NguDavid Swanson
Ekucwangciseni i inkomfa ezayo kunye nesenzo esingenziyo ejolise ekuceliseni umngeni kwiziko lemfazwe, ngenkomfa eza kubanjelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, andinakukunceda kodwa nditsaleleke kwintetho eyanikwa ngumongameli wase-US kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo. Nokuba uyavuma okanye awuvumelani nam ukuba le yeyona ntetho ibalaseleyo eyakha yanikwa ngumongameli wase-US, akufuneki kubekho impikiswano encinci yokuba le yintetho engaphaya kwento umntu anokuyithetha kwiNdibano yeRiphabhlikhi okanye yeDemokhrasi kulo nyaka . Nantsi ividiyo elona candelo lilungileyo lentetho:
UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wayethetha ngexesha apho, njengangoku, iRussia ne-United States babenezixhobo zenyukliya ezaneleyo ezilungele ukudubula omnye komnye ngesaziso somzuzwana sokutshabalalisa umhlaba ngobomi babantu amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezulu. Ngelo xesha, nangona kunjalo, ngo-1963, zazintathu kuphela izizwe, ingezizo ezisithoba zangoku, ezinezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye zininzi ezimbalwa kunangoku ngamandla enyukliya. I-NATO yayisuswe kude kwimida yeRussia. I-United States ayikhange iququzelele nje uqhushululu e-Ukraine. I-United States ibingaququzeleli imithambo yomkhosi ePoland okanye ibeka imijukujelwa ePoland naseRomania. Kwaye yayingeyonto yokwenza i-nukes ezincinci ezazichaza njengezisebenzisekayo. Umsebenzi wokulawula izixhobo zenyukliya zase-US emva koko wabonwa njengodumo emkhosini wase-US, hayi indawo yokulahla amanxila kunye nokungalunganga okukhoyo ngoku. Ubutshaba phakathi kweRussia ne-United States babuphezulu ngo-1963, kodwa ingxaki yayisaziwa malunga ne-United States, ngokuchaseneyo nokungazi okukhoyo ngoku. Amanye amazwi ococeko kunye nokuthintela avumelekile kwimithombo yeendaba zase-US nakwiNdlu ye-White House. UKennedy wayesebenzisa umlweli woxolo uNorman Cousins njengomthunywa kuNikita Khrushchev, angazange amchaze, njengoko uHillary Clinton emchaze uVladimir Putin, njengo “Hitler.”
UKennedy wayila intetho yakhe njengesixhobo sokungazi, ngakumbi umbono wokungazi ukuba imfazwe ayinakuphepheka. Oku kuchasene noko kwathethwa nguMongameli uBarack Obama kutshanje e-Hiroshima nasekuqaleni ePrague nase-Oslo. UKennedy ubize uxolo ngokuba "sesona sihloko sibalulekileyo emhlabeni." Sisisihloko esingachukunyiswanga kwiphulo lika-2016 lase-US. Ndilindele ngokupheleleyo ukuba indibano kazwelonke yeRiphabhlikhi ibhiyozele ukungazi.
UKennedy wayilahla imbono ye "Pax Americana enyanzeliswa kwihlabathi zizixhobo zemfazwe zaseMelika," kanye le mibutho mikhulu yezopolitiko ngoku kunye neentetho ezininzi ngemfazwe ngoomongameli abaninzi baseMelika abakhe bakhona. UKennedy waya kuthi ga ngoku ukuba ukhathalele malunga ne-100% kunokuba i-4% yoluntu:
"... kungekhona uxolo lwabantu baseMerika kodwa uxolo kubo bonke amadoda nabasetyhini-kungekhona nje ukuthula ngexesha lethu kodwa uxolo ngonaphakade."
UKennedy wachaza imfazwe kunye nempi kunye nokuphazamiseka njengento engabonakaliyo:
"Iyonke imfazwe ayinanga ingqondo ngexesha elide apho amagunya amakhulu angakwazi ukugcina imikhosi yamandla enyukliya kunye nokungafuni ukukhupha ngaphandle kokungena kwiindawo ezinjalo. Akunakucaluli ngexesha elide elinesixhobo senyukliya esinezihlandlo ezilishumi ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla anikezelwa yiyo yonke imikhosi yomoya ohlangeneyo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ayenzi nto ingqiqo kwixesha apho izibetho ezibulalayo eziveliswa yi-exchange exchange enyukliya ziza kuthwala umoya kunye namanzi nomhlaba kunye nembewu kwiindawo ezikude zehlabathi kunye nezizukulwana ezingakazalwa. "
UKennedy wayilandela imali. Inkcitho yezomkhosi ngoku ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkcitho yezomdibaniso, kodwa okwangoku uDonald Trump noHillary Clinton abatshongo okanye baceliwe ngendlela engacacanga into abangathanda ukuyibona ichithwa kwimpi. "Namhlanje," utshilo uKennedy ngo-1963,
"Inkcitho yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka kwizixhobo ezifunyenwe ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba asizange sizisebenzise kubalulekile ukugcina uxolo. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezinjalo ezingenasiphelo-ezinokutshabalalisa kwaye zingalokothi zidale-akuyena yedwa, ngaphantsi kweyona ndlela ihamba phambili, iindlela zokuqinisekisa uxolo. "
Ku-2016 nokuba ubuhle beendlovukazi ziye zatshintshela ekuvukeleni imfazwe kunokuba "uxolo lwehlabathi." Kodwa kwi1963 Kennedy uthetha uxolo njengorhwebo olunzulu likarhulumente:
"Ndiyathetha ngoxolo, ngoko ke, njengemfuneko yokuphela kwengqiqo yabantu. Ndiyaqonda ukuba ukuphishekela uxolo akuyona into ephawulekayo njengokufuna imfazwe-kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo amazwi alabo abaphishekelayo awela ezindlebeni ezingavumiyo. Kodwa asikho msebenzi ophuthumayo. Abanye bathi akunakuncedo ukuthetha uxolo lwehlabathi okanye umthetho wehlabathi okanye ukutshabalaliswa kwehlabathi-kwaye kuya kuba yinto engeluncedo de iinqununu zeSoviet Union zithathe isimo sengqondo. Ndiyathemba ukuba bayakwenza. Ndiyakholwa ukuba sinokubanceda benze. Kodwa ndikholelwa ukuba kufuneka sihlolisise isimo sethu sengqondo-njengabantu ngabanye kwaye njengeSizwe-ngenxa yesimo sethu sengqondo kubalulekile njengabo. Kwaye bonke abaphumelele kwesi sikolo, wonke ummi onengqiqo onokuphelelwa yimfazwe kwaye unqwenela ukuzisa uxolo, kufuneka aqalise ngokujonga ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngokujonga isimo sakhe sengqondo malunga neendlela zokuthula, kwi-Soviet Union, kwiinkqubo zobundlobongela kunye inkululeko nokuthula apha ekhaya. "
Ngaba unokucinga ukuba kukho isithethi esivunyiweyo kulo nyaka we-RNC okanye i-DNC ucebisa ukuba kubudlelwane base-US ngokubhekisele eRussia indawo enkulu yengxaki inokuba zizimo zengqondo zase-US? Ngaba uya kukulungela ukubheja umnikelo wakho olandelayo kwelinye lala maqela? Ndingavuya ukuyamkela.
