Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iran kuya kuba yingozi yentlekele yehlabathi

NguJohn Scales Avery, ngoMeyi 21, 2019

NgoMvulo, i-13 Meyi 2019, i-New York Times yathumela isihloko esithi "Iingxelo zeNdlu ze-White House Plans Against Iran. Echoes of Iraq War ". Ngaphandle komqhubi wendiza kunye nemikhosi yamanxweme esele ithunyelwe kwi-Persian Gulf, izicwangciso ziquka ukuthumela abaninzi njengamaqela ase-120,000 ase-US kuloo ndawo. Kukho ingozi enkulu yokuba ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iranian kunokwenziwa yiGulf-of-Tonkin-efana nesiganeko seflegi sobuxoki esibandakanya iinqanawa zeoli zaseSaudi.

NgeCawa, uMeyi we-19, uDonald Trump wathi: "Ukuba i-Iran ifuna ukulwa, oko kuya kuba sekupheleni kwe-Iran. Ungalokothi usongela iUnited States kwakhona! "Akazange acacise ukuba i-Iran yayisongela njani i-US okanye nini.

Kutheni le nto ukubakho kohlaselo lomkhosi e-Iran kukhathaza ngakumbi? Imfazwe enjalo inokuphazamisa ngokupheleleyo iMiddle East esele ingazinzanga. EPakistan, ukungathandwa komanyano lwe-US-Israel-Saudi, kunye nenkumbulo yezenzo ezininzi zenkohlakalo, kungakhokelela ekubhukuqweni korhulumente wasePakistan ongazinzanga, ebeka izixhobo zenyukliya ePakistan ezandleni ezingezizo ezaseburhulumenteni. I-Russia kunye ne China, amahlakani akudala e-Iran, nawo anokutsaleleka kwimbambano. Kuya kubakho ingozi enkulu yokunyuka ukuya kwimfazwe yenyukliya epheleleyo.

I-Irani luhlanga olunokuthula kodwa luye lwahlaselwa rhoqo

I-Iran inempucuko yakudala kwaye intle ebuyela emva kwi-7000 BC, xa kwakusekwa isixeko saseSusa. Eminye yemibhalo yokuqala esiyaziyo, esusela malunga ne-3,000 BC, yayisetyenziswa yimpucuko yama-Elamite kufutshane naseSusa. Namhlanje abantu baseIran bakrelekrele kakhulu kwaye banenkcubeko, kwaye badume ngokwamkela iindwendwe, ububele kunye nobubele kubantu abangabaziyo. Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane, abantu baseIran benze igalelo elininzi kwinzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye noncwadi, kwaye kangangamakhulu eminyaka khange bahlasele nabamelwane babo. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkulungwane ephelileyo, babengamaxhoba ohlaselo lwangaphandle kunye nongenelelo, uninzi lwazo olunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nezixhobo zeoyile kunye negesi zaseIran. Eyokuqala kwezi yenzeke kwisithuba se-1921-1925, xa iBritane eyayixhaswa yiBritane yabhukuqa ubukhosi baseQajar yaza yathatyathelw 'indawo nguReza Shah.

UReza Shah (1878-1944) waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoReza Khan, igosa lempi. Ngenxa yobuchule bakhe obuphakamileyo ngokukhawuleza wavuka waba ngumlawuli weThabriz Brigade we-Cossacks yasePersi. Ku-1921, jikelele u-Edmond Ironside, owawisela umthetho waseBrithani amabutho aseBrithani alwa namaBolsheviks enyakatho yasePersia, wazama ukuxhaswa (inkxaso ngeBritani) apho uRaza Khan uhola i-6,000 Cossacks kwi-capital. Wawubhuqa urhulumente, waba ngumlungiseleli wemfazwe. Urhulumente waseBrithani usixhasa lo mbutho ngenxa yokuba wayekholelwa ukuba inkokheli enamandla yayimfuneko e-Irani ukumelana namaBolsheviks. Ku-15,000, uRaza Khan wagumbuqela i-Qajar Dynasty, kwaye kwi-1923 wathweswa umqhele njengoReza Shah, wamkela igama elithi Pahlavi.

UReza Shah wayekholelwa ekubeni wayenenjongo yokuhlaziya i-Iran, ngendlela efanayo noKamil Ata Turk owayephucule iTurkey. Ngethuba leminyaka eli-16 yolawulo e-Iran, kwakhiwa iindlela ezininzi, kwakhiwa iTrans-Iranian Railway, abantu abaninzi base-Irani bathunyelwa ukuyokufunda eNtshona, iYunivesithi yaseTehran yavulwa, kwaza kwathathwa amanyathelo okuqala okuya kwezamashishini. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zikaReza Shah ngamanye amaxesha zazinzima kakhulu.

