nguDavid Swanson, Julayi 3, 2018.
Iarhasi yeenyembezi yenye yezona ngxaki zincinci zijamelene nabantu abakhathalela ukubulawa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwemfazwe. Kodwa yeyona nto iphambili kumkhosi wamapolisa wasekhaya. Ngapha koko, ichazwa ngokubanzi akukho semthethweni emfazweni, kodwa esemthethweni kungasiyiyo imfazwe (nangona umthetho obhaliweyo ngokwenyani udala ukuba loophole ungacacanga).
Njengokuvuthulula abantu ngemipu evela kumadrone, ukudubula abantu ngokuba ngabasePalestina, ukubamba abantu kwizisele ezingamashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuhlawuliswa okanye kuvavanyo kwikona eliyibiweyo leCuba, okanye ukumanzisa abantu ngemifanekiso yokuba bangama-Afrika aseMelika, umlo wokudubula igesi okanye imayile okanye ipepile yokutshiza ebantwini - nokuba iyabenzakalisa okanye iyababulala, njengoko ihlala isenza - kukholelwa kwabaninzi ukuba baxhome ukuba ingaba isenzo eso besiyinxalenye yomlo.
Umahluko ngumba omangalisayo ngendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, akukho zimfazwe zikhoyo ngokwazo ngokwasemthethweni. Ke ukubulawa kwabantu nge-drone akufuneki kube semthethweni ukuba babhengezwe njengenxalenye yomlo.
Okwesibini, abezomkhosi bakarhulumente balwa ngokusobala imfazwe nxamnye noorhulumente, amaqela angekho phantsi korhulumente, iindidi zabantu, nangokuchasene namaqhinga okanye iimvakalelo (ubugrogrisi, uloyiko). Xa urhulumente esenza imfazwe nxamnye nabantu abakude, njengorhulumente wase-US e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, ePakistan, e-Syria, e-Yemen, njl njl., Akuvumelekanga ukusebenzisa igesi yokukhupha iinyembezi (nangona usebenzisa i-napalm, iphosphorous emhlophe, izixhobo ezibulala ngakumbi. ayizizo iikhemikhali). Kodwa xa urhulumente ofanayo esilwa nabantu abathi babangabakhe (ukuthumela amajoni oMkhosi weSizwe kuzo zombini iimfazwe zamanye amazwe kunye ne-New Orleans, iFerguson, iBaltimore, njl. Njl... Hayi ngokuGada kodwa nangamapolisa axhobileyo aqeqeshelwe yi-US kunye ne-US. Imikhosi yase-Israel) kuthiwa ivunyelwe ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezimbi kakhulu ukuba uzisebenzise phesheya.
Okwesithathu, urhulumente wase-US akavumelekile ukuba - okanye okungenani enze njalo - athengise kwaye athengise kwaye avelise ezo zixhobo zisetyenziselwe oorhulumente banoburhulumente obuninzi nxamnye nabantu abathi babangababo.
Okwesine, xa umkhosi wase-US uthatha umhlaba wabanye abantu amashumi eminyaka njengaseAfghanistan, ilizwe libonisa inkxalabo encinci (kwaye “uphando” lweNkundla yamatyala oLwaphulo-mthetho alusayi ndawo) xa amapolisa ehlabathi ebulala ngezixhobo ezamkelekileyo, kodwa irhasi ekrazulayo ihlala ingasamkeli ukusetyenziswa emfazweni. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi ngokuthe ngcembe uphulukana negama lemfazwe, kwaye amajoni ngoku abonakala enendawo enkulu yokukhupha irhasi kangangokuba ayisebenzisa ngokwabo.
Kudala ndachasa ukusebenzisa igama elithi "imfazwe" kwizinto ezingezizo ezemfazwe. Andifuni imfazwe yomhlaza ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanya isidingo sokugxila kuthintelo, isidingo sokuphulukana nemikhwa efana nokulwa, kunye nesidingo sokugcina igama elithi imfazwe ukubhekiswa kulo, uyazi, imfazwe - ngezizathu zokuziphatha, ezisebenzayo kunye nezomthetho. Ukuvalwa kwemfazwe kumthetho wamazwe aphesheya, esele kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngokubanzi, kuya kuba buthathaka ngakumbi ngokwandisa okubalwa njengemfazwe. Ke, andifuni ukulinganisa iFerguson ne-Iraq. Kwaye andifuni ukunika ubunzima ekupheliseni imfazwe ngokuthintela abantu bangayiboni imfazwe. Nangona kunjalo ndichasene neemfazwe ezingapheliyo, kunye nomsebenzi wobupolisa ohambisa izixhobo, uqeqesho, kunye nomsebenzi wokulwa.