Uxolo, uKennedy uchaze ngendlela engafumanekiyo namhlanje, inokwenzeka ngokufanelekileyo:
"Okokuqala: Makhe sihlolisise isimo sethu sengqondo ngoxolo. Uninzi lwethu sicinga ukuba akunakwenzeka. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba akunjalo. Kodwa leyo yingozi, inkolelo yokulwa. Ikhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba imfazwe ayinakukugwema-ukuba uluntu luya kutshabalaliswa-ukuba sineengxaki esizikwazi ukuzilawula. Akufuneki ukuba samkele loo mbono. Iingxaki zethu zenziwe ngabantu-ngoko, ziyakwazi ukusombulwa ngumntu. Kwaye umntu unokuba mkhulu njengoko ufuna. Akukho nkathazo yokuphela komntu ongaphezu kwabantu. Isizathu somntu kunye nomoya baye baxazulula ukubonakala okungekho nto-kwaye sikholelwa ukuba bayakwazi ukuyenza kwakhona. Andibhekiseli kumbono ongezantsi, ongapheliyo woxolo kunye nenjongo enhle apho ezinye iingcamango neengqungquthela ziphupha. Andiyikukhanyela ukubaluleka kweethemba namaphupha kodwa simane simemezele ukudimazeka kunye nokunyaniseka ngokwenza okokuphela kweenjongo zethu. Makhe sigxininise ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi, ekusetyenzisweni okuxhamla uxolo, kungekhona ekuguquleni ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yoluntu kodwa ngokuziphendulela kancane kancane kumaziko abantu-ngohlu lwezenzo eziphathekayo kunye nezivumelwano ezinempumelelo ezichaphazelekayo kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Akukho ncitshi enye elula kuloluxolo-akukho myalelo omkhulu okanye umlingo oza kwamkelwa ngumbuso omnye okanye amabini. Uxolo lokwenene kufuneka lube yimveliso yeentlanga ezininzi, isamba sezenzo ezininzi. Kumele ibe yinto enamandla, ingagxili, iguqule ukuhlangabezana nomngeni wesizukulwana ngasinye esitsha. Uxolo luyinkqubo-indlela yokusombulula iingxaki. "
U-Kennedy wabamba ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo zamadoda:
"Ngoxolo olunjalo, kuya kuba neengxabano kunye neminqweno ephikisanayo, njengoko kukho kwiintsapho kunye neentlanga. Uxolo lwehlabathi, njengoluxolo lwentlalo, alufunanga ukuba umntu ngamnye amthande ummelwane wakhe-kufuna kuphela ukuba bahlala kunye ngokunyamezela, ukuhambisa iingxabano zabo ekuhlaleni okulungileyo kunye nokuthula. Kwaye imbali isifundisa ukuba inzondo phakathi kweentlanga, phakathi kwabantu, ayihlali ngonaphakade. Nangona kunjalo ukulungelelanisa izinto esizithandayo nokungathandekiyo kunokubonakala ngathi, ukuhamba kwexesha kunye neziganeko kuza kubakho ukutshintsha utshintsho kwiintsebenziswano phakathi kweentlanga kunye nabamelwane. Ngoko makhe siqhubeke. Ukuthula akumele kube yinto engenakwenzeka, kwaye imfazwe ayifanelekanga. Ngokucacisa injongo yethu ngokucacileyo, ngokwenza kubonakale kulawulwa ngakumbi kwaye kuncinci, sinokukunceda bonke abantu ukuba bawubone, bakhuphe ithemba kuye, kwaye bahambe ngokungahambi kakuhle. "
U-Kennedy uvalela oko akujongayo, okanye ukucinga ukuba uyayicinga, ayengenanto ye-Soviet paranoia malunga ne-imperialism yase-US, ukugxeka kweSoviet akungafani nokugxeka kwakhe ngasese kwi-CIA. Kodwa u landela oku ngokuwujikeleza kwi-US:
"Kodwa kubuhlungu ukufunda ezi ngxelo zeSoviet-ukuqonda ubungakanani bendawo phakathi kwethu. Kodwa isilumkiso-isilumkiso kubantu baseMerika ukuba bangangeni esicaleni esifanayo njengamaSoviets, ukuba bangaboni kuphela umbono ophosakeleyo kunye nombono ongathandekiyo kolunye uhlangothi, ukuba bangaboni ukuxabana ngokungenakukhunjulwa, indawo yokulala engenakwenzeka, kwaye unxibelelwano olungenanto ngaphandle kokutshintshwa kwezinto ezisongelayo. Akukho rhu lumente okanye inkqubo yentlalo ibubi kangangokuthi abantu bayo kufuneka bathathwe njengabantu abangenalo. Njengabantu baseMerika, sifumana ubukhomanisi bucekise kakhulu njengento yokungabikho kwenkululeko kunye nesithunzi. Kodwa sinokubonga isiRashiya ngenxa yeempumelelo zabo ezininzi-kwisayensi kunye nendawo, ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho nakwizentengiselwano, kwiinkcubeko nakwizenzo zenkalipho. Phakathi kweziganeko ezininzi izizwana zamazwe ethu amabini ziyafana, akukho nomeleleyo kunokuba siphikisana ngokulwa kwemfazwe. Phantse iyingqayizivele phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu ehlabathi, asizange silwe. Kwaye akukho luhlanga kwiimbali zemfazwe eye yahlupheka ngaphezu kweSoviet Union ehluphekileyo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ubuncinane i-20 yezigidi zalahlekelwa ubomi bazo. Izigidi ezininzi zamakhaya kunye neefama zatshiswa okanye zatshitshiswa. Ingxenye yesithathu kwintsimi yesizwe, kubandakanya malunga neyesibini kwisithathu kwisiseko soshishino, yajika yaba yintlango-ilahleko elingana nokubhujiswa kweli lizwe empuma yeChicago. "
Khawucinge nje namhlanje uzama ukufumana abantu baseMerika ukuba babone umbono wetshaba otyunjweyo kwaye bebamenywa kwakhona kwi-CNN okanye i-MSNBC kamva. Khawufane ucinge ukuba ngubani owenza ininzi enkulu yokuphumelela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II okanye isizathu sokuba iRashiya ibe nesizathu esihle sokwesaba intshutshiso ukusuka entshona!
