NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 16, 2020
Incwadi entsha kaNicholson Baker's, Isiseko: UkuKhangela kwam kwiMfihlo kwiRufu loMthetho weNkululeko woLwazi, intle kakhulu. Ukuba ndikhankanya naziphi na izikhalazo ezincinci ngayo, ngelixa ukutyeshela, umzekelo, ngokupheleleyo kwinkomfa yemithombo yeendaba kaTrump, oku kungenxa yokuba iziphoso zibonakala zibukhali ngelixa sisenza iyunifomu epheleleyo yeNtetho kaThotho.
U-Baker uqala ngokungathi unombuzo ongaphendulwanga kwaye ekunokwenzeka ukuba ungaphenduleki: Ngaba urhulumente wase-US wasebenzisa izixhobo zebhayoloji ngeminyaka yoo-1950s? Ewe, ewe, kunjalo, kunjalo, ndifuna ukuphendula. Bazisebenzisa eNyakatho Korea kwaye (kamva) eCuba; kubavavanye kwizixeko zase-US. Siyazi ukuba ukusasazeka kwesifo seLyme kwavela kule nto. Sinokuqiniseka ukuba uFrank Olson wabulawa ngenxa yoko akwaziyo malunga nemfazwe yebhayoloji yase-US.
Akucaci ekuqaleni, njengoko kubonakala ngathi kamva, ukuba uBaker ucebisa ukungaqiniseki ngakumbi kunokuba enako- mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba yile nto uyenzayo ekuqaleni kwencwadi ukuze ungoyikisi abafundi ababuthathaka.
U-Baker uqhubekeka exoxa ngonxunguphalo olungapheliyo lokuzama ukukhangela ulwazi oludala kakhulu kurhulumente wase-US ngokusebenzisa i-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), eyathi urhulumente wophula rhoqo. U-Baker ucebisa ukuba le ncwadi iya kuba ikakhulu malunga nokufuna ulwazi, kwaye okwesibini malunga nemfazwe yebhayoloji (BW). Ngethamsanqa, i-BW kunye nezihloko ezinxulumene noko zihlala zihlala zikhona encwadini, ngelixa ingxoxo yokufumana ulwazi ihlala inomdla. U-Baker usinika into anokuyibhala kwaye ucinga ukuba kuthetha ntoni-imodeli yokubonelela ngophando ngesihloko esinzima kunye nokuqhankqalaza ukufihlwa kolwazi ngabo banalo.
Le ncwadi isinika ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa bokuba urhulumente wase-US wayenenkqubo ebalulekileyo, ekhubekisayo, yezixhobo zebhayoloji (ukuba ayisiyongxaki enkulu ngendlela awayephupha ngayo), ukuba yavavanya abantu ngexesha nasemva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, kwaye ukuba yayihlala ihlasela yaxoka ngento eyayisenziwa. Amaxwebhu ka-Baker enza uvavanyo ngokusebenzisa indawo engeyiyo engenabungozi yezixhobo zebhayoloji ezazenziwe ngurhulumente wase-US kwizixeko ezininzi zase-US.
Le ncwadi ibhala ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo iinzame ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo ezinikelwe kwiminyaka emininzi ukwenza iingcinga, ukuphanda, ukuphuhlisa, ukuvavanya, ukugrogrisa, ukuzenzisa, nokuxoka nge-BW. Oku kubandakanya ukutshabalalisa ngabom izinambuzane nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, kunye netyhefu yezinto eziphilayo, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye nezityalo. Izazinzulu ziye zafunda ukupheliswa kweentlobo, ukupheliswa kwentlanzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo zonke iintlobo zeentaka, iiarachnids, izinambuzane, iincukuthu, iindlwana, amalulwane, kunye neentsiba ukusasaza izifo ezosulelayo. Kule nkqubo, babulala inani elikhulu lezifundo zovavanyo, kubandakanya iinkawu, iihagu, iigusha, izinja, iikati, iigundane, iimpuku nabantu. Bayila imigodi kunye neetoronto zetyhefu kulwandle. Umthombo wamanzi olala phantsi kweFort Dietrich uphakathi kwezona zingcolileyo e-United States, ngokwe-EPA-ingcoliswe zizinto ezenziwe ngabom njengezingcolisayo.
Zonke iziphumo ezibi zemo engqongileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi kwimizi-mveliso ziye zafundelwa njengokupheliswa kwempi ngumkhosi wase-US / CIA.
