yase-US?

Uxolo, uKennedy uchaze ngendlela engafumanekiyo namhlanje, inokwenzeka ngokufanelekileyo:

"Okokuqala: Makhe sihlolisise isimo sethu sengqondo ngoxolo. Uninzi lwethu sicinga ukuba akunakwenzeka. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba akunjalo. Kodwa leyo yingozi, inkolelo yokulwa. Ikhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba imfazwe ayinakukugwema-ukuba uluntu luya kutshabalaliswa-ukuba sineengxaki esizikwazi ukuzilawula. Akufuneki ukuba samkele loo mbono. Iingxaki zethu zenziwe ngabantu-ngoko, ziyakwazi ukusombulwa ngumntu. Kwaye umntu unokuba mkhulu njengoko ufuna. Akukho nkathazo yokuphela komntu ongaphezu kwabantu. Isizathu somntu kunye nomoya baye baxazulula ukubonakala okungekho nto-kwaye sikholelwa ukuba bayakwazi ukuyenza kwakhona. Andibhekiseli kumbono ongezantsi, ongapheliyo woxolo kunye nenjongo enhle apho ezinye iingcamango neengqungquthela ziphupha. Andiyikukhanyela ukubaluleka kweethemba namaphupha kodwa simane simemezele ukudimazeka kunye nokunyaniseka ngokwenza okokuphela kweenjongo zethu. Makhe sigxininise ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi, ekusetyenzisweni okuxhamla uxolo, kungekhona ekuguquleni ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yoluntu kodwa ngokuziphendulela kancane kancane kumaziko abantu-ngohlu lwezenzo eziphathekayo kunye nezivumelwano ezinempumelelo ezichaphazelekayo kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Akukho ncitshi enye elula kuloluxolo-akukho myalelo omkhulu okanye umlingo oza kwamkelwa ngumbuso omnye okanye amabini. Uxolo lokwenene kufuneka lube yimveliso yeentlanga ezininzi, isamba sezenzo ezininzi. Kumele ibe yinto enamandla, ingagxili, iguqule ukuhlangabezana nomngeni wesizukulwana ngasinye esitsha. Uxolo luyinkqubo-indlela yokusombulula iingxaki. "

U-Kennedy wabamba ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo zamadoda:

"Ngoxolo olunjalo, kuya kuba neengxabano kunye neminqweno ephikisanayo, njengoko kukho kwiintsapho kunye neentlanga. Uxolo lwehlabathi, njengoluxolo lwentlalo, alufunanga ukuba umntu ngamnye amthande ummelwane wakhe-kufuna kuphela ukuba bahlala kunye ngokunyamezela, ukuhambisa iingxabano zabo ekuhlaleni okulungileyo kunye nokuthula. Kwaye imbali isifundisa ukuba inzondo phakathi kweentlanga, phakathi kwabantu, ayihlali ngonaphakade. Nangona kunjalo ukulungelelanisa izinto esizithandayo nokungathandekiyo kunokubonakala ngathi, ukuhamba kwexesha kunye neziganeko kuza kubakho ukutshintsha utshintsho kwiintsebenziswano phakathi kweentlanga kunye nabamelwane. Ngoko makhe siqhubeke. Ukuthula akumele kube yinto engenakwenzeka, kwaye imfazwe ayifanelekanga. Ngokucacisa injongo yethu ngokucacileyo, ngokwenza kubonakale kulawulwa ngakumbi kwaye kuncinci, sinokukunceda bonke abantu ukuba bawubone, bakhuphe ithemba kuye, kwaye bahambe ngokungahambi kakuhle. "

U-Kennedy uvalela oko akujongayo, okanye ukucinga ukuba uyayicinga, ayengenanto ye-Soviet paranoia malunga ne-imperialism yase-US, ukugxeka kweSoviet akungafani nokugxeka kwakhe ngasese kwi-CIA. Kodwa u landela oku ngokuwujikeleza kwi-US:

"Kodwa kubuhlungu ukufunda ezi ngxelo zeSoviet-ukuqonda ubungakanani bendawo phakathi kwethu. Kodwa isilumkiso-isilumkiso kubantu baseMerika ukuba bangangeni esicaleni esifanayo njengamaSoviets, ukuba bangaboni kuphela umbono ophosakeleyo kunye nombono ongathandekiyo kolunye uhlangothi, ukuba bangaboni ukuxabana ngokungenakukhunjulwa, indawo yokulala engenakwenzeka, kwaye unxibelelwano olungenanto ngaphandle kokutshintshwa kwezinto ezisongelayo. Akukho rhu lumente okanye inkqubo yentlalo ibubi kangangokuthi abantu bayo kufuneka bathathwe njengabantu abangenalo. Njengabantu baseMerika, sifumana ubukhomanisi bucekise kakhulu njengento yokungabikho kwenkululeko kunye nesithunzi. Kodwa sinokubonga isiRashiya ngenxa yeempumelelo zabo ezininzi-kwisayensi kunye nendawo, ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho nakwizentengiselwano, kwiinkcubeko nakwizenzo zenkalipho. Phakathi kweziganeko ezininzi izizwana zamazwe ethu amabini ziyafana, akukho nomeleleyo kunokuba siphikisana ngokulwa kwemfazwe. Phantse iyingqayizivele phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu ehlabathi, asizange silwe. Kwaye akukho luhlanga kwiimbali zemfazwe eye yahlupheka ngaphezu kweSoviet Union ehluphekileyo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ubuncinane i-20 yezigidi zalahlekelwa ubomi bazo. Izigidi ezininzi zamakhaya kunye neefama zatshiswa okanye zatshitshiswa. Ingxenye yesithathu kwintsimi yesizwe, kubandakanya malunga neyesibini kwisithathu kwisiseko soshishino, yajika yaba yintlango-ilahleko elingana nokubhujiswa kweli lizwe empuma yeChicago. "

Khawucinge nje namhlanje uzama ukufumana abantu baseMerika ukuba babone umbono wetshaba otyunjweyo kwaye bebamenywa kwakhona kwi-CNN okanye i-MSNBC kamva. Khawufane ucinge ukuba ngubani owenza ininzi enkulu yokuphumelela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II okanye isizathu sokuba iRashiya ibe nesizathu esihle sokwesaba intshutshiso ukusuka entshona!

UKennedy wabuyela kwimvelo engabonakaliyo yemfazwe ebandayo, kwaye ngoku:

"Namhlanje, kufuneka imfazwe yonke imfazwe kwakhona-kungakhathaliseki ukuba njani-amazwe ethu amabini aya kuba yimpembelelo ephambili. Kuyinto engaqondakaliyo kodwa echanileyo yokuba amagunya amabini anamandla kunamabini kwingozi enkulu yokubhujiswa. Konke esiyakhele, konke esikusebenzele, kuya kutshatyalaliswa kwiiyure zokuqala ze-24. Kwaye kwimfazwe ebandayo, ezisa imithwalo nemingcipheko kwiintlanga ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukusebenzisana kwesizwe esiseduze kakhulu-amazwe ethu amabini athatha imithwalo eyona mthwalo. Kuba sonke sibinikela imali eninzi kwiimpahla ezinokuzithengisa kangcono ukulwa nokungazi, ubuhlwempu kunye nezifo. Bobabili sibanjwe kumjikelezo onobungozi kwaye onobungozi apho ukusola ngakwesinye icala kuvelisa ukusola kwenye, kwaye izixhobo ezintsha zizala izixhobo ze-counterweapons. Ngamafutshane, zombini iUnited States kunye namaqabane ayo, kunye neSoviet Union kunye nabadibaniselwano bayo, banomdla omkhulu ngokwenene uxolo oluchanekileyo nolunyanisekileyo kunye nokumisa intambo yeengalo. Izivumelwano ezikugqityiweyo zikunxulumene ne-Soviet Union kunye neyethu-kwaye kunye neentlanga ezinokuthi zinokuthenjwa ukuba zamkele kwaye zigcine ezo mvumelwano, kunye nezibophelelo zentetho. "

U-Kennedy unxusa, ngokukrakra ngemigangatho yabanye, ukuba iUnited States ibekezelela ezinye iintlanga zilandela imibono yazo:

"Ngoko, masingaboni izinto ezichasene nazo-kodwa makhe sikhombise ingqalelo kwiminqweno yethu efanayo kunye neendlela apho ezo ngqubana zingasombulula. Kwaye ukuba asikwazi ukuphelisa ngoku ukungafani kwethu, ubuncinci sinokukunceda ukwenza ihlabathi likhuseleke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kuba, ekuhlalutweni kokugqibela, isiqhelo sethu esisisiseko esisisiseko kukuba sonke sihlala kule planethi encinane. Sonke siphefumula umoya ofanayo. Sonke siyabaxabisa ikamva lethu labantwana. Kwaye sonke siyafa. "

U-Kennedy uhlaziya imfazwe ebandayo, kunokuba amaRashiya, njengotshaba:

"Masiphinde sihlolisise indlela esibhekise ngayo kwimfazwe ebandayo, sikhumbule ukuba asiyiyo inxaxheba kwimpikiswano, sifuna ukuqokelela iingongoma. Asikho apha ukusasaza isityholo okanye ukukhomba umnwe wecala. Simele sibhekane nehlabathi njengoko kunjalo, kwaye kungekhona njengoko kwakunokwenzeka ukuba imbali yonyaka wokugqibela we-18 ihlukile. Ngoko ke, simele sinyamezele ekufuneni uxolo ngethemba lokuba iinguqu ezakhayo ngaphakathi kwinqanaba likaKhomanisi liza kufikelela kwisisombululo esabonakala singaphaya kwethu. Simele senze imicimbi yethu ngendlela yokuba ibe ngumdla wamaKomanisi ukuvumelanisa ngoxolo lokwenene. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngelixa sikhusela iimfuno zethu ezibalulekileyo, amandla enyukliya kufuneka aphendule ezo mbambano ezenza umchasi ukuba akhethe ukuhlambalaza okuhlazo okanye imfazwe yenyukliya. Ukwamkela olo hlobo lwenkqubela kwixesha le nyukliya bekuya kubakho ubungqina bendlela yokutshatyalaliswa komgaqo-nkqubo-okanye wokufa-kunye nomnqweno wokufa kwehlabathi. "

Ngenkcazo kaKennedy, urhulumente wase-US ulandela isifiso sokufa ngenxa yehlabathi, njengokuba kuchazwe nguMartin Luther King iminyaka emine kamva, urhulumente wase-US "sele efile ngokomoya." Okuthi akuthi akukho nto ivela kwingxoxo kaKennedy kwaye umsebenzi owalandela emva kweenyanga ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuba abulawe ngabasemagunyeni base-US. UKennedy ucetywayo kwintetho ekudalweni komnxeba phakathi koorhulumente babini, owadalwa. Ucebise ukuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kweempahla zenyukliya kwaye wachaza ukuphela kwe-United States yokupheliswa kovavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni. Oku kukhokelela kumnqophiso wokuvavanya ukuvavanywa kweekryukliya ngaphandle komhlaba. Kwaye kwakhokelela, njengoko uKennedy enenjongo, ukusebenzisana okukhulu kunye neentengo ezinkulu zokungabikho kwemida.

Le ntetho ikhokelwa ngamagosa kunzima ukulinganisa nokumelana nokukhulula kwe-US ukuqaliswa kweemfazwe ezintsha. Kwangathi ingaba nokukhuthaza intshukumo ukuzisa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kwinyani.

Abathethi kuleveki ezayo kwiYunivesithi yaseMerika Ziya kubandakanya: Medea uBenjamin, UNadine Bloch, uMax Blumenthal, uNatalie Cardona, uTerry Crawford-Browne, u-Alice Day, uSuku lweLincoln, Tim DeChristopher, UDale Dewar, uTomas Drake, uPat Elder, uDan Ellsberg, uBruce Gagnon, Kathy Gannett, Ngaba uGriffin, uSeymour Hersh, UTony Jenkins, uLarry Johnson, Kathy Kelly, UJonathan King, Lindsay Koshgarian, UJames Marc Leas, uAnnie Machon, URay McGovern, uRev Lukata Mjumbe, uBill Moyer, U-Elizabeth Murray, uEmanuel Pastreich, U-Anthony Rogers-Wright, Alice Slater, UGar Smith, u-Edward Snowden (ngevidiyo), Susi Snyder, UMike Stagg, uJill Stein, uDavid Swanson, uRobin Taubenfeld, uBrian Terrell, uBrian Trautman, uRichard Tucker, UDonnal Walter, uLarry Wilkerson, UAnn Wright, uEmily Wurth, Kevin Zeese. Funda i-bios yezivakalisi.