Njengoko i-US ithumela abafuduki ngeenxa zonke, uKen Burns uthi uza kuthetha iNyaniso malunga nokuBulawa kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo.

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Septemba 16, 2022

Ngaba lo mzuzu, xa iUnited States ithumela abafuduki malunga nokuba yinkunkuma yenyukliya, lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuba uKen Burns kunye ne-PBS babange ukuba baya kuthetha inyani nge-US kunye nokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo? Bayibanga loo nto malunga neVietnam. (Nalu uphononongo lwam oluxubene kakhulu.)

Ewe, ndiyathemba ukufunda izinto ezintsha ezivela kwiBurns kunye nenkampani, kwaye ndingazibango ukuba ndazi yonke into, kodwa into endiyaziyo, yile nto ndiza kuyenza ifilimu yakhe yamva nje ibandakanye ukuba ndinamandla (kodwa uya kukhwankqiswa ukuba iya):

(Icatshulwe kwi Ukushiya iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.)

 Ukuba ubungamamela abantu bethethelela iWWII namhlanje, kwaye besebenzisa iWWII ukuthethelela iminyaka engama-75 eyalandelayo yeemfazwe kunye namalungiselelo emfazwe, into yokuqala onokuyilindela ukuyifumana ekufundeni malunga ne-WWII ibiyimfazwe ekhuthazwa yimfuneko sindisa amaYuda ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi. Kuza kubakho iifoto ezindala zeeposta kunye noMalume Sam ekhombe umnwe wakhe, esithi "Ndifuna ukuba ugcine amaJuda!"

Ngokwenyani, oorhulumente baseMelika nabaseBritane bathathe inxaxheba iminyaka kwimikhankaso yepropaganda yokwakha inkxaso yemfazwe kodwa khange bathethe nto ngokusindisa amaJuda.[i] Kwaye siyazi ngokwaneleyo malunga neengxoxo zikarhulumente zangaphakathi ukwazi ukuba amaJuda asindisayo (okanye nabani na ongomnye) yayingeyonto eyimfihlo efihliweyo kuluntu olunxamnye namaSemite (kwaye ukuba bekunjalo, idemokhrasi ngeyayikukuphi kwidabi elikhulu ledemokhrasi?). Ke, kwangoko sijamelene nengxaki yokuba esona sizathu sithandwayo seWWII khange senziwe kude kube semva kweWWII.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezokufuduka wase-US, owenziwe ikakhulu ngama-antisemitic eugenicists anjengoHarry Laughlin - bona ngokwabo imithombo yenkuthazo kwii-eugenicists zamaNazi-bakuthintele ngokungqongqo ukwamkelwa kwamaJuda e-United States ngaphambi naphakathi kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.[ii]

Umgaqo-nkqubo wamaNazi eJamani iminyaka yayikukulandela ukugxothwa kwamaJuda, hayi ukubulawa kwabo. Oorhulumente behlabathi babambe iinkomfa zikawonkewonke ukuxoxa ukuba ngubani oza kwamkela amaJuda, kwaye abo rhulumente- ngezizathu ezivulekileyo nezingenazintloni zokuchasana nabezomthetho-bala ukwamkela amaxhoba amaNazi. UHitler ngokungafihlisiyo wakubetha ngoyaba ukwala njengesivumelwano nobugorha bakhe kunye nenkuthazo yokuyinyusa.

E--vian-les-Baines, eFrance, ngoJulayi 1938, kwenziwa iinzame zokuqala zamanye amazwe, okanye ubuncinci, ukunciphisa into exhaphake kula mashumi eminyaka akutshanje: ingxaki yeembacu. Ingxaki yayikukuphathwa kwamaNazi ngamaYuda. Abameli bezizwe ezingama-32 kunye nemibutho engama-63, kunye neentatheli ezimalunga nama-200 ezazigubungela lo msitho, babewazi kakuhle umnqweno wamaNazi wokugxotha onke amaJamani eJamani nase-Austria, kwaye besazi ukuba isiphelo ebesibalindile ukuba abaza kugxothwa kungenzeka kukufa. Isigqibo senkomfa yayikukushiya amaJuda kwisiphelo sawo. (YiCosta Rica kuphela kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican eyonyuse inani labo lokufika.)

