NguJohn Scales Avery, nge-4 kaJanuwari ka-2019
Ukubulawa kuka-General Qasem Soleimani
NgoLwesihlanu, umhla we-3 kaJanuwari ka-2020, inkqubela phambili e-United States nabo bonke abantu abathanda uxolo kwihlabathi liphela bothuka bakufumanisa ukuba uDonald Trump ukongeza kuluhlu olude lolwaphulomthetho kunye nemikhombandlela ngokuyalela ukubulawa kukaGeneral Qasem Soleimani, iqhawe kwilizwe lakhe, i-Iran. Ukubulala, okwenziwa ngoqhankqalazo lwe-drone ngolwesiHlanu, kwangoko kwandise kakhulu umlo omkhulu wobunzima obukhulu eMiddle East nakwezinye iindawo. Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, ndingathanda ukuphinda ndiqwalasele imbali yokuhlaselwa kwe-oyile okwenziwe yi-Iran.
Umnqweno wokulawula ioyile yaseIran
I-Iran inempucuko yakudala kwaye intle, ebuyela umva kwi-5,000 BC, xa kwakusekwa isixeko saseSusa. Eminye yemibhalo yokuqala esiyaziyo, esusela malunga ne-3,000 BC, yayisetyenziswa yimpucuko yama-Elamite kufutshane naseSusa. Ama-Irani anamhlanje akrelekrele kakhulu kwaye anenkcubeko, kwaye adume ngokwamkela iindwendwe, ububele kunye nobubele kubantu ongabaziyo. Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane, abantu baseIran benze igalelo elininzi kwisayensi, ubugcisa kunye noncwadi, kwaye kangangamakhulu eminyaka khange bahlasele nabamelwane babo. Nangona kunjalo, kule minyaka ingama-90 idlulileyo, babengamaxhoba ohlaselo lwangaphandle kunye nongenelelo, uninzi lwazo olunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nezixhobo zeoyile kunye negesi zaseIran. Eyokuqala kwezi yenzeke kwisithuba se-1921-1925, xa iBritane eyayixhaswa yiBritane yabhukuqa ubukhosi baseQajar yaza yathatyathelw 'indawo nguReza Shah.
UReza Shah (1878-1944) waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoReza Khan, igosa lomkhosi. Ngenxa yobukrelekrele bakhe obuphakamileyo, waphakama ngokukhawuleza waba ngumthetheli weTabriz Brigade yasePersian Cossacks. Ngomnyaka we-1921, uGeneral Edmond Ironside, owayalela umkhosi wase-Bhritane wamadoda angama-6,000 ukuba alwe namaBolsheviks kumantla ePersi, wenza iqhinga lokuxhasa (elixhaswe yi-Bhritane) apho iReza Khan ikhokele i-15,000 yeCossacks esiya kwikomkhulu. Wabhukuqa urhulumente, waba ngumphathiswa wemfazwe. Urhulumente wase-Bhritane waluxhasa olu manyano kuba wayekholelwa ukuba inkokeli eyomeleleyo iyafuneka e-Iran ukuxhathisa ii-Bolsheviks. Ngomnyaka we-1923, uReza Khan wabhukuqa ubukhosi baseQajar, kwaye ngo-1925 wathweswa isithsaba njengoReza Shah, wamkela igama elithi Pahlavi.
UReza Shah wayekholelwa ukuba wayenenjongo yokuphucula i-Iran, ngendlela efanayo noKamil Ataturk owayephucule iTurkey. Ngethuba leminyaka eli-16 yolawulo e-Iran, kwakhiwa iindlela ezininzi, kwakhiwa i-Trans-Iranian Railway, abantu abaninzi base-Irani bathunyelwa ukuyokufundisisa eNtshona, iYunivesithi yaseTehran yavulwa, kwaza kwathathwa amanyathelo okuqala okuya kwezamashishini. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zikaReza Shah ngamanye amaxesha zazinzima kakhulu.