Ngo-1941, ngelixa iJamani ihlasela iRussia, i-Iran yahlala ingathathi cala, mhlawumbi incike kancinci kwicala laseJamani. Nangona kunjalo, uReza Shah wayemgxeka ngokwaneleyo uHitler ukuba anike ukhuseleko e-Iran kubabaleki abavela kumaNazi. Esoyika ukuba amaJamani azakufumana ulawulo lweendawo zeoyile iAbadan, kwaye benqwenela ukusebenzisa iTrans-Iranian Railway ukuzisa izinto eRashiya, iBritani yahlasela i-Iran isuka emazantsi ngoAgasti 25, 1941. Kwangelo xesha, umkhosi waseRashiya wahlasela ilizwe lisuka emantla. UReza Shah ubhenele kuRoosevelt ngoncedo, ecacisa ukungathathi cala kwe-Iran, kodwa watsho phantsi. NgoSeptemba 17, 1941, wanyanzelwa ukuba aye elubhacweni, endaweni yakhe kwathatyathwa unyana wakhe, iNkosana yeNkosana u-Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Zombini i-Bhritane ne-Russia zathembisa ngokurhoxa e-Iran kwakamsinya nje ukuba imfazwe iphelile. Ngexesha eliseleyo leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, nangona u-Shah omtsha wayebizwa ngokuba ngumlawuli wase-Iran, ilizwe lalilawulwa yimikhosi emanyeneyo.

UReza Shah, wayenomdla oqinileyo wokuthunywa, kwaye wayenomuvo wokuba unomsebenzi wokuphucula i-Iran. Wadlulela kule ngqiqo yokuthunyelwa kwindodana yakhe, u-Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Kubonakala kuyo yonke into ebangela intlupheko, kunye noReza Shah kunye nendodana yakhe yabona i-Iran yesimanje njengendlela kuphela yokuphelisa intlupheko.

Kwi-1951, u-Mohammad Mosaddegh waba nguNdunankulu wase-Iran ngokusebenzisa ukhetho lwentando yeninzi. Wayevela kwintsapho ebeka kakhulu kwaye wayenokulandelela ubukhokho bakhe kwi-shahs yobukhosi baseKajar. Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi zokuguqulwa ezenziwe nguMosaddegh kwakuyi-nationalization ye-Anglo-Iranian Oil Izinto zenkampani eIran. Ngenxa yoku, i-AIOC (eyathi kamva yaba yiBritish Petroleum), yacenga urhulumente wase-Bhritane ukuba axhase imali eyimfihlo eyayiza kubhukuqa iMosaddegh. I-Bhritane yacela uMongameli wase-US u-Eisenhower kunye ne-CIA ukuba bajoyine i-M16 ekwenzeni lo mbhikisho, bebanga ukuba iMosaddegh ibonakalise isoyikiso sobukomanisi (ingxoxo ehlekisayo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imvelaphi ye-Mosaddegh). U-Eisenhower wavuma ukunceda i-Bhritane ekuphumezeni ubhukuqo-mbuso, kwaye lwenzeka ngo-1953.

Injongo yokuphucula i-Iran kunye nokuphelisa intlupheko yamkelwa njengomsebenzi oyingcwele-ntloko ngu-Shah, uMahammad Reza Pahlavi, kwaye yayiyisisiseko sokuguqulwa kwe-White White kwi-1963, xa ininzi yelizwe lingabanini-mhlaba be-feudal kunye nesithsaba zahanjiswa kubantu abahlala ngaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, i-White Revolution yacaphukisa isigaba sokuhlala komhlaba kunye nabafundisi, kwaye yavelisa inkcaso. Xa ejongene nale nkcaso, iindlela ze-Shahs zazinzima kakhulu, njengokuba ooyise babekho. Ngenxa yokuhlukana okuveliswe ziindlela zakhe ezinzima, kwaye ngenxa yokukhula kwamandla akhe, uShaham Mohammed Reza Pahlavi yahluthwa kwi-Iranian Revolution ye-1979. Ukuguqulwa kwe-1979 kwimeko ethile ebangelwa ukukhutshwa kwe-British-American ye-1953.

