Abantu basePalestine bajonge ibhombu engachazwanga eyaphoswa yinqwelomoya yomkhosi wakwa-F-16 kwa-Gaza kwisiXeko saseRaza nge-18 Meyi 2021 (AFP / Mahmud Hams)
NguFrank Andrews, EMpuma Ephakathi, NgoMeyi 18, 2021.
Ngaphezulu kweveki, u-Israyeli ubethe iGaza Strip ngeebhombu, esithi ijolise kwi-Hamas "abanqolobi". Kodwa izakhiwo zokuhlala, iivenkile zeencwadi, izibhedlele kunye eziphambili Ilebhu yokuhlola ye-Covid-19 ziye zacaba.
Ukuqhubekeka kwebhombu kwa-Israyeli kwindawo engqingiweyo, esele ibulale abantu abangama-213 ubuncinci, kubandakanya nabantwana abangama-61, kusenokwenzeka ukuba lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, Amnesty International.
Amawakawaka eHamas eerokethi ezingakhethiyo agxothe emantla eGaza, athe abulala abantu abali-12, nawo angalulutho ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngokweqela lamalungelo.
Kodwa ngelixa iHamas ineebhombu ubukhulu becala zidityanisiwe izinto ezenziwe ekhaya kunye nokuthutyeleziswa, eziyingozi kuba zingalawulwa, i-Israel inezobugcisa, izixhobo ezichanekileyo kunye nezayo Umzi mveliso wezandla okhulayo. Yifayile ye- Isibhozo samazwe angaphandle athumela ngaphandle kwiplanethi.
Isixhobo somkhosi wakwa-Israyeli sikwaxhaswa kukungeniswa kwezixhobo ezixabisa iibhiliyoni zeedola ezivela phesheya.
La ngamazwe kunye neenkampani ezibonelela ngo-Israyeli ngezixhobo, ngaphandle kwerekhodi yomkhondo wezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
eunited States
I-United States ngowona mthengisi mkhulu weengalo kwa-Israyeli. Phakathi kuka-2009-2020, ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-70 zeengalo ezazithengiwe ngu-Israyeli zazivela e-US, ngokuka IStockholm International International Research Institute (Sipri) Isiseko sedatha yokuDluliselwa kweArms, ebandakanya kuphela izixhobo eziphambili eziqhelekileyo.
Ngokwamanani eSipri, i-US ithumele iingalo kwa-Israyeli minyaka le ukusukela ngo-1961.
Kunzima ukulandela umkhondo weengalo esele zisiwe, kodwa phakathi kuka-2013-2017, i-US yahambisa $ 4.9bn (£ 3.3bn) kwiingalo kwa-Israyeli, ngokwe-UK-based Iphulo lokulwa urhwebo lwezixhobo (CAAT).
Iibhombu ezenziwe e-US ziye zafotwa eGaza kwiintsuku zamva nje, nazo.
Ukuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kuye kwanda ngaphandle kwamaxesha amaninzi apho imikhosi yase-Israel ityholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni ngokuchasene namaPalestina.
I-US iqhubekile nokuthumela izixhobo kwa-Israyeli xa kwavela kwi-2009, umzekelo, ukuba imikhosi yase-Israeli yayisebenzise ngokungakhethiyo amaqokobhe amhlophe e-phosphorus kumaPalestine- ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, Human Rights Watch.
In 2014, Amnesty International Utyhola u-Israyeli ngesityholo esifanayo sokuhlaselwa ngokungalinganiyo okwabulala abantu abaninzi eRafah, emazantsi eGaza. Kunyaka olandelayo, ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo e-US kwa-Israyeli liphantse laphindeka kabini, ngokwamanani eSipri.
Umongameli waseMelika uJoe Biden “Uvakalise inkxaso yakhe yokupheliswa komlilo”NgoMvulo, phantsi kwengcinezelo evela Ii-Democrat zeSenate. Kodwa kwavela kwangoko ngemini ukuba ulawulo lwakhe lwalusandula ukuvuma i- $ 735m kuthengiso lwezixhobo kwa-Israeli, i Washington Post ixelwe. Iidemokhrasi kwiKomiti yezeMicimbi yangaPhandle yeNdlu kulindeleke ukuba icele ulawulo ukulibazisa ukuthengisa ilinde uphononongo.