Ngo-1941, ngelixa iJamani ihlasela iRussia, i-Iran yahlala ingathathi cala, mhlawumbi incike kancinci kwicala laseJamani. Nangona kunjalo, uReza Shah wayemgxeka ngokwaneleyo uHitler ukuba anike ukhuseleko e-Iran kubabaleki abavela kumaNazi. Esoyikela ukuba amaJamani aza kufumana ulawulo lweendawo zeoyile i-Abadan, kwaye anqwenela ukusebenzisa iTrans-Iranian Railway ukuzisa izinto eRashiya, i-Bhritane yahlasela i-Iran isemazantsi ngo-Agasti 25, 1941. Kwangelo xesha, umkhosi wase-Russia wahlasela ilizwe. mantla. UReza Shah ubhenele kuRoosevelt ngoncedo, ecacisa ukungathathi cala kwe-Iran, kodwa watsho phantsi. NgoSeptemba 17, 1941, wanyanzelwa ukuba aye elubhacweni, endaweni yakhe kwathatyathwa unyana wakhe, iNkosana yeNkosana u-Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Zombini i-Bhritane ne-Russia zathembisa ukurhoxa e-Iran kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba imfazwe iphelile. Ngexesha eliseleyo leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, nangona u-Shah omtsha wayebizwa ngokuba ngumlawuli wase-Iran, ilizwe lalilawulwa yimikhosi emanyeneyo.
UReza Shah wayenengqondo eqinileyo yokuthunywa, kwaye wayeziva ukuba ngumsebenzi wakhe ukuphucula i-Iran. Wawudlulisela lo myalezo kunyana wakhe, u-Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi oselula. Ingxaki ebuhlungu yentlupheko yayibonakala kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye bobabini uReza Shah kunye nonyana wakhe babona ukuphuculwa kweIran njengeyona ndlela yokuphelisa ubuhlwempu.
Ngo-1951, u-Mohammad Mosaddegh waba ngu-Nkulumbuso wase-Iran ngonyulo lwentando yesininzi. Wayevela kusapho olubekwe kakhulu kwaye wayenokulandela umkhondo wakhe wobukhokho kwi-Qahjar ubukhosi. Phakathi kohlaziyo oluninzi olwenziwe nguMosaddegh yayikukubeka ilizwe kwisiseko sempahla yeAnglo-Iranian yeNkampani yeoyile eIran. Ngenxa yoku, i-AIOC (eyathi kamva yaba yiBritish Petroleum), yacenga urhulumente wase-Bhritane ukuba axhase imali eyimfihlo eyayiza kubhukuqa iMosaddegh. I-Bhritane yacela uMongameli wase-US u-Eisenhower kunye ne-CIA ukuba bajoyine i-M16 ekwenzeni lo mbhikisho ubanga ukuba iMosaddegh imele isoyikiso sobukomanisi (ingxoxo ehlekisayo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imvelaphi ye-Mosaddegh). U-Eisenhower wavuma ukunceda i-Bhritane ekuphumezeni lo mbhikisho, kwaye kwenzeka ngo-1953. Ngaloo ndlela u-Shah wafumana amandla apheleleyo e-Iran.
Iinjongo zokuphucula i-Iran kunye nokuphelisa intlupheko zamkelwa njenge-mission ebingcwele ngoyena mncinci u-Shah, u-Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, kwaye yayiyeyona njongo iphambili yoHlaziyo oluMhlophe ngo-1963, xa uninzi lomhlaba ongabanini bomhlaba wobukhosi kunye nesithsaba yahanjiswa kubahlali abangenamhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, i-White Revolution yabacaphukisa bobabini abemi bomhlaba kunye nabefundisi, kwaye yadala inkcaso ekrakra. Ukujongana nale nkcaso, iindlela ze-Shahs zazinzima kakhulu, njengoko babenjalo ooyise. Ngenxa yokwahlukaniswa okuveliswe ziindlela zakhe ezingqwabalala, nangenxa yokukhula kwamandla eentshaba zakhe, u-Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi wabhukuqwa kwi-Iranian Revolution yowe-1979. Uguquko lwango-1979 lwalubangelwa luvukelo lwaseBritani naseMelika ngo-1953.