Ke, nantsi into endiyicebisayo.
- Ukungabikho semthethweni kwemfazwe phantsi kwe-UN Charter kunye ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact kuya kwamkelwa.
- Imigangatho esemthethweni yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu emfazweni iqondwe ukuba iyasebenza kuyo yonke imigudu yabantu. Ngapha koko, akukho nto kwiNgqungquthela yeZikhali zeMichiza okanye ezinye izivumelwano zithetha ngenye indlela.
- Leyo migangatho yandiswa ngokuthe ngqo ukuze ibandakanye ububi obuninzi.
Ngokuphelisa "ixesha lemfazwe" ngokuchasene "nexesha lokuthula", ngale ndlela, singalahlekelwa yinto yokuba ngandlela thile ngokuba yinxalenye enye kwaye sahlule enye inkampu yokufa njengeGuantanamo ibaleka izithintelo zomthetho zombini. Ngokwenza yonke indawo “ixesha loxolo” kunokuba ithi, “ixesha lemfazwe,” kwaye siphathe imfazwe njengolona lubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke ubugwenxa, besingayi kuba sinika oorhulumente amandla okhethekileyo ngexesha lemfazwe, kodwa kunokuba sibaphange okuhle.
Okwangoku ziindidi ezithile zezixhobo zemichiza ezithathwa ngokuba zilungile- kuphela-kwimfazwe. Ezinye izixhobo zemichiza sele zithathwa njengezimbi kakhulu ukuba zingaze zisetyenziswe. Ngapha koko, iintlobo ezithile zezixhobo zemichiza zithathwa njengezinobubi kangangokuba izityholo ezingachazeki kakhulu nezingekho mthethweni zokusetyenziswa kwazo okanye nokuba zingumnini weqela elingalunganga zithathwa njengezizathu zokubulala kakhulu kunye nokutshabalalisa ubukhulu becala-ingeyiyo imfazwe. Ngokwengxenye lo ngumcimbi wemigangatho ephindwe kabini yobukoloniyali, njengoko ezinye izizwe zinokuthi ziye ngqo ekuphatheni izixhobo ezifanayo. Kodwa ngokuyinxalenye umahluko phakathi kwezixhobo zamachiza ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Ngelixa ezinye izixhobo zemichiza zisengozini kakhulu kunezinye, abantu abaninzi babulawa yirhasi kuneenye into ababulawa kukuhlaselwa kwemichiza yaseRussia eNgilane apho iNkulumbuso yaseBritane yaphawula ukuba kulo nyaka “kukungasebenzisi mkhosi ngokuchaseneyo neUnited Kingdom. . ”Umahluko osemthethweni phakathi kwezixhobo zekhemikhali ezilungileyo nezimbi kufuneka uphele.
Sathengiswa ngemfazwe yedrophone eYemen njengoko kukhethwa ukuba kungenziwa imfazwe engeyiyo eyedrone, eyakhokelela kuyo. Iarhasi yeenyembezi ihlala ithengiswa kuthi njengoko kufanelekile ukudubula ababhombisi ngeebhulethi. Olona khetho luhle ngeYemen belungayi kuba yimfazwe konke konke. Olona khetho lubhetele lwabaqhankqalazi kukudubula akukho kwanto kubo, kodwa kungcono uhlale phantsi ufunde iSilungiso sokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko wase-US, kwaye ke uhlale phantsi nabo ukuva izikhalazo zabo. Iinyembezi zerhasi ezinobundlongondlongo, okanye "ulawulo lweziphithiphithi" ezihlala ziziqhulo ngokuthi "kukulwa nobugrogrisi" kukuzothusa, zibandakanya nezinye izixhobo ezininzi.