UKennedy wabuyela kwimvelo engabonakaliyo yemfazwe ebandayo, kwaye ngoku:
"Namhlanje, kufuneka imfazwe yonke imfazwe kwakhona-kungakhathaliseki ukuba njani-amazwe ethu amabini aya kuba yimpembelelo ephambili. Kuyinto engaqondakaliyo kodwa echanileyo yokuba amagunya amabini anamandla kunamabini kwingozi enkulu yokubhujiswa. Konke esiyakhele, konke esikusebenzele, kuya kutshatyalaliswa kwiiyure zokuqala ze-24. Kwaye kwimfazwe ebandayo, ezisa imithwalo nemingcipheko kwiintlanga ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukusebenzisana kwesizwe esiseduze kakhulu-amazwe ethu amabini athatha imithwalo eyona mthwalo. Kuba sonke sibinikela imali eninzi kwiimpahla ezinokuzithengisa kangcono ukulwa nokungazi, ubuhlwempu kunye nezifo. Bobabili sibanjwe kumjikelezo onobungozi kwaye onobungozi apho ukusola ngakwesinye icala kuvelisa ukusola kwenye, kwaye izixhobo ezintsha zizala izixhobo ze-counterweapons. Ngamafutshane, zombini iUnited States kunye namaqabane ayo, kunye neSoviet Union kunye nabadibaniselwano bayo, banomdla omkhulu ngokwenene uxolo oluchanekileyo nolunyanisekileyo kunye nokumisa intambo yeengalo. Izivumelwano ezikugqityiweyo zikunxulumene ne-Soviet Union kunye neyethu-kwaye kunye neentlanga ezinokuthi zinokuthenjwa ukuba zamkele kwaye zigcine ezo mvumelwano, kunye nezibophelelo zentetho. "
U-Kennedy unxusa, ngokukrakra ngemigangatho yabanye, ukuba iUnited States ibekezelela ezinye iintlanga zilandela imibono yazo:
"Ngoko, masingaboni izinto ezichasene nazo-kodwa makhe sikhombise ingqalelo kwiminqweno yethu efanayo kunye neendlela apho ezo ngqubana zingasombulula. Kwaye ukuba asikwazi ukuphelisa ngoku ukungafani kwethu, ubuncinci sinokukunceda ukwenza ihlabathi likhuseleke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kuba, ekuhlalutweni kokugqibela, isiqhelo sethu esisisiseko esisisiseko kukuba sonke sihlala kule planethi encinane. Sonke siphefumula umoya ofanayo. Sonke siyabaxabisa ikamva lethu labantwana. Kwaye sonke siyafa. "
U-Kennedy uhlaziya imfazwe ebandayo, kunokuba amaRashiya, njengotshaba:
"Masiphinde sihlolisise indlela esibhekise ngayo kwimfazwe ebandayo, sikhumbule ukuba asiyiyo inxaxheba kwimpikiswano, sifuna ukuqokelela iingongoma. Asikho apha ukusasaza isityholo okanye ukukhomba umnwe wecala. Simele sibhekane nehlabathi njengoko kunjalo, kwaye kungekhona njengoko kwakunokwenzeka ukuba imbali yonyaka wokugqibela we-18 ihlukile. Ngoko ke, simele sinyamezele ekufuneni uxolo ngethemba lokuba iinguqu ezakhayo ngaphakathi kwinqanaba likaKhomanisi liza kufikelela kwisisombululo esabonakala singaphaya kwethu. Simele senze imicimbi yethu ngendlela yokuba ibe ngumdla wamaKomanisi ukuvumelanisa ngoxolo lokwenene. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngelixa sikhusela iimfuno zethu ezibalulekileyo, amandla enyukliya kufuneka aphendule ezo mbambano ezenza umchasi ukuba akhethe ukuhlambalaza okuhlazo okanye imfazwe yenyukliya. Ukwamkela olo hlobo lwenkqubela kwixesha le nyukliya bekuya kubakho ubungqina bendlela yokutshatyalaliswa komgaqo-nkqubo-okanye wokufa-kunye nomnqweno wokufa kwehlabathi. "
Ngenkcazo kaKennedy, urhulumente wase-US ulandela isifiso sokufa ngenxa yehlabathi, njengokuba kuchazwe nguMartin Luther King iminyaka emine kamva, urhulumente wase-US "sele efile ngokomoya." Okuthi akuthi akukho nto ivela kwingxoxo kaKennedy kwaye umsebenzi owalandela emva kweenyanga ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuba abulawe ngabasemagunyeni base-US. UKennedy ucetywayo kwintetho ekudalweni komnxeba phakathi koorhulumente babini, owadalwa. Ucebise ukuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kweempahla zenyukliya kwaye wachaza ukuphela kwe-United States yokupheliswa kovavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni. Oku kukhokelela kumnqophiso wokuvavanya ukuvavanywa kweekryukliya ngaphandle komhlaba. Kwaye kwakhokelela, njengoko uKennedy enenjongo, ukusebenzisana okukhulu kunye neentengo ezinkulu zokungabikho kwemida.
Le ntetho ikhokelwa ngamagosa kunzima ukulinganisa nokumelana nokukhulula kwe-US ukuqaliswa kweemfazwe ezintsha. Kwangathi ingaba nokukhuthaza intshukumo ukuzisa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kwinyani.
Izimpendulo ze-30
Ndiyabonga ngokuthumela oku kunye neenkcazo zakho ezichanekileyo. Ndingumlawuli wecandelo loKhuseleko LweziXhobo Zethu 2016 .uPhilly.
Umxholo kunye nembono yoxolo ayidluli…. Kufuneka siyithethe kwaye samkele inyani yoXolo. Asisodwa kwezi ngcinga. Kufuneka sihlanganisane sithethe ngayo… sihlanganisane ngokwamaqela amancinci namaqela amakhulu… ngoxolo ngoxolo loxolo.
enkosi
j. UPatrick Doyle
Inkulumo entle, kulungile. U-Kennedy wayehlala ekhohlakeleyo olwaKomanisi. Kwaye kwakunjalo xa wayeba nguMongameli kuqala. Ingaba oko kwakunjalo kwi-1963 yimiba yengxoxo. Mhlawumbi wayenayo i-epiphany. Ukuba wayengayena-antiline-anti-Communist kwi-1963, ukuba ngaba ngokwenene waba ngumntu onokwenene ngemfazwe, nenyukliya nakwezinye izinto, nokuba yintoni isizathu sokuba abulawe. Asisoze sazi ukuba ngaba kunjalo okanye akunjalo.
U-Kennedy wayelungile malunga nesifiso sokufa sobonke, apho abantu baseMerika namhlanje kubonakala benesifo esingapheliyo.
Ndiyavuma uLucymarie Ruth, intetho entle ngokwenyani kaMongameli uKennedy yokulwa ukungazi. Enkosi worldbeyondwar.org ngokuzisa umbono woxolo kuNyulo luka-2016. Ndijonge ukuya kwinkomfa yenu ngoSeptemba, kwaye ndiza kuyithumela kuFacebook nakuTwitter… Hlalani niKhosi!
UBobby Kennedy, kudliwanondlebe ngelixa wayesebenzela uMongameli emva kokubulawa komntakwabo, wagxininisa ukuba uJFK akaze avumele amaVietnam ukuba akhuphe amagunya amakoloniyali emhlabeni wabo. UBobby ucaphule ithiyori yedomino kwisizathu. Ke amagama kaJFK avakala kamnandi kakhulu, kodwa isenzo sakhe, njengoko besitsho, besithetha kakhulu kunamazwi akhe.