Omnye unokutsho ukuba ukusentshona, apho u-Shah Reza kunye nonyana wakhe bajolise khona, bavelisa impendulo yokulwa nentshona phakathi kwezinto ezilondolozayo zoluntu lwaseIran. I-Iran "yayiwela phakathi kwezitulo ezibini", kwelinye icala inkcubeko yasentshona kwelinye icala inkcubeko yemveli yelizwe. Kubonakala ngathi iphakathi phakathi, ingeyoyakhe. Ekugqibeleni ngo-1979 abefundisi bamaSilamsi banqoba kwaye i-Iran yakhetha isiko.

Okwangoku, ngo-1963 i-US yayixhase ngasese umkhosi wamavukelambuso e-Iraq owazisa uSaddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party. Ngo-1979, xa u-Shah wase-Iran owayesekelwa entshona wabhukuqwa, i-United States yathatha ulawulo lwe-Shi'ite olwalusisiseko njengoyikiso ekuboneleleni ngeoyile evela e-Saudi Arabia. IWashington yabona i-Iraq kaSaddam njengendawo yokulwa urhulumente waseShiite wase-Iran ekucingelwa ukuba yayisoyikisela ukuhanjiswa kweoyile kumazwe ase-Melika afana ne-Kuwait ne-Saudi Arabia.

Ku-1980, wakhuthazwa ukuba enze oko ngenxa yokuba i-Iran ilahlekelwe yi-US inkxaso yayo, urhulumente waseSaddam Hussein wahlasela i-Iran. Le nto yayiyisiqalo semfazwe egazini kunye neyonakalisayo eyadlulayo iminyaka eyisibhozo, ixhaphaza phantse izigidi zabantu kwiintlanga ezimbini. I-Iraq yasetyenziselwa i-mustard gas negesi ye-nerve Tabun ne-Sarin malunga ne-Iran, ngokuphula umthetho we-Geneva Protocol.

Uhlaselo lwangoku e-Iran, olokwenene nolwesoyikisayo, luye lwafana nemfazwe eyayichasene ne-Iraq eyasungulwa yi-United States ngo-2003. Ngo-2003, uhlaselo lwaye lwakhuthazwa luloyiko lokuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziya kuphuhliswa, kodwa eyona Isizathu sasinento yokwenza nomnqweno wokulawula nokuxhaphaza izibonelelo zepetroleum zaseIraq, nangoloyiko olugqithisileyo lakwa-Israyeli lokuba nommelwane onamandla nonentiyo. Kwangokunjalo, i-hegemony engoovimba abakhulu beoyile kunye negesi e-Iran inokubonwa njengesona sizathu siphambili sokuba i-United States ibonakalise i-Iran, kwaye oku kudityaniswa noloyiko oluphantse lwenzeka kwa-Israyeli malunga ne-Iran enkulu nenamandla. Xa ndijonga ngasemva "ngempumelelo" yowe-1953 ngokuchasene noMosaddegh, u-Israyeli kunye ne-United States mhlawumbi banoluvo lokuba izohlwayo, izoyikiso, ukubulala kunye nolunye uxinzelelo lunokubangela utshintsho kulawulo oluza kuzisa urhulumente ohambelana ngakumbi namandla e-Iran - urhulumente oza kwamkela Ubundlobongela baseMelika. Kodwa i-rhetoric enobundlobongela, izoyikiso kunye nokuxhokonxa zinokuya kwimfazwe epheleleyo.

Andinqweneli kuthetha ukuvunywa kukarhulumente wolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni wase-Iran. Nangona kunjalo, abantu ababuka iindwendwe, abanenkcubeko kunye nabanobuhlobo abafanelwe yimfazwe. Abafanelekanga ukubandezeleka esele kubekiwe kubo. Ngapha koko, nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela obujoliswe e-Iran kuya kuba yingqondo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kutheni usile? Ngenxa yokuba uqoqosho lwangoku lwe-US kunye nehlabathi alunakho ukuxhasa enye ingxabano enkulu; kuba uMbindi Mpuma sele ingumbuso oneengxaki; Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kungenakwenzeka ukuqikelela ubungakanani bemfazwe enokuthi, ukuba iqalile, inokukhula ibe liMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiThathu, inikwe inyani yokuba i-Iran inxibelelene kakhulu neRussia ne China. Kutheni ulwaphulo-mthetho? Ngenxa yokuba ubundlobongela obunjalo buya kwaphula zombini i-UN Charter kunye neMigaqo yaseNuremberg. Akukho themba konke konke ngekamva ngaphandle kokuba sisebenzela ilizwe elinoxolo, elilawulwa ngumthetho wamazwe aphesheya, endaweni yelizwe eloyikekayo apho kulawula khona amandla okhohlakeleyo.

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