Umthunywa wase-Australia u-TW White uthe, ngaphandle kokubuza abantu bomthonyama base-Australia: "njengoko singenangxaki yokwenene yobuhlanga, asinqweneli ukungenisa."[iii]

Uzwilakhe weRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican wawagqala njengabantu abanqwenelekayo ngokobuhlanga, njengokuzisa ubumhlophe kwilizwe elinabantu abaninzi baseAfrika. Umhlaba wabekelwa ecaleni ngama-100,000 amaJuda, kodwa ayengaphantsi kwe1,000 awakhe afika.[iv]

UHitler wayethe xa kwakuza kuphakanyiswa iNkomfa ka-:vian: “Ndiyathemba ukuba elinye ilizwe, elinolwazelelelo olunzulu ngezi zaphuli-mthetho [zamaJuda], liya kuthi okungenani libe nesisa ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula oluvelwano lube luncedo olusebenzayo. Thina, kwelethu icala, sikulungele ukunika bonke aba baphuli-mthetho ukuba basebenzise la mazwe, ngenxa yabo bonke endibakhathaleleyo, nkqu nakwiinqanawa zodidi. ”[v]

Ukulandela inkomfa, ngo-Novemba ka-1938, uHitler wandisa uhlaselo lwakhe kumaJuda Kristallnacht okanye iCrystal Night - uqhushululu olwenziwe ngurhulumente ngexesha lasebusuku, kutshabalalisa kwaza kwatshiswa iivenkile zamaJuda kunye nezindlu zesikhungu, ekwathi phakathi kwazo abantu abangama-25,000 basiwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Ukuthetha ngoJanuwari 30, 1939, uHitler wabanga ukuthethelelwa kwezenzo zakhe kwiziphumo zeNkomfa ye-Évian:

“Ngumbono onehlazo ukubona indlela umhlaba wonke wentando yesininzi ulususa ngayo uvelwano kumaJuda ahluphekileyo ahluphekileyo, kodwa uhlala eneentliziyo ezilukhuni kwaye engenzi nto xa kufikwa ekubancedeni - nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo, ngenxa yesimo sayo, umsebenzi ocacileyo . Iimpikiswano eziziswe njengezizathu zokungabancedi zithethele amaJamani kunye namaTaliyane. Kuba nantsi into abayithethayo:

"1. 'Thina,' ezo ziidemokhrasi, 'asikho kwimeko yokuthabatha amaYuda.' Ukanti kwezi zikumkani akukho nabantu abalishumi ukuya kwisikwere sekhilomitha. Ngelixa iJamani, kunye nabemi bayo abangama-135 ukuya kwiskwere sekhilomitha, kufanele ukuba babenendawo yabo!

"2. Bayasiqinisekisa: Asinakubathatha ngaphandle kokuba iJamani ikulungele ukubavumela isixa esithile semali ukuba beze nabaphambukeli. ”^[vi]

Ingxaki e-Évian, ngelishwa, yayingekungazi i-ajenda yamaNazi, kodwa kukusilela ukubeka phambili ukuyithintela. Oku kwahlala kuyingxaki ngexesha lemfazwe. Yayiyingxaki efunyenwe kwezopolitiko nakuluntu ngokubanzi.

Kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva kobusuku beCrystal, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wathi ukhumbula unozakuzaku waseJamani kwaye umbono woluntu "wothuke kakhulu" Akazange asebenzise igama elithi “amaYuda.” Intatheli yabuza ukuba naphi na apha emhlabeni angamkela amaJuda amaninzi aseJamani. "Hayi," watsho uRoosevelt. "Ixesha alikafiki." Omnye umlobi-ntatheli ubuzile ukuba uRoosevelt uza kuyiphumuza imiqobo yokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kwiimbacu zamaJuda. "Oko akukwenzi ukucinga," waphendula umongameli.[vii] URoosevelt wenqabile ukuxhasa ityala lababaleki labantwana ngo-1939, elaliya kuvumela ama-20,000 14 amaJuda angaphantsi kweminyaka eli-XNUMX ukuba angene eUnited States, kwaye ayizange iphume kwikomiti.[viii]

Ngelixa uninzi e-United States, njengakwezinye iindawo, bezama ngobuqili ukuhlangula amaJuda kumaNazi, kubandakanya nokuzinikela ukubangenisa, uninzi lweembono lwalungenabo.

NgoJulayi 1940, uAdolf Eichmann, umcwangcisi ophambili wesibingelelo, wayefuna ukuthumela onke amaJuda eMadagascar, ngoku awayengawaseJamani, eFrance sele ihleli. Iinqanawa kuya kufuneka zilinde de kube liBritane, ngoku ebethetha ukuba uWinston Churchill, aphelise ukuvalwa kwayo. Olo suku aluzange lufike.[ix]

Unobhala Wezangaphandle wase-Bhritane u-Anthony Eden wadibana ngo-Matshi 27, 1943, eWashington, DC, kunye no-Rabi Stephen Wise kunye no-Joseph M. Proskauer, igqwetha elaziwayo kunye ne-New York State Supreme Court owayesebenza njengo-Mongameli we-American Jewish Committee. Isilumko kunye neProskauer bacebisa ukuya kuHitler ukukhupha amaYuda. U-Edeni wayichitha le ngcamango esithi “ayinakwenzeka kwaphela.”[X] Kwangolo suku lunye, ngokweSebe laseMelika, u-Eden uxelele uNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull into eyahlukileyo:

"U-Hull uphakamise umbuzo wama-60 okanye ama-70 amawaka amaJuda ase-Bulgaria kwaye esoyikiswa ngokutshatyalaliswa ngaphandle kokuba sinokubakhupha kwaye, ngokungxama, sicinezela i-Eden impendulo kwingxaki. U-Edeni uphendule wathi yonke ingxaki yamaYuda aseYurophu inzima kakhulu kwaye kufuneka sihambe ngononophelo olukhulu malunga nokubonelela ngokukhupha onke amaJuda kwilizwe elifana neBulgaria. Ukuba senza njalo, ke amaJuda ehlabathi aya kube efuna ukuba senze okufanayo ePoland naseJamani. UHitler usenokuthi asithathele kuye nakuphi na okunje kwaye akukho zinqanawa zaneleyo neendlela zokuhamba emhlabeni ukuzisingatha. ”[xi]

UChurchill wavuma. "Nokuba besinokufumana imvume yokurhoxisa onke amaJuda," ubhale watsho ephendula kwileta enye yokucela, "ukuthutha kukodwa kuzisa ingxaki ekuza kuba nzima ukusonjululwa." Ngaba ukuhambisa nokuhambisa akonelanga? Kwidabi laseDunkirk, i-Bhritane yayibalekile phantse ngama-340,000 amadoda ngeentsuku nje ezilithoba. Umkhosi Womoya wase-US wawuneenqwelomoya ezininzi. Ngexesha lokuxhathisa ngokufutshane, i-US kunye ne-Bhritane babenokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwaye bathuthe inani elikhulu leembacu ziye kwindawo ekhuselekileyo.[xii]

Asinguye wonke umntu owayexakeke kakhulu ngumlo. Ngokukodwa ukususela ngasekupheleni kowe-1942 ukuya phambili, abaninzi eUnited States naseBritani banyanzelisa ukuba kwenziwe okuthile. Ngo-Matshi 23, 1943, u-Archbishop wase-Canterbury wabongoza iNdlu yeeNkosi ukuba incede ama-Yurophu. Ke, urhulumente wase-Bhritane ucebise urhulumente wase-US enye inkomfa kawonke-wonke apho beza kuxoxa ngento enokwenziwa ukukhupha amaYuda kwiintlanga ezingathathi cala. Kodwa iOfisi Yangaphandle yaseBritane inoloyiko lokuba amaNazi angasebenzisana kwizicwangciso ezinjalo nangona engazange abuzwe njalo, ebhala: ngaphambi kwemfazwe ngokuhlaza amanye amazwe ngokuwakhukula ngabaphambukeli abavela kwamanye amazwe. ”[xiii]

Inkxalabo apha yayingekokugcina ubomi kakhulu njengokuthintela ukuphoxeka kunye nokuphazamiseka kokugcina ubomi.

Ekugqibeleni, abo bashiyeka besaphila kwiinkampu zoxinaniso bakhululwa- nangona kunjalo kwiimeko ezininzi hayi ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ingeyiyo nantoni na efana neyona iphambili. Amanye amabanjwa agcinwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso ezoyikekayo ubuncinci de kwangoSeptemba wowe-1946. UNjengele uGeorge Patton wabongoza ukuba kungabikho mntu kufuneka "akholelwe ukuba umntu oDiliziwe ngumntu, engenguye, kwaye oku kusebenza ngokukodwa kumaJuda aphantsi kune izilwanyana. ” UMongameli uHarry Truman wavuma ngelo xesha ukuba "kubonakala ngathi siphatha amaJuda ngendlela efanayo namaNazi, ngaphandle kokuba asibulali."[xiv]

Ewe kunjalo, nokuba ibingeyonyani, ukungabulali abantu yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. I-United States yayinotyekelo lobu-fascist kodwa aluzange luyekelele kubo njengoko iJamani yenzayo. Kodwa kwakungekho neyonke imali eyinkunzi-R Resus crusade yokugcina abo basongelwa yi-fascism-hayi kwicala likarhulumente wase-US, hayi kwinxalenye ye-US ephambili.

AMAZISO:

[i] Ngapha koko, iSebe laseBritane lePropaganda lenze isigqibo sokuphepha ukukhankanya amaYuda xa exoxa ngamaxhoba amaNazi. Jonga uWalter Laqueuer, Imfihlelo eyoyikekayo: Ukucinezelwa kweNyaniso malunga "nesisombululo sokugqibela" sikaHitler IBoston: Incinci, iBrown, ngo-1980, iphe. 91. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 368.