Le ncwadi inikela ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba, ewe, i-United States isebenzise i-BW eKorea, nokuba akukhange kuvume nto okanye kuxolise. Xa amaTshayina anika ingxelo engachazwanga ngenjongo ethile yokuba i-CIA ibisebenza kuyo kwaye icwangcisa ukuyenza, kwaye xa kungekho namnye ubuxoki okanye inyani yokuxela kwelinye icala inokwenza nayiphi na inkcazo ebonakalayo ngaphandle kokuba yenzekile, ilinde Ukuvuma izono sisenzo esingekho ngqiqweni, hayi ukungabi ngqongqo kwizifundo. Kwaye xa i-CIA inganiki sizathu sokuvuma, kwaye kungekho namnye ubonakala enokwenzeka, ngokugcina amaxwebhu ayimfihlo angaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, umthwalo wobungqina kufuneka uphumle kwabo babanga amaxwebhu akukho nto ihlazisayo okanye ekrokrisayo.
Le ncwadi inika ubungqina obomeleleyo bokuba i-United States ayikhange ishiye iintsiba kunye ne-bugs eKorea kwiinqwelomoya, kodwa ikwasebenzisa ukubuyisa imikhosi yase-US ukuba isasaze iziphathamandla zezifo ezindlwini abantu abaza kubuyela kuzo- kunye nobungqina bokuba amaxhoba obu bugeza buquka imikhosi yase-US uqobo. Urhulumente wase-US kwii-1950s watyhola i-China ngesifo, kwaye wakhupha iingxelo ekuthiwa zingqina ngokwenzululwazi ukuba isifo besingazukuvela kwi-bioweapon- omabini la manyathelo aphikisayo aqhelekile ngo-2020.
Akunasiseko kubandakanya ubungqina obuqinileyo bolwaphulo-mthetho ebendingazi ngalo ngaphambili, ezinye zazo kungakulunga ukuba nobungqina obuninzi ngazo. Ngelixa imfuno yobungqina obuninzi ihlala ikukubaleka kwezopolitiko zase-US, isingxengxezo sokungatshutshisi okanye ukutshutshisa okanye ukugweba okanye ukwenza ngenye indlela, kule meko kufanelekile ukuba uBheki ufuna ubungqina obungaphezulu. U-Baker, nangona kunjalo, uqokelele ubungqina obukholisayo bokuba i-United States yasasaza ikholera eMpuma Jamani, yanika izifo kwizityalo eCzechoslovakia, eRomania nase-Hungary, yonakalisa isivuno sekofu eGuatemala, yasasaza isifo esisebenzayo kwisivuno selayisi eJapan. I-1945-inokuba ibandakanya neenqwelomoya ezenzeka kwiintsuku ezintlanu kunye neentsuku ezintandathu emva kokuqhushumisa kweNagasaki, kwaye zabulala isivuno sengqolowa eUnited States ngesifo ngo-1950 - ngempazamo eyabangela izixhobo zaseUnited States zenzelwe ingqolowa yaseSoviet.
Ubhaka utyhola iilebhu ze-BW, hayi iLyme kuphela, kodwa nokuqhambuka komkhuhlane womvundla, umkhuhlane we-Q, umkhuhlane weentaka, umhlwa wengqolowa, umkhuhlane wengulube yaseAfrika, kunye nekholera yekholera. Ukuzenzakalisa nokuzenzakalisa, njengakuvavanyo lwenyukliya kunye namanye amalungiselelo emfazwe, sele kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwizazinzulu nakubasebenzi nabantu abasanda kuhlala kwindawo engeyiyo ngexesha elingalunganga.
Kwakhona apha endleleni, u-Baker usinika iingcinga zakhe kunye neemvakalelo kunye neendlela zemihla ngemihla. Ubuye asinike ubuntu bokukhohlisa kakhulu kunye nosizi kunye nentlalo-ntle yabahlohli bebhayoloji awayefundisisa. Kodwa ezo zinto sizinikwa zona ngabona bantu luhanahaniso kunye noqikelelo notshaba olufunwayo, inkohliso yokuba eso senzo siyakhusela, imfuneko yokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha zokubulala kunye nokuvisa iintlungu kuba kusithiwa omnye umntu unokwenza njalo kuqala. Le nyaniso ayiguquli ngandlela ithile isibakala sokuba oorhulumente ngaphandle kwaleyo yaseMelika benze nezenzo ezoyikisayo. Akunasiseko Imibhalo ebolekwe ngurhulumente wase-US ngeendlela ezoyikisayo ezivela kurhulumente wamaNazi naseJapan. Kodwa kungekuphela nje apho singafumani bungqina bukarhulumente wase-US alandela obu buhlanya kuba abantu baseSoviet bokuqala ukwenza lo msebenzi, kodwa sifumana ubungqina kurhulumente wase-US ephuhlisa ezi zixhobo zibi kwaye efuna ukwenza ooSoviet bazi ngayo, nditsho nokukhohlisa abakwaSoviet ukuba bangene. Ukukholelwa ukuba i-United States inamandla ayikwazanga ukuvuselela, kwaye mhlawumbi iphambanise, utyalomali lweSoviet kwi-BW.