Kwaye phantsi kwesivumelwano soncedo lokhuseleko ukusukela kwi-2019-2028, i-US ivumile-phantsi kwemvume yenkomfa-ukunika u-Israyeli $ 3.8bn ngonyaka kwimali yezomkhosi yamanye amazwe, uninzi lwayo kufuneka ichithe kuyo Izixhobo ezenziwe e-US.
Ukujikeleza kweepesenti ezingama-20 kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lakwa-Israyeli, ngokwe NBC, kwaye phantse isithathu kwisihlanu semali yezomkhosi yamanye amazwe yaseMelika kwilizwe liphela.
Kodwa i-US ngamanye amaxesha inika imali eyongezelelweyo, ngaphezulu kwegalelo lonyaka. Inike $ 1.6bn eyongezelelweyo ukusukela ngo-2011 ngenkqubo yokulwa nemijukujelwa yentsimbi yakwa-Israeli, enamalungu enziwe eMelika.
"U-Israeli uneshishini eliphambili kakhulu lezandla elinokuthi liqhubeke nokuqhushumba ixesha elincinci," utshilo u-Andrew Smith weCAAT uxelele i-Middle East Eye.
"Nangona kunjalo, iinqwelo-moya zayo zokulwa ezinkulu zivela e-US," wongeze watsho Iijethi zokulwa zase-US F-16, eziqhubeka nokuqhina iStrip. Nokuba amandla okwakha akhona kwa-Israyeli, kuyacaca ukuba bangathatha ixesha elide ukuhlangana.
Ngokwemishini, uninzi lwezi zingenisiwe, kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba zinokuveliswa kwa-Israyeli. Ngokucacileyo, kule meko yokuthelekelela, ukutshintshela izixhobo zasekhaya kungathatha ixesha kwaye ngekhe kubize. ”
“Kodwa ukuthengisa izixhobo akufuneki kubonwe kukodwa. Baxhaswa yinkxaso enzulu yezopolitiko, ”wongeze watsho uSmith. "Inkxaso ye-US, ngakumbi, ibaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekisele ekuthinjweni nasekuqinisekiseni imikhankaso yokuqhushumisa iibhombu njengoko sibonile kwiintsuku ezidlulileyo."
Uluhlu olude lweenkampani zabucala zase-US ezichaphazelekayo ekunikezeleni ngeengalo kwa-Israyeli zibandakanya uLokheed Martin, uBoeing; INorthrop Grumman, iGeneral Dynamics, i-Ametek, i-UTC Aerospace, kunye neRaytheon, ngokweCAAT.
Jemani
Umrhwebi wesibini ngobukhulu othumela izixhobo kwa-Israyeli yiJamani, eyayithatha iipesenti ezingama-24 zokungeniswa kweengalo zakwa-Israyeli phakathi ko-2009-2020.
IJamani ayiboneleli ngedatha kwizixhobo eziza nazo, kodwa ikhuphe iilayisensi zokuthengiswa kweengalo kwa-Israyeli ezixabisa i-1.6 yezigidigidi zeerandi ($ 1.93bn) ukusukela ngo-2013-2017, ngokweCAAT.
Amanani eSipri abonisa ukuba iJamani ithengise izixhobo kwa-Israyeli ngee-1960s kunye nee-1970s, kwaye ikwenze njalo ngonyaka ukusukela ngo-1994.
Iintetho zokuqala zokhuselo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini zibuyela emva ngo-1957, ngokuka Haaretz.
Ngelixa i-US incedisile kuninzi lweemfuno zokhuselo lomoya kwa-Israyeli, iJamani isabonelela ngolwandle.
Umakhi weenqanawa waseJamani u-ThyssenKrupp weeNkqubo zoLwandle uzakhele ezintandathu Iinkwili zangaphantsi zeDolphin ye-Israeli, ngokwe-CAAT, ngelixa inkampani eneenkokheli zaseJamani iRenk AG inceda ukuxhobisa amatanki akwa-Merkava akwa-Israyeli.