Ewe sinolwazi ngakumbi ngoku kunangexesha lokuthetha kwakhe. Ukufumana umbono opheleleyo malunga nesizathu sokubulawa kwakhe, nceda ufunde incwadi ebhalwe ngokumangalisayo nguJames Douglass, "JFK kunye noNgathethekiyo."
ULucymarie Ruth,
Makhe ndikubuze oku okulandelayo: ngaba umlawuli woluhlu olunzima luya kwenza oku okulandelayo:
1. Bhala uNobhala kaRhulumente uJohn Foster Dulles incwadi eneemfuno ezingamashumi amane nesikhombisa malunga ne-US ekujoliswe kuyo eVietnam beyibuza ukuba isisombululo sempi (kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-athomu) ngokwenene sinokufezekiswa (njengeSenethi, kwi-1953)?
2. Khusela inkululeko yase-Algeria kumgangatho weSenate (1957), ngokuchasene neninzi yezimvo zopolitiko zase-US kunye nokungavumi kwa-Adlai Stevenson owaziwayo "oqhubela phambili"?
3. Ukulwela uPatrice Lumumba kunye nokuzimela kweCongan malunga neentshona (aseYurophu kunye neMelika) abafuna ukupenda yonke into enjengokunyanzelwa kobukhomanisi?
4. Inkxaso uSukarno e-Indonesia, enye inkokheli yelizwe engahambelananga neyobukhombisi, kwaye isebenze noDag Hammarskjold kungekhona kuphela eCongo, kodwa nakwiimeko zase-Indonesian?
5. Yenza umyalelo wokuthi akukho mabutho aseMelika abandakanyekayo kwinto awayekholelwa ukuba yayiyinqanaba laseCuban lokubuyisela isiqithi (i-Bay of Pigs), kwaye ubambelele ngokuqinisekileyo okokuba ukuhlasela kwabonakala kukuyintlekele?
6. Ukungafuni ukulungelelanisa ukungquzulwano kweLaos kwaye ugxininise ekuhlaleni kwe-neutralist?
7. Ukunciphisa, ubuncinane amaxesha e-9 kwi-1961 yedwa, ukufaka amabutho angama-e-Vietnam, kwaye, phantse yedwa, ugxininise kuloo ndawo kwiingxoxo ezimbini zeveki kunye nabacebisi ngoNovemba ka-1961?
8. Landela oku kunye nesicwangciso esaqala kwi-1962 kwaye safakwa ephepheni (ngo-Meyi we-1963) ukurhoxisa ngisho nabacebisi abathumele kuyo?
9. Umyalelo Jikelele uLucius Clay ukuhambisa amathangi akhe ukusuka emngceleni waseBerlin ngethuba leBerlin?
10. Sebenzisa umzila wesibini kunye neKrushchev ukuze ujikeleze umkhosi, i-CIA kunye nabacebisi bakhe ngexesha kunye nangemva kweCrisis Missile, kwakhona kwakhona ngumntu kuphela wecandelo (njengoko kuboniswe kwiiseshoni ezifakwe kwi-sessions) ukuqhunyiswa kwebhomu kunye nokuhlasela kwesi siqithi?
11. Sebenzisa umzila ongasemva wokuzama ukunciphisa uxhaso kwaye uvule ubudlelwane bezobudlelwane kunye neCastro kwi-1963?
Emva koko uzibuze lo mbuzo: Ngaba umntu onjengaRichard Nixon, umfana owenza umsebenzi we-Red-hoiting, umfana owakhiwe ngo-Alger Hiss, umfana ophantsi kwe-Eisenhower wayengomnye wabakhi beCIA oceba ukuhlasela iCuba, benze kunjalo?
Ngoku, ewe, umntu unokukhomba kwezinye ze-JFK's-saber-rattling, "thwala nawuphi na umthwalo" iintetho. Kodwa kutheni ungathethi malunga neJFK eyenze ezi ngxelo:
“Inguqulelo yeAfro-Asia yobuzwe, ukuvukela kubukoloniyali, ukuzimisela kwabantu ukulawula ikamva labo ... ngokoluvo lwam ukusilela okumanyumnyezi kolawulo lwamaRiphabliki nolweDemokhrasi ukusukela ngeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ukuqonda imeko yolu hlaziyo, kunye ubuchule bokulungileyo nokubi, kuvune isivuno esikrakra namhlanje-kwaye kungamalungelo kwaye yimfuneko enkulu yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle ongahambelani nobundlobongela. ” - kwintetho enikwe ngexesha lomkhankaso kaStevenson, ngo-1956)
"Kufuneka sijongane nenyani yokuba i-United States ayinamandla onke kwaye ayazi yonke into, ukuba singama-6% kuphela kubemi behlabathi, ukuba asinakunyanzelisa ukuthanda kwethu kwabanye abantu abangama-94%, ukuba asinakulungisa konke ukungalunganga okanye ukuguqula ubunzima, kwaye ngenxa yoko akunakubakho sisombululo saseMelika kuzo zonke iingxaki zehlabathi. ” - ukusuka kwidilesi kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington, Seattle, Novemba 16, 1961
Abo benza uguquko loxolo olungenakwenzeka baya kwenza uguquko olunogonyamelo lube yinto engenakuphepheka. -UJohn F. Kennedy, ngokusuka kumagqabantshintshi kwisikhumbuzo sokuqala soManyano lweNkqubela phambili, ngoMatshi 13, 1962
Uninzi lweshishini lokuhlaziya malunga ne-JFK "ye-anticommunist enzima" isekwe kwezinye zezinto zakhe zoluntu, ezazisenziwa kuba wayehlala eyazi imozulu awayefanele asebenze kuyo. Kodwa makhe ndibuze oku: U-Obama wenze iingxelo ezininzi zomkhankaso ezingakhange ziphile ngenxa yezenzo zakhe e-ofisini. Ungabugweba njani ubongameli bakhe, ngento ayithethileyo okanye ngento ayenzileyo?
Ndingacebisa ukuba ufunde ezi ncwadi zilandelayo ukuze ufumane umbono ongcono womgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle weJFK:
1. URichard Mahoney, u-Ordeal e-Afrika
2. UFiliphu E. Muehlenbeck, UkuBheja kumaAfrika
3. URobert Rakove, uKennedy, uJohnson kunye neLizwe elingabonakaliyo
4. UGreg Poulgrain, i-Incubus yoLungelelaniso
5. John Newman, JFK kunye neVietnam
6. UJames Blight, i-Virtual JFK: iVietnam ukuba uKennedy wayephile
7. UGordon Goldstein, Izifundo kwiNtlekele
8. UDavid Talbot, I-Chessboard kaMtyholi
9. UJames Douglass, JFK kunye noNgenakwenzeka
Izahluko ezine zokuqala kunye nezahluko ezibini zokugqibela zikaJames DiEugenio's Destiny Betrayed.
Ukuba wenza umsebenzi wesikolo owenzelwa ekhaya, uyakubona ukuba intetho yaseYunivesithi yaseMelika ayimangalisi, ingaphantsi "kwenguquko" kunokuba ibonakala, nangaphezulu kokuzivelela okunengqondo kwezi zifundo u-JFK azibekele zona.