Omnye unokutsho ukuba ukusentshona, apho u-Shah Reza kunye nonyana wakhe bajolise khona, bavelisa impendulo yokulwa nentshona phakathi kwezinto ezilondolozayo zoluntu lwaseIran. I-Iran "yayiwela phakathi kwezitulo ezibini", kwelinye icala inkcubeko yasentshona kwelinye icala inkcubeko yemveli yelizwe. Kubonakala ngathi iphakathi phakathi, ingeyoyakhe. Ekugqibeleni ungene Ngo-1979 abefundisi bamaSilamsi boyisa kwaye i-Iran yakhetha isiko. Ngeli xesha, ngo-1963, i-US yayixhase ngasese umkhosi wamavukelambuso e-Iraq owazisa uSaddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party. Ngo-1979, xa u-Shah wase-Iran owayesentshona ebhukuqwa, i-United States yathathela ingqalelo ulawulo lweShiite olwalusisikhundla sakhe njengoyikiso ekuboneleleni ngeoyile evela eSaudi Arabia. IWashington yabona i-Iraq kaSaddam njengendawo yokulwa urhulumente waseShiite waseIran ekucingelwa ukuba yayisoyikisela ukuhanjiswa kweoyile kumazwe ase-pro-American afana ne-Kuwait ne-Saudi Arabia.
Ngo-1980, bakhuthazwa ukuba benze njalo ngenxa yokuba i-Iran ilahlekelwe yi-US, urhulumente kaSaddam Hussein wahlasela i-Iran. Esi yayisisiqalo semfazwe enegazi kakhulu neyonakalisayo eyaqhubeka kangangeminyaka esibhozo, yabulala abantu abasisigidi kula mazwe mabini. I-Iraq yasebenzisa zombini igesi yemostade kunye neegesi zemithambo-luvo i-Tabun kunye ne-Sarin ngokuchasene ne-Iran, ngokuchasene ne-Geneva Protocol. Zombini i-United States ne-Bhritane zanceda urhulumente kaSaddam Hussein ukuba afumane izixhobo zemichiza.
Uhlaselo lwangoku e-Iran ngu-Israyeli kunye ne-United States, zombini ezokwenyani kunye nezoyikisayo, zinokufana nokulwa ne-Iraq, eyasungulwa yi-United States ngo-2003. Ngo-2003, olu hlaselo lwalukhuthazwa luloyiko lokuba izixhobo zenyukliya iya kuphuhliswa, kodwa i Isizathu sokwenyani sasinento yokwenza nomnqweno wokulawula nokuxhaphaza izibonelelo zepetroleum zaseIraq, kunye noloyiko olukhulu luka-Israyeli lokuba nommelwane onamandla nonentiyo. Kwangokunjalo, i-hegemony ngaphezulu koovimba beoyile kunye negesi enkulu i-Iran inokubonwa njengesona sizathu siphambili sokuba i-United States ibonakalise i-Iran, kwaye oku kudityaniswa noloyiko oluphantse lwenzeka kwa-Israyeli olukhulu kunye namandla e-Iran. Xa sijonga ngasemva "ekuphumeleleni" kowe-1953 ngokuchasene noMosaddegh, u-Israyeli kunye ne-United States mhlawumbi banoluvo lokuba izohlwayo, izoyikiso, ukubulala kunye nolunye uxinzelelo kunokubangela utshintsho kulawulo oluza kuzisa urhulumente ohambelana ngakumbi namandla e-Iran - urhulumente oza kwamkela Ubundlobongela baseMelika. Kodwa i-rhetoric enobundlobongela, izoyikiso kunye nokuxhokonxa zinokuya kwimfazwe epheleleyo.
Andinqweneli ukuthi urhulumente wase-Iran ngoku akanazimpazamo. Nangona kunjalo, nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela ngokuchasene ne-Iran kuya kuba kukuphambana kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kutheni usile? Ngenxa yokuba uqoqosho lwangoku lwe-US kunye nehlabathi alunakho ukuxhasa enye ingxabano enkulu; kuba uMbindi Mpuma sele ingumbuso oneengxaki; Kwaye kungenakwenzeka ukuqikelela ubungakanani bemfazwe enokuthi, ukuba sele iqalile, inokukhula ibe liMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiThathu, inikwe inyani yokuba i-Iran inxibelelene kakhulu neRussia ne China. Kutheni ulwaphulo-mthetho? Ngenxa yokuba ubundlobongela obunjalo buya kwaphula zombini i-UN Charter kunye neMigaqo yaseNuremberg. Akukho themba konke konke ngekamva ngaphandle kokuba sisebenzela ilizwe elinoxolo, elilawulwa ngumthetho wamazwe aphesheya, endaweni yelizwe eloyikekayo, apho kulawula khona amandla okhohlakeleyo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iran kunokwanda
Sisandula ukudlula isikhumbuzo se-100 seMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwaye kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba le ntlekele inkulu kangaka yanda ngokungalawulekiyo kwinto ebekulungiselelwe ukuba kungquzulwano oluncinci. Kukho umngcipheko wokuba uhlaselo lwe-Iran lungakhula lube kumlo omkhulu omkhulu ku-Mbindi Wempuma, ubeka indawo engaphaya kwengxaki.