U-Chancellor wase-Germany u-Angela Merkel uvakalise "ubumbano" no-Israyeli kumnxeba no-Netanyahu ngoMvulo, ngokutsho kwesithethi sakhe, eqinisekisa eli lizwe "ilungelo lokuzikhusela" kuhlaselo lwerokethi oluvela eHamas.
ElamaTaliyane
I-Itali iyalandela, ngokubonelela ngeepesenti ezi-5.6 zokungeniswa kweengalo eziqhelekileyo kwa-Israyeli phakathi kwe-2009-2020, ngokwe-Sipri.
Ukusuka kwi-2013-2017, i-Itali yahambisa iingalo ezingama-476m ($ 581m) ezixabisa kwa-Israyeli, ngokweCAAT.
La mazwe mabini enze isivumelwano kwiminyaka yakutshanje apho u-Israyeli wafumana uqeqesho lwenqwelomoya ngenjongo yokuphosa imijukujelwa kunye nezinye izixhobo, ngokutsho Iindaba zoKhuselo.
I-Itali yajoyina amanye amazwe aseYurophu ukugxeka iindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israeli e-Sheikh Jarrah nakwezinye iindawo ekuqaleni kuka-Meyi, kodwa ilizwe liyaqhubeka ukuthumela izixhobo ngaphandle.
'Izibuko laseLivorno aliyi kuba negalelo ekubulaweni kwabantu basePalestine'
-U-Unione Sindicale di Base, e-Itali
Abasebenzi bezibuko eLivorno bala ngoLwesihlanu ukulayisha inqanawa ethwele izixhobo kwizibuko lakwa-Israeli lase-Ashdod, emva kokwaziswa yi-NGO yase-Italiya I-Weapon Watch yokuqulathwe kwimithwalo yayo.
“Izibuko laseLivorno alizukuncedisa ekubulaweni kwabantu basePalestine,” utshilo Unione Sindicale di Base. mazwi.
I-Weapon Watch icele abasemagunyeni base-Italiya ukuba bayeke "ezinye okanye zonke izinto ezithunyelwa emkhosini e-Italiya kwiindawo zongquzulwano zase-Israeli nasePalestine".
IAgustaWestland, exhaswa yinkampani yase-Italiya uLeonardo, yenza izinto zokuhlaselwa ziihelikopta ezisetyenziswa ngu-Israyeli, ngokweCAAT.
iunited Kingdom
I-UK, nangona ingekho kwindawo yogcino lwedatha kaSipri kule minyaka idlulileyo, ikwathengisa izixhobo kwa-Israyeli, kwaye inelayisensi ye- $ 400m ezingalweni ukusukela ngo-2015, ngokweCAAT.
I-NGO ifuna i-UK ukuba iphelise ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kunye nenkxaso yezomkhosi kwimikhosi yase-Israeli kwaye kuphanda ukuba iingalo zase-UK zisetyenziselwe ukuqhushumisa iGaza.
Isixa esithunyelwa ngaphandle e-UK kwa-Israyeli siphezulu kakhulu kunamanani afumanekayo esidlangalaleni, ngenxa yenkqubo yokuthengisa izixhobo, "iilayisensi ezivulekileyo", ngokusisiseko iimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle, ezigcina ixabiso leengalo kunye nobungakanani bazo ziyimfihlo.
USmith weCAAT uxelele i-MEE ukuba malunga nama-30 ukuya kuma-40 eepesenti e-UK ezithengisa izixhobo kwa-Israyeli kungenzeka ukuba zenziwe phantsi kwelayisensi evulekileyo, kodwa “asazi” ukuba zeziphi na izixhobo okanye zisetyenziswa njani.
Ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente wase-UK aqalise olwakhe uphando, akukho ndlela yimbi yokufumanisa ukuba zeziphi na izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ngaphandle kokuthembela kwiifoto ezivela kwenye yezona ndawo zingquzulwano zimbi kakhulu kwihlabathi- engeyiyo indlela efanelekileyo Umzi-mveliso weengalo uza kuphendulwa, ”utshilo uSmith.