Ndivumelana novavanyo lukaDavid lokuba intetho yeyona "ingahambelaniyo nento ezakuthiwa ngubani na kwindibano yeRiphabhlikhi okanye yeDemokhrasi kulo nyaka." Ngokwenene ndinoluvo lokuba oku "ukuphuma kwinyathelo" kubonakalisa ngokubanzi uKennedy ngokubanzi. Kunzima ukufumana izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okulingana nokuhlala kwakhe kwabahlali be-White House, ubuncinci kule minyaka ingama-75 idlulileyo.
I-PPS ngokungxama kwam ndasifinyeza isihloko se- (1); yeyona "JFK: I-Ordeal e-Afrika."
Impendulo enkulu!
Ukuba ezopolitiko, ngakumbi ezopolitiko eziguqukayo, kufuneka zisekwe kuhlalutyo lwentlalo, kungangumyalelo omkhulu ukuhlola izakhiwo zikaMnumzana uKennedy kule ntetho, ezimbini zazo, ubuIrish kunye nobuKatolika bakhe, ukuze kugxilwe kwiingcambu "umnqweno wethu wokufa", endiwufumana kwimvelaphi yethu yenkcubeko yaseJamani. UHans-Peter Hasenfratz, ngokufutshane, engeyiyo eyokufunda (epapashwe ngesiNgesi njenge-Barbarian Rites), uthi idemokhrasi yaseJamani, nangona yayiphethe amakhoboka, yanikezela kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo kwinto eyayizenzakalisa, idlwengula umhlaba. inkcubeko ndiza kuyibiza ingcinga, ndithathe indawo yokucinga ngentelekelelo, endiya kuthi ndiyibonakalise kwintetho yakhe, njengengcali yezobuchwephesha egxile kwimbali yezenkolo, ukuba umfana waseJamani weli xesha uzuze iwonga ngakumbi phakathi kosapho kunye nabahlobo ngokuqala umlo ngokusemandleni akhe. umhlobo kunokwenza into eyakhayo, enjengokuthi, ukutyala i-oats okanye ukwakha isikhephe. Kuyabonakala ukuba ukungqubana kweNgqobhoko, ngokwahluka kwayo malunga nobumbano kunye nobundlobongela, kukhuphe okona kubi kwinkcubeko yaseJamani kwaye kwacinezela ezona zilungileyo. Yeyiphi eyona nto ibalaseleyo: igama "into" yiNorse, okt, isiJamani, igama lentlanganiso yedolophu. I-sine qua esisiseko engeyiyo kwifilosofi kwaye ke ngoko malunga nokuziphatha kwaye ngenxa yoko umthetho kukuba enye iyakwazi ukuxoxa nam. Mna nabani na, sinayo le nto. Nokuba sesikhubekene kangakanani.
Ngendlela, ndicinga ukuba iFransi sele isinezixhobo zenyukliya kwi-1963.
Sinokumbulela ngemfazwe emangalisayo yase-US eVietnam!
Hayi! YayiyiLBJ. I-JFK ithintele ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwabambalwa kakhulu, kwaye ibizimisele ukurhoxa- Jonga incwadi ye-Douglass ekhankanywe apha ngasentla ukuze uyiqonde ngcono
Kwakunzima kakhulu kunoko. UTruman wampheleka umkhosi wase-France wokuhlasela ngo-1945. U-Ike waluthintela unyulo kwaye wafaka amakhulu amawaka abacebisi emkhosini. I-JFK yonyusa inani "labacebisi" kubungakanani besahlulo seentsana kodwa ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezinzima, kodwa ezi zikufutshane kwiinqanawa zomkhosi wamanzi wase-US nakwiziseko zeUSAF. I-LBJ kunye neNixon bayandise kakhulu imfazwe.
Singahamba phambili xa sifika kwikoloniyali yase-US e-Asia nasePacific.
Ndiyakholelwa ukuba i-JFK yayinokwenene kakhulu ngexesha lelo ntetho. Kwakhona ukholelwa ukuba yinqaku elinamandla kakhulu kwihlabathi elingenayo iMfazwe elifanele lifundwe yizo zonke iinkokeli zezopolitiko, ngakumbi abo bafuna i-POTUS e-US.
I-Turkey yayisele ilungu le-NATO - kwaye yayingumda weSoviet Union. I-Turkey ibelana nomda neGeorgia neArmenia; ngokusemthethweni emva kwabo buxoki iRashiya ngokwayo.
Inguqulelo exhasiweyo ayikho ukukhupha.
Ngokucacileyo ukuba usele i-Kool-Aid enokwenza ukuba uKennedy abonakale ngathi ngongcwele ofelweyo. Ngexesha lakhe elifutshane e-ofisini, iinkolelo zakhe ze-hawkish zazibonakala ngokucacileyo ngokwakhiwa kweengalo kuqhubeka ukusuka e-Ike, ukuya kuhlaselo olwahlukeneyo 'oluthambileyo' lwase Mzantsi nakuMbindi Merika olwaluncede ukuvula indlela yolawulo olunoburhalarhume oluqhubeka ngoReagan njalo njalo . Masingabulibali ubundlobongela obumangalisayo awabuncedayo ukuseka e-S.Vietnam, amaxwebhu amabini abalulekileyo abesaziwa ngaphambili u-NSAM 263 kunye no-NSAM 273 enika ubungqina bokuba akazukubuya umva ekumiseni imfazwe ebanzi eVietnam. Masingamgwebi umntu ngamazwi akhe amnandi kwaye abonakala ngathi anomphefumlo, kodwa uya kumazi ngezenzo zakhe. Ndingacebisa ukuba ndenze uphando oluphangaleleyo ngaphambi kokuba ucule iindumiso zendoda eyayilukhetshe lomlo kwaye iphiko lasekunene lingqiyame njengaleyo ikhoyo namhlanje…
Ndivumelana nawe 100%. Iintetho zisetyenziselwa ukukhohlisa uluntu kunye neepolish reputation. Iimpawu, kwaye ngakumbi iibhobho kunye neebhola, zibalo ngaphezu kwamagama, ngakumbi kulabo abasemagqabini okufumana.
U-Ike wenza okungakumbi ukuseka isicatshulwa sogxobhozo sogxina kunabo bonke abanye oomongameli abadibeneyo, kwaye wayesazi oko kwenzekayo, njengoko ingqungquthela yokuqala yenkulumo yakhe edumileyo yanikwa entwasahlobo ye-1953, kufuphi nokuqala kwekota yokuqala.
Ihlabathi Elikhululekile leZixhobo Zenyukliya
NguGeorge P. SHULTZ, UW WILLIAM J. PERRY, UHENRY A. KISSINGER no-SAM NUNN
Kuhlaziywe uJan 4, 2007 12: 01 i-ET
Izixhobo zenyukliya namhlanje zibonisa ubungozi obukhulu, kodwa kunye nethuba eliyimbali. Ubunkokheli base-US kuya kucelwa ukuba bathathe umhlaba baye kwinqanaba elilandelayo-kwisivumelwano esomeleleyo sokuguqula ukuthembela kwizixhobo zenyukliya kwihlabathi jikelele njengegalelo elibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ukwanda kwabo kwizandla ezinokuba yingozi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukubaphelisa njengesoyikiso kwihlabathi.