Urhulumente ongazinzanga wasePakistan angabhukuqwa, kwaye urhulumente wasePakistan owayengaguquki angangena emfazweni ngecala le-Iran, ngokwenza oko angenise izixhobo zenyukliya kwimbambano. I-Russia ne China, amahlakani aqatha eIran, nawo angatsalelwa kwimfazwe jikelele e-Middle East.
Kwimeko enobungozi enokubangelwa kukuhlaselwa kwe-Iran, kukho umngcipheko wokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zingasetyenziswa, ngabom, okanye ngengozi okanye ngendlela engeyiyo. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonakalisile ukuba ngaphandle kokwenza iindawo ezinkulu zehlabathi ukuba zingangabinako ngenxa yongcoliseko lwerediyo ehlala ixesha elide, imfazwe yenyukliya inokonakalisa ezolimo kwihlabathi kangangokuba indlala yehlabathi lonke ibingaziwa ngaphambili.
Yiyo ke loo nto imfazwe yenyukliya iyeyona ntlekele iphilayo. Ingayitshabalalisa impucuko yabantu kwaye uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuzibeka emngciphekweni wemfazwe enjalo bekuya kuba sisenzo esingaxoleliyo ngokubhekisele kubomi nakwikamva labo bonke abantu behlabathi, kubandakanywa nabemi baseMelika.
Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonakalisile ukuba amafu omsi osuka kwizitshingitshane zomlilo kwizixeko ezivuthayo anganyuka aye kwindawo etshisayo, apho aya kuthi asasazeke emhlabeni jikelele aze ashiye ishumi leminyaka, ethintela umjikelo we-hydrological, kwaye atshabalalise ungqimba lwe-ozone. Ishumi leminyaka lobushushu obuncitshiswe kakhulu nalo liza kulandela. Ezolimo zehlabathi ziya kutshatyalaliswa. Abantu, izityalo nezilwanyana ziya kutshabalala.
Kuya kufuneka siqwalasele iziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide zongcoliseko lwe-radioactive. Umntu unokufumana uluvo oluncinci lokuba kungayintoni xa ucinga ngongcoliseko olusebenzisa i-radioactive olwenze iindawo ezinkulu kufutshane naseChernobyl naseFukushima ukuba zingabi nakuhlalwa ngokusisigxina, okanye kuvavanywe iibhombu zehydrogen ePacific ngeye-1950's, eqhubeka nokubangela i-leukemia kunye iziphene zokuzalwa kwiiMarshall Islands ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane kamva. Kwimeko yemfazwe yenyukliya, ungcoliseko luya kuba lukhulu kakhulu.
Kuya kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba amandla aqhushumbe ezi zixhobo zenyukliya kwihlabathi lanamhlanje angama-500,000, XNUMX amandla amakhulu ebhombu atshabalalisa iHiroshima naseNagasaki. Into esongelayo namhlanje kukuqhekeka ngokupheleleyo kwempucuko yabantu kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobuninzi bezinto eziphilayo.
Inkcubeko eqhelekileyo yoluntu sonke esabelana ngayo nobuncwane kufuneka bukhuselwe ngononophelo kwaye inikwe abantwana kunye nabazukulwana. Umhlaba omhle, kunye nobutyebi bawo obukhulu bezityalo kunye nobomi bezilwanyana, ukwabubutyebi, phantse bungaphaya kwamandla ethu ukulinganisa okanye ukuveza. Olunjani lona ikratshi nokuzinyelisa ukuba iinkokeli zethu zicinga ngokuzibeka emngciphekweni woku kulwa nemfazwe yenyukliya!