"Indlela esifumana ngayo ngezi zenzo zenkohlakalo ixhomekeke kubantu kwimimandla yemfazwe ukuba bathathe iifoto zezixhobo eziwajikelezayo okanye kwiintatheli," utshilo uSmith.
"Oko kuthetha ukuba singasoloko sicinga ukuba izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo asinakuze sazi ngazo."
Iinkampani zabucala zase-Bhritane ezinceda ukuhambisa i-Israel ngezixhobo okanye izixhobo zomkhosi zibandakanya iiNkqubo zeBAE; I-Atlas Elektronik UK; MPE; UMeggitt, uPenny + uLawulo lweGiles; Ubunjineli beRedmayne; Umdala PLC; Iland Rover; kunye ne-G4S, ngokwe I-CAAT.
Ngaphezulu, i-UK ichitha imali izigidi zeeponti ngonyaka kwiinkqubo zezixhobo zakwa-Israeli. I-Elbit Systems, umvelisi omkhulu weengalo kwa-Israyeli, uneenkxaso-mali ezininzi e-UK, njengabavelisi beengalo abaliqela baseMelika.
Enye yeefektri zabo e-Oldham ibijolise kubo bonke abaqhankqalazi basePalestine kwezi nyanga zidlulileyo.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ezithunyelwa yi-UK kwa-Israeli-kubandakanya inqwelomoya, Drones, iziqhushumbisi, iibhombu, imijukujelwa kunye neembumbulu - "ziintlobo zezixhobo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kolu hlobo lwephulo lokuqhushumisa iibhombu", ngokwengxelo ye CAAT, ibhekisa kwibhombu eqhubekayo.
"Ayizukuba okokuqala," yongeze yatsho.
Uphengululo lukarhulumente ngo-2014 lufunyenwe Iilayisensi ezili-12 iingalo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zazisetyenziselwa ukuqhushumisa eGaza ngaloo nyaka, ngelixa ngo-2010, uNobhala Wezangaphandle u-David Miliband wathi iingalo ezenziwe e-UK "phantse ngokuqinisekileyo”Isetyenziswe kwiphulo lokuqhushumisa ibhombu kwa-Israyeli ngo-2009.
"Siyazi ukuba iingalo ezenziwe e-UK bezikhe zasetyenziswa ngokuchasene namaPalestina ngaphambili, kodwa oko akukwenzi kwanto ukuthintela ukuhamba kwezixhobo," utshilo uSmith.
"Kufuneka kunqunyanyiswe ukuthengiswa kweengalo kuphononongwe ngokupheleleyo ukuba izixhobo zase-UK zisetyenzisiwe na nokuba ziyabandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho olunokwenzeka emfazweni."
"Kumashumi eminyaka ngoku, oorhulumente abalandelanayo bathethe ngokuzibophelela kwabo ekwakheni uxolo, ngelixa beqhubeka nokuxhobisa kunye nokuxhasa imikhosi yase-Israeli," utshilo uSmith. "Oku kuthengiswa kwezixhobo akuboneleli ngenkxaso yezomkhosi kuphela, kukwathumela uphawu olucacileyo lwenkxaso yezopolitiko kuluntu kunye nokuvalwa kunye nobundlobongela obenziwayo."
Khanada
ICanada yenza ingxelo malunga neepesenti ezi-0.3 zokungeniswa kwe-Israel kwizixhobo eziphambili phakathi kwe-2009-2021, ngokwamanani eSipri.
UJagmeet Singh weQela leDemocratic Party laseCanada kwiveki ephelileyo ucele ukuba iCanada imise ukuthengiswa kweengalo kwa-Israyeli ngenxa yeziganeko zamva nje.
ICanada ithumele i-13.7 yezigidi zeedola kwizixhobo zomkhosi nakwezobuchwephesha kwa-Israyeli e2019, zilingana neepesenti ezi-0.4 zokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezikhali Globe and Mail.