Izixhobo zenyukliya zaziyimfuneko yokugcina ukhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold ngenxa yokuba yayiyindlela yokukhusela. Ukuphela kweMfazwe yeCold kwenza imfundiso yokunqandwa kwamaSoviet kunye namaMerika asemthethweni. Ukunyamezela kuyaqhubeka kukuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo kumazwe amaninzi malunga nokusongelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa ukuxhomekeka kwezixhobo zenukliya kule njongo kuya kwanda kakhulu kwaye kuyingozi.
Uvavanyo lwenyukliya lwangoku eNyakatho Korea kunye nokwala kwe-Iran ukuyeka inkqubo yayo yokucebisa i-uranium-enokubakho kwinqanaba lezixhobo-kugxininisa inyani yokuba umhlaba ngoku ukwiphulo lexesha lenyukliya elitsha nelinobungozi. Okothusayo kukuba, amathuba okuba abagrogrisi abangengabo abaseburhulumenteni baya kubamba izixhobo zenyukliya bayanda. Kwimfazwe yanamhlanje eqhutywa ngokobuhlanga ngabanqolobi, izixhobo zenyukliya zezona ndlela ziphambili zokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi. Kwaye amaqela angabanqolobi angengawo aseburhulumenteni anezixhobo zenyukliya angaphandle kwemida yesicwangciso esinqandayo kunye nemingeni enzima yokhuseleko.
- INGXELO -
Ngaphandle kwesoyikiso sobunqolobi, ngaphandle kokuba kuthathwe amanyathelo amatsha angxamisekileyo, i-US kungekudala iyakunyanzeliswa ukuba ingene kwixesha elitsha lenyukliya eliya kuba sengozini, ukuphazamiseka ngokwasemphefumlweni, kunye noqoqosho nangakumbi ngexabiso kunokuba kwakunqandayo iMfazwe Yomlomo. Akuqiniseki ukuba singaphindaphinda ngempumelelo iSoviet-American yakudala "intshabalalo eqinisekisiweyo" ngenani elonyukayo leentshaba zenyukliya kwihlabathi liphela ngaphandle kokonyusa umngcipheko wokuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziya kusetyenziswa. Amazwe amatsha enyukliya awanaso isibonelelo seminyaka yokhuseleko ngamanyathelo okhuseleko afakwa ngexesha loMlo obandayo ukunqanda iingozi zenyukliya, ukugweba gwenxa okanye ukwazisa okungagunyaziswanga. I-United States kunye neSoviet Union bafunda kwiimpazamo ezazingaphantsi kokubulala. Omabini la mazwe ebekhuthele ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho zixhobo zenyukliya zazisetyenziswa ngexesha loMlo obandayo kuyilo okanye ngengozi. Ngaba amazwe amatsha enyukliya kunye nehlabathi liya kuba nethamsanqa kule minyaka ingama-50 izayo njengoko sasinjalo ngexesha loMlo obandayo?
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Iinkokeli zalungisa lo mba kumaxesha angaphambili. Kwintetho yakhe "yeAtom yoXolo" kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-1953, uDwight D. Eisenhower wathembisa "ukuzimisela kweMelika ukunceda ukusombulula ingxaki eyoyikisayo ye-athomu -ukuzinikela ngentliziyo nangengqondo yayo iphela ukufumana indlela ekuya kuthi ngayo umntu enze isimangaliso. ungazinikeli ekufeni kwakhe, kodwa ungcwaliselwe ebomini bakhe. ” UJohn F. Kennedy, efuna ukwaphula i-logjam kwizixhobo zenyukliya, wathi, "Ihlabathi belingafunelwanga ukuba libe yintolongo apho umntu elindele ukubulawa kwakhe."
URajiv Gandhi, ethetha kwi-UN General Assembly ngoJuni 9, 1988, wabhena, “Imfazwe yenyukliya ayizukuthetha ukufa kwabantu abalikhulu lezigidi. Okanye kwanewaka lezigidi. Oko kuya kuthetha ukupheliswa kwezigidi ezingamawaka amane: ukuphela kobomi njengoko sisazi kwiplanethi yethu esemhlabeni. Siza kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuza kufuna inkxaso yakho. Sifuna inkxaso yenu ukunqanda obu bugeza. ”
URonald Reagan ucele ukuba kupheliswe "zonke izixhobo zenyukliya," awayecinga ukuba "ayinangqondo kwaphela, ayinabuntu kwaphela, ayilungelanga ukubulala, intshabalalo yobomi emhlabeni nakwimpucuko." UMikhail Gorbachev wabelane ngalo mbono, owawuchazwe ngoomongameli baseMelika bangaphambili.
Nangona uReagan kunye noMnu Gorbachev behlulekile kwiReykjavik ukufezekisa injongo yesivumelwano sokususa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya, baphumelele ekuguquleni intambo yeengalo entloko. Baqalise amanyathelo okukhokelela ekunciphiseni okuninzi ekusebenziseni imikhosi yenyukliya yexesha elide kunye nephakathi, kubandakanywa nokupheliswa kweklasi epheleleyo yeembalo zokusongela.
Yintoni eya kuthatha ukuvuselela umbono owabelwana ngawo nguReagan noMnu Gorbachev? Ngaba ingavumelwane yomhlaba wonke inokuqulunqwa okuchaza uluhlu lwamanyathelo asebenzayo okukhokelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwengozi yenyukliya? Kukho imfuneko esiphuthumayo yokujongana nomngeni obangelwa yi mibuzo emibili.
I-Treatment Proliferation Treaty (NPT) yabonelela ukuphela kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Inika (a) ithi ayinayo izixhobo zenyukliya njengoko i-1967 iyavuma ukuba ayifumane, kwaye (b) echaza ukuba abanayo bayavuma ukuhlukana kwezi zixhobo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Wonke umongameli wamabini omabini ukusuka uRichard Nixon sele eqinisekisile le migaqo-mboleko, kodwa izixhobo ezingekho nenyukliya ziye zanda ngokungaqiniseki ngokunyaniseka kwamandla enyukliya.
Imizamo enamandla yokungaqhubekiyo iyaqhubeka. Inkqubo yokuThuthukiswa koThutho, iNkqubo yokuNcitshiswa kokuThuthukiswa kweSizwe, iNkqubo yokuKhuselwa kokuKhuselwa koLuntu kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo eyongezelelweyo yindlela enokunika amandla amatsha amatsha amaninzi ekufumaneni imisebenzi ephula i-NPT kwaye ibeka ingozi emhlabeni. Bafanelwe ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo. Iingxoxo ngokusasazeka kwezixhobo zenuzi zeNyakatho Korea ne-Iran, ezibandakanya onke amalungu agxininiso eBhunga lezoKhuseleko kunye neJamani neJapan, zibaluleke kakhulu. Kumele baqhutywe ngamandla.