[ii] UHarry Laughlin wangqina ngo-1920 kwiKomiti yeNdlu yokuFudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye neNdalo e-United States Congress ukuba ukufuduka kwamaJuda namaTaliyane kwakonakalisa ukwakheka kwemfuzo yomdyarho. "Ukungaphumeleli kwethu ukuhlela abantu abafudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngokwexabiso lendalo kusisoyikiso esibi kakhulu kwilizwe lethu," uxelele uLaughlin. Usihlalo weKomiti u-Albert Johnson wamisela uLaughlin ukuba abe yi-Agent ye-Egenics Agent yekomiti. U-Laughlin uxhase umthetho we-Johnson-Reed Immigration Act ka-1924, owawunqabela ukufuduka kwabantu base-Asiya kunye nokunciphisa ukufuduka kwabantu base Mzantsi nase Mpuma Yurophu. Lo mthetho udale izabelo ezisekwe kubemi base-1890 baseMelika. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abaphambukeli ngekhe babonakale e-Ellis Island kodwa kuya kufuneka bafumane ii-visa kwii-Consulates zase-US phesheya. Jonga uRachel Gur-Arie, iThe Embryo Project Encyclopedia, "uHarry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943)," nge-19 kaDisemba ngo-2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943. Andrew J. Skerritt, Tallahassee Democrat, “'Irresistible Tide' ijonga ngokungagungqiyo umgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika wokufuduka | Uphengululo lwencwadi, ”nge-1 ka-Agasti ka-2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tide-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Eli bali ligutyungelwe Kwifilimu ye-PBS "Amava aseMelika: Imfazwe yase-Eugenics," ngo-Okthobha 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Ngendlela oku okuwachaphazele ngayo amaNazi, jonga iSahluko 4 se Ukushiya iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.

[iii] IHolocaust Educational Trust, amaLizwi angama-70: amaXhoba, abaPhuli-mthetho, kunye nabantu ababukele, "Njengokuba singenangxaki yobuhlanga," nge-27 kaJanuwari 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55

[iv] U-Lauren Levy, iThala leeNcwadi lamaYuda, iProjekthi yeShishini laseMelika lase-Israeli, "IDominican Republic ibonelela iSosua njengeNdawo yokuHlala kwabaPhepheli," https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-republic-as-haven-for-jewish -abahlali Jonga kwakhona uJason Margolis, Ihlabathi, "IRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican yathatha iimbacu ezingamaJuda zibaleka uHitler ngelixa amazwe angama-31 ejonge kude," nge-9 kaNovemba, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ I-Dominican-republic-ithathe-i-jewish-iimbacu-ibaleka-i-hitler-ngelixa-i-31-izizwe-zijongeka

[v] U-Ervin Birnbaum, "i-Evian: Yeyona Ngqungquthela inomdla kuwo onke amaXesha amaJuda," Icandelo II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf

[vi] IZiyonism kunye no-Israeli-iEncyclopedic Dictionary, "iNkomfa yeEvian," http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm

[vii] UFranklin D. Roosevelt, Amaphepha oluntu kunye needilesi zikaFranklin D. Roosevelt, (ENew York: URussell noRussell, 1938-1950) vol. 7, iphepha 597-98. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 101.

[viii] UDavid S. Wyman, Iindonga zePhepha: iMelika kunye neCrisis Refugee, ngo-1938-Ngo-1941 (Amherst: IYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts Press, ngo-1968), iphe. 97. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 116.

[ix] UChristopher Browning, Indlela eya I-Genocide (ENew York: ICambridge University Press, 1992), iphe. 18-19. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 233.

[X] ULucy S. Dawidowicz, "AmaJuda aseMelika kunye nokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo," ENew York Times, Epreli 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html

[xi] Isebe likaRhulumente wase-US, i-Ofisi yezeMbali, "iMemorandam yeNcoko, kaMnu. Harry L. Hopkins, uMncedisi okhethekileyo kuMongameli Roosevelt 55," nge-27 Matshi 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23

[xii] WAkusekho: Iinkulungwane ezintathu zeMelika yokulwa iMfazwe kunye noXolo, ehlelwe nguLawrence Rosendwald (iThala leeNcwadi laseMelika, ngo-2016).

[xiii] Amava e-PBS yaseMelika: "INkomfa yaseBermuda," https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/feature/holocaust-bermuda

[xiv] UJacques R. Pauwels, Intsomi yeMfazwe elungileyo: iMelika kwiLizwe lesiBini Imfazwe (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) iphe. 36.