Enye yeendlela zam endizithandayo ezihlawulwa ngabarhafi e-US endiye ndafunda ngazo kule ncwadi - enye ngokokwazi kwam ukuba ayisetyenziswanga-yayikukubeka iivenkile zangaphantsi ezincinci kumalulwane, kwaye ndizithumele kwi-perch phantsi kwendlu yezindlu , apho zaziza kuvutha khona. Ngokuphambili ndiyawathanda la malulwane kuba ndicinga ukuba angenza indawo efanelekileyo mascot yeWashington Redskins.
U-Baker ucebisa ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba inkcaso ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo zebhayoloji kunye nemichiza emfazweni eVietnam iphelise iinkqubo ezinjalo eMelika, okanye ubuncinci zinciphise. Okokugqibela kuyinyani. Kodwa bahambile? U-Baker usixelela ukuba iFort Dietrich "ibiphinde yenziwa" kuphando lomhlaza- oko kuthetha uphando lokuthintela umhlaza, hayi ukusasazeka komhlaza. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo? Ngaba i-anthrax iluncedo kuphando lomhlaza? Ngaba urhulumente wase-US uguqukile? Ngaba ukwenza iMelika ukuba yiNtloko kwakhona ayisiyiyo idrive yokuvuselela zonke ezona zinto zibi kakhulu kwii-1950s?
U-Baker ucacile gca kuyo yonke le ncwadi ngento ayaziyo kunye nendlela ayazi ngayo, kwaye zithini izigqibo anokutsalwa malunga nesiqinisekiso esingakanani. Ke, kunzima ukuthi uthi ufumana nantoni na engalunganga. Kodwa kunokubakho izinto ezimbalwa. Uthi esona sicwangciso sikhulu sokubulala esakhe saqala yayiyicebo lamaNazi lokubulala amaJuda, kwaye okwesibini yayiliqhinga elifihlakeleyo laseMelika lokuhambisa igesi kwizixeko zaseJapan. Kodwa iiplani zikaHitler zemfazwe zazigqithile kwinto ebezilindelwe kwaye zizuzele ukubulawa kwezicwangciso zakhe zamaYuda. Nokuba ukuBulawa Kwesizwe ngenene kwabandakanya izigidi zamaxhoba awayengengawo amaYuda. Kwaye, ukuthatha umzekelo omnye wesicwangciso esikhulu kakhulu sokubulala, uDaniel Ellsberg isixelele ukuba izicwangciso zemfazwe yenyukliya zaseMelika ekuphenduleni nakuphi na ukuhlaselwa kweSoviet kulindeleke ukuba zibulale isinye kwisithathu sabantu bonke.
Ndicinga ukuba uBaker uphosakele xa echaza imfazwe njengokubandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu abangathanda ukuba neminye imisebenzi karhulumente-ngaphandle kwamajoni kunye noomatiloshe kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelomoya. Ndiyakucaphukela ukuzisa le nto, kuba iprozi kaBaker inamandla, nditsho nembongi, kodwa uninzi lwabantu ababulewe emfazweni ngabantu abahlali bengenamisebenzi yakwarhulumente konke konke, kwaye uninzi lwabantu base-US bakholelwa ngobuxoki ukuba uninzi lwabantu ababulewe emfazweni ngamajoni. Ukongeza, uninzi lwabantu ababulewe kwiimfazwe zase-US kwelinye icala leemfazwe, kwaye uninzi lwabantu e-United States bakholelwa ngokungeyonyani ukuba amaxhoba e-US enza ipesenti ephezulu yabantu abonzakeleyo kwiimfazwe zase-US. Nokuba amajoni aseMelika asweleka kwiimfazwe zase-US kumazinga aphezulu kunamalungu omkhosi wase-US, kodwa ezi zimbini zidibeneyo zenza ipesenti encinci yabantu abafileyo. Ke, ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba siyeke ukwenza le nto ingalunganga.
Akunasiseko ibandakanya iitangents ezininzi, zonke kufanelekile. Kwenye yazo sifunda ukuba iThala leeNcwadi laseMelika laseMelika lenze microfilmed kwaye lalahla ixabiso elikhulu lezinto ezixabisekileyo ezishicilelweyo ukwenza indawo yokwenza uphando kuMkhosi woMoya wase-US-ukuphanda iithagethi zokuqhushumisa kwihlabathi liphela- konke ukunceda uMoya Ukunyanzela ukukopela umthetho malunga nokuba bangaphi abahlali abanokuthi babaqeshe. Ithala leencwadi leCongress lalisemkhosini ukuba lenze umsebenzi ngoku ongafunekiyo ziMephu zikaGoogle, kwaye loo msebenzi usebenze wedwa kufuneka usenze sicingisise ngokubaluleka kukarhulumente wase-US. Ukukwazi komkhosi wase-US ukuthenga ezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente njengoko kufuneka sisizathu esinye sokuhambisa iilori ezininzi zenkxaso-mali ngaphandle kwazo nakwizinto ezifanelekileyo.