Kodwa bebodwa, akukho nanye kula manyathelo anele kwingozi. UReagan kunye no-Nobhala Jikelele uGorbachev banqwenela ukufezekisa ngakumbi kwintlanganiso yabo eReykjavik kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo-ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya zizonke. Umbono wabo wothusa iingcali kwimfundiso yokuthintela inyukliya, kodwa yaqinisa ithemba labantu kwihlabathi liphela. Iinkokheli zala mazwe mabini anezixhobo ezikhulu zenyukliya zixubushe ngokupheliswa kwezona zixhobo zinamandla.
* * *
Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe? Ingaba isithembiso seNPT kunye namathuba anokubonwa kwiReykjavik aveliswe? Sikholelwa ukuba umgudu omkhulu kufuneka uqaliswe yiUnited States ukuvelisa impendulo enokungena kwiinqanaba zekhonkrithi.
Okokuqala kwaye ngokubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi omkhulu kunye neenkokheli zamazwe anezixhobo zenukliya ukuguqula iinjongo zehlabathi ngaphandle kwezixhobo zenuzi. Eli shishini elihlangeneyo, ngokubandakanya utshintsho kwiimeko eziphethe izixhobo zenukliya, ziza kuboleka ubunzima obongezelelweyo kwimigudu esele iqhubekile ukukhusela ukuvela kwe-North Korea ne-Iran.
Inkqubo ekufuneka ifunwe kuzo izivumelwano iza kubangela uluhlu lweemvumelwano ezivunyelweneyo kunye eziphuthumayo eziza kubeka umgangatho wehlabathi ngaphandle kwenkokliya yengozi. Amanyathelo aya kubandakanya:
Ukutshintshwa kwe-War of Cold posture yezixhobo zenyukliya ukwenzela ukwandisa ixesha lokumkisa kwaye ngaloo ndlela unciphise ingozi yokusetyenziswa ngengozi okanye ukungagunyaziswanga kwezixhobo zenukliya.
Ukuqhubeka nokunciphisa ubukhulu bemikhosi yenyukliya kuwo onke amazwe anayo.
Ukuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya ezifutshane ezenzelwe ukuthunyelwa phambili.
Ukuqalisa inkqubo ye-bipartisan kunye ne-Senate, kuquka ukuqonda ukunyusa ukuzithemba nokubonelela ukuhlaziywa ngezihlandlo, ukuphumeza ukuqinisekiswa kweSigqeba esiPhezulu soVavanyo lweeVavanyo, ekusebenziseni ukuqhubela phambili kwezobugcisa, kunye nokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kwamanye amazwe angundoqo.
Ukubonelela ngemigangatho ephezulu kakhulu yokukhusela kuzo zonke izitokethi zezixhobo, izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo-plutonium, kunye ne-uranium ephucukileyo kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.
Ukulawula inkqubo yokuphucula i-uranium, idibaniswe nesiqinisekiso sokuthi i-uranium yamagcini yamandla enyukliya inokufumaneka kwixabiso elifanelekileyo, okokuqala kwiQela leeNyukliya zeeNyukliya kwaye emva koko livela kwi-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) okanye kwezinye iindawo ezilawulwayo zamazwe ngamazwe. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona ukujongana nemiba yokuqhubela phambili eyenziwe ngumbane ochithekileyo ukusuka kuma-reactors okwenza umbane.
Ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwiinqwelo zomhlaba jikelele; ukugqithisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-uranium ephezulu kakhulu kworhwebo kunye nokususa izixhobo-uranium ezisetyenziswayo kwiindawo zokuphanda emhlabeni jikelele kwaye zinikezela izinto ezikhuselekileyo.
Ukubuyisela kwakhona imizamo yethu yokulungisa iingxaki zengingqi kunye neengxabano ezivelisa amandla amasha enyukliya.
Ukufezekisa injongo yehlabathi elingenakho izixhobo zenyukliya kuya kufuna iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhupha okanye ukuphikisana naluphi na ukuziphatha okunxulumene nenyukliya okungasongela ukhuseleko lwawo nawabantu okanye abantu.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kombono wehlabathi elingenazixhobo zenyukliya kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo ekufezekiseni loo njongo iya kuba, kwaye iya kuthathwa njengelinge lesibindi elihambelana nelifa lemveli laseMelika. Inzame inokuba nefuthe elihle kwezokhuseleko kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngaphandle kombono ongqongqo, isenzo asizukubonwa njengesifanelekileyo okanye esingxamisekileyo. Ngaphandle kwamanyathelo, umbono awuyi kujongwa njengokwenyani okanye onokwenzeka.
Siyavuma ukubeka iinjongo zehlabathi ngaphandle kwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokusebenza ngamandla kwizenzo ezifunekayo ukufezekisa loo njongo, ngokuqala ngamanyathelo achazwe ngasentla.
UMnu Shultz, umntu ovelele kwiHoover Institution eStanford, wayengumbhala welizwe ukusuka kwi1982 ukuya kwi-1989. UMnu Perry wayengumbhala wezokukhusela kwi-1994 ukuya kwi-1997. UMnu. Kissinger, usihlalo weK Kissinger Associates, wayengumbhala welizwe ukusuka kwi-1973 ukuya kwi-1977. UMnu. Nunn wayengumongameli weKomiti yeeNkonzo eziPhathiswa zeSizwe.
Ingqungquthela ehlelwe nguMnu Shultz noSidney D. Drell yabanjelwa eHoover ukuba bacinge ngemiboniselo kaReagan noMnu Gorbachev bazisa kuReykjavik. Ukongeza kwi-Messrs Shultz no-Drell, abathathi-nxaxheba balandelayo bayagunyazisa nembono kule nkcazo: UMartin Anderson, uSteve Andreasen, uMichael Armacost, uWilliam Crowe, uJames Goodby, uThomas Graham Jr., uThomas Henriksen, uDavid Holloway, uMax Kampelman, uJack UMatlock, uJohn McLaughlin, uDon Oberdorfer, uRozanne Ridgway, uHenry Rowen, uRoald Sagdeev noAbraham Sofaer.
Ukuphulaphula le ntetho kumenza ndizibuze ukuba zininzi kangakanani ukubandakanyeka kwabavelisi beempahla ekufeni kwakhe.
Intetho enkulu. Ndiya kuthi isilumkiso se-Eisenhower yeengozi ze-Military-Industrial Complex kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngokunjalo.
Siza kudala nini ufunde ulwaphulo-mthetho lubangela ubundlobongela obuninzi kwaye ukuze siphule lo mjikelo wemfazwe esiyidingayo ukuze sifune indlela yokunyusa inzuzo yezemali yabangcali bezopolitiko (abahlali bamaRiphabliki kunye namaDemokhrasi) abaye baholela iminyaka ngoku?