Umdlalo weRis Resis League ubonelela ulwazi Kwirhasi yenyembezi a website. Kwaye ndincoma incwadi entsha endisandula ukuyifunda: Iinyembezi zeenyembezi: Ukusuka kwiiDabi zeMfazwe yeHlabathi yeHlabathi ukuya kwiZitalato zanamhlanje ngu-Anna Feigenbaum. Njengoko Feigenbaum esitsho, ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yeenyembezi kuye kwanda kakhulu ,atsiba kwi-2011 xa yayisetyenziswa kakhulu eBahrain, Egypt, United States, nakwezinye iindawo. Abantu babulewe, imilenze yaphulukana nemilenze, amehlo atshabalalisiweyo, ukulimala kwengqondo, ukuthathwa kwesisiqu sesithathu, iingxaki zokuphefumla, kunye nokukhubazeka kwesisu. Iicoci zee-cannah zinee-skulls eziqhekekileyo. Iarhasi yinyembezi iqale imililo. Izilwanyane kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana ezingengobantu kwaye zinetyhefu. I-anchor News ye-Fox News uMegyn Kelly ugxotha ipepile njenge "mveliso yokutya,", kwaye ingxelo yaseBrithani evela kwi1970 isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuthethelela ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yokukhupha isicebisa ukuba ingathatyathwa njengesixhobo konke konke, kodwa sisiyobisi. Incwadi kaFigenbaum yimbali yokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa, kunye nentengiso eyonakeleyo "yesayensi".
Abantu baseMelika abanomdla wokuthand 'izwe bayakuvuyela ukwazi ukuba i-United States ne-I-England ihola indlela. Ukusukela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uBrits kunye nabaseMelika bathengise izixhobo zemichiza njengendlela yokunciphisa ukubandezeleka kwiimfazwe kunye nokuphelisa iimfazwe ngokukhawuleza - singasathethi ke "ngendlela engenabungozi" yokulawula izihlwele (ngokufaka ukubandezeleka okungenabungozi). Baphuhlise umahluko ngaphandle komehluko. Ziyekile iziphumo zovavanyo. Bazifihlile iziphumo zovavanyo. Kwaye bazibandakanya novavanyo lomntu, ngovavanyo oluphambili lwezixhobo zamachiza kwizixhoba ezingalindelekanga ezenziweyo apho Edgewood Arsenal eUnited States kunye EPorton Ezantsi eNgilane amashumi eminyaka aqala nje emva kokuba amaJamani egwetyiwe kwaye elengiswe ngezenzo ezifanayo.
U-General Amosi Fries, intloko ye-US Chemical Warfare Service, wayekhuthazeke ukuthengisa izixhobo zamakhemikhali emapoliseni njengendlela yokugcina ubukho bearhente yakhe emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuqala. Ayizange ibe kuphela imfazwe ngaphezulu, kodwa izixhobo zekhemikhali zazinegama elibi kakhulu -Sekwe, uyazi, okwenyani. Udumo lwalubi kakhulu, kangangokuba lwathatha i-UK esinye isizukulwane (kunye noncedo lobuhlanga ekusebenziseni bona kuqala kwiikholoni) ukuba beze ngokupheleleyo bamkele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamachiza ngamapolisa. Iifestile zathengisa izixhobo zekhemikhali njengezona zibhetele kuzo zombini izixhokonxa.
"Ndikulungele kakhulu ukusebenzisa irhasi enetyhefu ngokuchasene nezizwe ezingafezekanga," uWinston Churchill ebekekileyo, ecacileyo kunye naphambi kwexesha lakhe njengalo lonke ixesha (kwaye, kodwa, njengesiqhelo, ndiyasilela ukuziva uthando wonke umntu ebonakala ehlala aphendula nge).
Umkhosi omkhulu wamapolisa, kwiakhawunti kaFigenbaum, weza nokwamkelwa kweerhasi yeenyembezi ngamasebe aseMelika kwii1920 kunye nee1930s. Ngelixa singacinga ukuba izikhokelo zazikhona ukusuka ekuqaleni ukunikezela ngendlela igesi yokukhupha isoloko isetyenziswa (njengesixhobo esinoburhalarhume ngokuchasene nesixuku esixhotyisiweyo nakwindawo ezivalelweyo, njl njl.) Engenangqondo, i-Feigenbaum ilungisa okungaqondani. Irhasi yeenyembezi yenziwa yaza yaphakanyiswa njengesixhobo sokusetyenziswa nxamnye nabemi abangenazo izixhobo kwindawo ekufutshane nakwindawo ezivalekileyo. Ukusebenza kwayo okwandileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo bekuthengisa amanqaku. Oku kunokuba yinto efanelekileyo ukukhumbula njengoko uMkhosi wase-US ngoku uqeqesha amajoni ukuba abulale komhlaba.
Oluvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu kwimbali yokusetyenziswa kwerhasi yeenyembezi ngokuthi "ulawulo lwabantu" xa umkhosi wama-US wahlasela amagqala eMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye neentsapho zabo kwiBonus Army eWashington, DC, babulala abantu abadala kunye neentsana, bekhupha igesi yokukhupha iinyembezi. igama elitsha: I-Hoover ration. Kude kube kwindawo yokuphoxeka, olu hlaselo lwabulala amagqala “besebenzisa izixhobo zekhemikhali kubantu babo” (ukwenza ubungqina bezizathu eziye zasetyenziswa kwiimfazwe zamva nje zase-US) zaba yinto yokuthengisa. Inkampani yeLake Erie Chemical isebenzise imifanekiso yokuhlaselwa koMkhosi weBonus kwiikhathalogu zayo.
I-United States ityhilikile igesi yokukhupha iinyembezi emhlabeni kwaye yathengisela amazwe aseBritane ade amaBritane azive enyanzelekile ukuba abe ngabalimi bawo. Ukuguqula amanqaku ekwamkeleni kwayo iBritane kweza eIndiya nasePalestina. Ukubulawa kwabantu e-Amritsar eIndiya kudale umnqweno wesixhobo esifana nemipu esingabalulekanga kangako kwaye samkeleke ngakumbi kunompu, indlela, njengoko uFigenbaum ubhala, ukuba "batshintshe indlela oorhulumente ababebonakala ngayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshintsha indlela izinto ebezinje ngayo." UBukhosi baseBritane bathatha ibaton kwaye basasaza igesi yokukhupha kude. Iarhasi yeenyembezi yayiyinxalenye yakwaSirayeli ngaphambi kokudalwa okungokwasemthethweni kwaSirayeli.
Sisacinga njalo namhlanje ngerhasi yinyembezi ngendlela ethe yathengiswa ngayo, ngaphandle kwento eye yasiboniswa ngamehlo ethu obuxoki. Ngexesha lamaLungelo oLuntu kunye noXolo lwee-1960s, njengamaxesha amaninzi ukusukela, igesi yokuqhekeza ayizange isetyenziselwe ukusasaza izihlwele eziyingozi. Isetyenziselwe ukwenza ukuba kuhlaselwe ezinye izixhobo kuhlaselo lwabangabanjiswa ngabom nakwizihlwele ezingenabubi. Kukhutshelwe ezindlwini zabantu nasezicaweni nakwiiholo zokuhlangana ukuze babasukele besengozini, kanye njengoko kwakusenzelwa ukunyanzela abantu ukuba bangene emiqolombeni eVietnam. Isetyenziswe njenge-inshorensi ebonakalayo yokuhlaselwa ngezinye izixhobo. Isetyenziselwe ukwenza umfanekiso owamnkelayo wesihlwele esinobungozi, nokuba ngaba abantu abancancayo bakwenza okanye bakwenza ntoni ngaphambi kokukrazula iinyembezi. Iarhasi yinyembezi ikhuthaza ukunxiba kweemaski, okutshintsha umfanekiso kunye nokuziphatha kwabaqhankqalazi. Isetyenziswe ngamaqela e-SWAT kwiimeko ezingenakubalwa apho unkqonkqoza emnyango bekungasebenza ngcono. Isetyenzisiwe njengesohlwayo sabaqhankqalazi kunye namabanjwa. Isetyenziswe njengemidlalo ngamapolisa / amajoni anomdla kakhulu.
Amatshantliziyo axhathisile, amise ukuthutha esuka eKorea ukuya eBahrain, amisa ihotele e-Oakland, eCalifornia, ukusingathwa kwendawo yezixhobo. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yeenyembezi kuyenyuka kwihlabathi jikelele. I-Feigenbaum iphakamisa izifundo ezithembekileyo zesayensi. Andiphikisani noko. Ucebisa ukucaciswa komgangatho osemthethweni wegesi iinyembezi. Andiphikisani nale nto-bona ngasentla. Ucebisa, endaweni yokulangazelela, ukuba ukuba esi sixhobo sithathwe njengechiza, kuya kuthi ke kufane nokusetyenziswa kwizithintelo ezifanayo. Andiphikisani noko. Kodwa incwadi kaFigenbaum eneneni yenza icala elilula nelomeleleyo: thintela igesi yokuqhekeza iphelele.