Enkosi ngesincoko sakho kwaye usikhumbuze ngale ntetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo kulula ukutolika iintetho zikamongameli ngokusebenzisa isihluzo see-ajenda zabo kunye nokukhetha. Kunzima ngakumbi ukufumana injongo kunye nenjongo yokwenyani. Umntu makasoloko ecinga ukuba kukho ukuqwalaselwa komxholo wexesha nendawo, indlela ekufanele ukuba kudlalwe ngayo kubavoti, zeziphi ii-ajenda ezingachazwanga ezinokuthi zikhuthaze okanye ziphikise, njlnjl. Nangona kunjalo, amagama, athathwe ngokuxabisekileyo, abalulekile, kwaye Amagama athethwe esidlangalaleni yinkokheli yase-United States anamandla amakhulu. Umongameli akanguye ukumkani okanye uzwilakhe, kodwa iintetho zakhe zasesidlangalaleni zinamandla amakhulu okuba nefuthe kunye nokukhuthaza. Andikwazi ukucinga ngenye intetho ngusopolitiki othe wanikela ngethemba elininzi kunye nenkuthazo, ngexa ndisomelele ngokwasengqondweni, ndisebenzisa ingqondo kwaye ndicinga, kwiintliziyo neengqondo zabantu kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni, ngoku nangoku. UMartin Luther King wayengomnye umntu esidlangalaleni endimaziyo owayenokuyenza ngobuchule njengale. Kwaye bobabini babekwiphepha elinye ngokubhekisele kwizinto zokomoya kunye nokubaluleka koxolo. Sizifuna ngoku kunakuqala. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, kuphela nguDennis Kucinich okhe wasondela. Enkosi David ngayo yonke into oyenzayo ukugcina olu luvo luhamba.
Sonke kufuneka sikhumbule lo myalezo namhlanje. Enkosi!
Kufuneka sinyamezele ekufuneni uxolo. Imfazwe ayinakuphepheka. -UJFK
Andiyikhumbuli le ntetho. Ndiyathanda ukuba ndibe nalo kwaye oko bekube ngumgomo omkhulu welizwe. Kuninzi kakhulu eli lizwe alinayo ingqiqo yangempela yehlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe ngenxa yoxolo. Yeka indlela enhle ngayo ingcamango yehlabathi elinokuhlala uxolo, ilizwe ngalinye lizama ukwenza wonke amalungu aphumelele, abe negalelo ekulinganeni kwabo bonke.
Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba sibuye umva kakhulu ukusukela kwintetho kaKennedy. Kufuneka imanyelwe njengefowuni yokuvuka.
“Thina batyikitye apha ngezantsi, singabantu baseRussia abahlala nabasebenza eMelika. Besijongile sinexhala elandayo njengoko imigaqo-nkqubo yangoku ye-US kunye ne-NATO zisibeke kwikhondo eliyingozi kakhulu lokungqubana neRussia Federation, kunye ne China. Uninzi lwabantu abahlonitshwayo, abathanda izwe laseMelika, abanjengoPaul Craig Roberts, uStephen Cohen, uPhilip Giraldi, uRay McGovern kunye nabanye abaninzi bebekhupha izilumkiso zemfazwe yesithathu ezayo. Kodwa amazwi abo aphele tu phakathi kwesandi semithombo yeendaba ezele ngamabali akhohlisayo nangachanekanga abonisa ukuba uqoqosho lwaseRussia lusengxakini kwaye umkhosi waseRussia ubuthathaka-konke kungasekelwanga kubungqina. Kodwa thina-sazi imbali yaseRussia kunye nemeko yangoku yoluntu lwaseRussia kunye nomkhosi waseRussia, asinakukuginya obu buxoki. Ngoku siziva ngathi luxanduva lwethu, njengabantu baseRussia abahlala e-US, ukulumkisa abantu baseMelika ukuba bayaxokiswa, nokubaxelela inyani. Inyani yile:
Ukuba kuya kuba nemfazwe neRussia, ngoko i-United States
Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubhujiswa, yaye ininzi lethu liya kugcina lifile.
Masithathe inyathelo emva kwaye sibeke okwenzekayo kwimeko yezembali. IRashiya ine… .. ”Funda OKUNGAKUMBI ……. http://cluborlov.blogspot.ca/2016/05/a-russian-warning.html
Ividiyo enkulu, kodwa ngaba nayiphi na indlela ongayongeza ngayo iCapeed Closed? Ndiyazi amacandelwana entetho atyhicilelwe kwinqaku, kodwa ayilunganga.
Ukusuka ekwenqabeni kwakhe ukuqala ukubhexesha uhlaselo lwe-Anti-Castro Cuban kunye ne-USAF kwi-Bay of Pigs ngo-Epreli ka-1961, ukwala kwakhe ukutsaleleka kwimfazwe yokudubula eBerlin ngo-Agasti ka-1961, ukuya kuhlala kwakhe eLaos ( Akukho mfazwe idubulayo), ukwala kwakhe nge-11/22/61 (!) ukwenza imikhosi yase-US eVietnam, ekusingatheni kwakhe iCrisis of Crisis of Crisis, ekunyanzeliseni kwakhe (kunye nobuchule bezopolitiko) ekufumaneni isivumelwano seNuclear Test Ban Treaty. , kwisigqibo sakhe ngo-Okthobha ka-1963 ukuqala ukurhoxa kuyo yonke imikhosi yase-US e-Vietnam - ukurhoxiswa okuza kugqitywa ngo-1965-bonke babonisa ukuzibophelela ekuthinteleni imfazwe kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukuthintela iimeko ezonyukayo apho imfazwe yayingenakuphepheka.
UJFK, njengomongameli, wenza konke akwaziyo ukukhusela imfazwe. Wenza okungaphezulu kunamnye umongameli, ngaphambi okanye ukususela, ukuguqula imfazwe. Wayeyibona imfazwe esondeleyo kunye neyakhe, kwaye wayesazi izinto ezimbi.
Izikhundla zakhe zacaphukisa iMashini yoMkhosi kweli lizwe ukuba bambulala. Kwaye akukho mongameli oye waba nesibindi sokuthatha isimo esinamandla ukukhusela imfazwe.
I-Kennedy iyishumayelo yokuziphatha ngokusuka kwimbono-yepalpiti. Ingaba kukho naziphi na iingeniso ezinkulu kwiintlobo zezixhobo? !!, isizathu esiyintloko sokufuna ukudala intshaba, i-USSR, ukwenzela ukuba iqhubeke nokunyusa imali kwi-crevasse. I-USSR yonyulwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ukuseka ubukhomani-ukululeka uluntu ukuthuthuzela abantu kulo. Oku kusongela rhoqo Abanikazi bethu, abaxhamli bethu. Normaha@pacbell.net
I-Kennedy iyishumayelo yokuziphatha ngokusuka kwimbono-yepalpiti. Ingaba kukho naziphi na iingeniso ezinkulu kwiintlobo zezixhobo? !!, isizathu esiyintloko sokufuna ukudala intshaba, i-USSR, ukwenzela ukuba iqhubeke nokunyusa imali kwi-crevasse. I-USSR yonyulwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ukuseka ubukhomani-ukululeka uluntu ukuthuthuzela abantu kulo. Oku kusongela rhoqo Abanikazi bethu, abaxhamli bethu.