Usuku lwe-Armistice Day 97

NguDavid Swanson

NgoNovemba 11 luSuku lweArmistice / uSuku lweZikhumbuzo. Izehlo zilungiselelwe kuyo yonke indawo nge Amanqwanqwa Oxolo, World Beyond War, Iphulo lokungahloneli, Misa iMbutho yoMbutho weMfazwe, nabanye.

Iminyaka engamashumi asithoba anesixhenxe eyadlulayo, ngeyure le-11 yosuku lwe-11 lwenyanga ye-11 yowe-1918, kwaphela ukulwa “emfazweni yokuphelisa zonke iimfazwe.” Abantu baqhubeka nokubulala nokusweleka kude kube ngumzuzu omiselweyo, bengachaphazeli nto ngaphandle kokuqonda kwethu ubuyatha bemfazwe.

Amashumi amathathu ezigidi amajoni abulewe okanye enzakala kwaye ezinye ezizigidi ezisixhenxe zathinjelwa kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Akuzange ngaphambili abantu bakubone ukubulawa kwabantu okunjalo, amashumi amawaka ewa ngemini ngemitshini enomatshini kunye nerhasi enetyhefu. Emva kwemfazwe, inyani ngakumbi yaqala ukubhukuqa ubuxoki, kodwa nokuba abantu bayakholelwa na okanye bayakucekisa ukusasaza iindaba ezakhokelela kwimfazwe, phantse wonke umntu e-United States wayengasafuni kuphinda abone mfazwe. Iiposta zikaYesu zokudubula kumaJamani zazishiywe naphaya njengoko iicawa kunye nawo wonke umntu ngoku zazisithi imfazwe ayilunganga. UAl Jolson ubhale kwi-1920 kuMongameli Harding:

Ihlabathi eliqinileyo lilindele
Uxolo ngonaphakade
Ngoko thabatha umpu
Ukusuka kwindodana yonina yonina
Ukuphelisa imfazwe. "

Ngaba uyakholelwa okanye hayi, uNovemba 11th ayenzelwanga iholide ngenjongo yokubhiyozela umlo, inkxaso imikhosi, okanye ukonwaba kunyaka we-15th wokuhlala iAfghanistan. Olu suku lwenziwe iholide ngenjongo yokubhiyozela i-armistice egqiba loo nto de kwaba leloxesha, kwi1918, enye yezona zinto zimbi kakhulu izidalwa zethu ezaziqhubayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi I, eyaziwa ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi okanye imfazwe enkulu, yayithengiswa njengemfazwe yokuphelisa imfazwe. Ukubhiyozela ukuphela kwayo kwaye kwaqondwa njengokubhiyozela ukuphela kwayo yonke imfazwe. Umkhankaso weminyaka elishumi waqaliswa kwi-1918 yokuba kwi-1928 yakha i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, evimbela ngokusemthethweni zonke iimfazwe. Esi sivumelwano sisezincwadini, oko kutheni ukulwa kwemfazwe kuyisenzo sobugebengu nendlela amaNazi ayenyelwa ngayo.

"[O] ngoNovemba 11, i-1918, kwagqitywa uninzi olungadingekile, oluxakeke kakhulu kwizezimali, kunye neyona nto ibhubhisa kakhulu kwiimfazwe ehlabathini. Izigidi ezimashumi amabini zamadoda nabasetyhini, kuloo mfazwe, zabulawa ngokuthe ngqo, okanye zafa emva kwamanxeba. I-influenza yaseSpain, ngokuqinisekileyo ibangelwa yiMfa kwaye akukho nto enye, ebulawa, kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo, abantu abayizigidi ezilikhulu. "- UThomas Hall Shastid, 1927.

Ngokuka-Bernie wase-US wase-USontlalontle wase-US, yonke i-United States ifumene ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I yayingumkhuhlane kunye nokuthintela. Yayingengombono ungaqhelekanga. Izigidi zabantu baseMelika ababexhasa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I beza, kwiminyaka eyalandelayo ukugqitywa ngoNovemba 11, 1918, ukuba bayigatye ingcinga yokuba nantoni na enokufumaneka ngokulwa.

USherwood Eddy, oye wavuma "Ukupheliswa Kwemfazwe" kwi-1924, wabhala ukuba wayekade engumncedisi wokuqala we-US engena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwaye wayenenyanyelo. Wayejonge imfazwe njengenkolo yonqulo kwaye wayeqinisekiswe ukuba i-United States ingene kwimfazwe ngoLwesihlanu onguMhle. Ekubeni imfazwe, njengoko iimfazwe zihlaselwa, u-Eddy ubhala, "sabatshela amajoni ukuba ukuba baya kuphumelela siya kubapha ihlabathi elitsha."

U-Eddy ubonakala, ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ukuba akholelwe inkolelo yakhe kunye nokuzimisela ukwenza okuhle kwisithembiso. Uyabhala: "Kodwa ndiyakhumbula, ukuba nangona kwindimpi ndaqala ukukhathazeka ngentshutshiso engathandabuzekiyo kunye nokukhathazeka kwesazela." Kwamthatha iminyaka eyi-10 ukuba ifike kwindawo epheleleyo ye-Outlawry, oko kukuthi, befuna ukuphulaphula ngokusemthethweni yonke imfazwe. Ngo-1924 Eddy wayekholelwa ukuba umkhankaso we-Outlawry waba kuye, kwisizathu esibalulekileyo nesiqhayisayo esifanelekileyo sokubingelelwa, okanye isiphi isazi sefilosofi sase-US uWilliam uJames wayebize "imilinganiselo yokuziphatha efanayo nemfazwe." U-Eddy ngoku wathi imfazwe "ayiyiyo yobuKristu." Abaninzi beza kubelana nalo mbono owayeneminyaka elishumi ngaphambili ekholelwa ukuba ubuKristu bufuna imfazwe. Eyona nto iphambili kuloku kutshintshwa kwakukho amava ngokuchanekileyo esihogweni seemfazwe zanamhlanje, amava asithathwe ngumlobi waseBrithani uWilfred Owen kule mizila edumileyo:

Ukuba ngamanye amaphupha aphazamisayo nawe unako ukuhamba
Emva kwinqwelo esiyifake kuyo,
Futhi ubukele amehlo amhlophe ephikisana ebusweni bakhe,
Ubuso bakhe bokulenga, njengomdemon ogula ngesono;
Ukuba unokuva, kuzo zonke i-jolt, igazi
Woza uguqulwe kwiipapu eziwonakalise,
Ukugqithisileyo njengomhlaza, ukrakra njengobuncu
Kokubi, izilonda ezingenakuphulukiswa kwiilwimi ezingenacala,
Mhlobo wam, awuyi kuthetha ngolu hlobo oluphezulu
Kubantwana banomdla oqaqambileyo,
Lie elidala; Dulce et Decorum est
Pro patria mori.

Imishini yobuxoki eyenziwe nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson kunye neKomiti yeeNkcukacha zoLuntu ibenze abantu baseMerika ukuba balwe nemfazwe ngeengongoma ezigqithisileyo kunye neengcamango zeentlanga zaseJamani eBelgium, iiposters ezibonisa uYesu Kristu ngokukhawuleza ibona umbhobho wempuphu kunye nezithembiso zokuzinikela ekuziphatheni ikhuselekile kwihlabathi ngentando yeninzi. Ubunzima bezinto ezifihlakeleyo zafihliwe kuluntu ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka ngeli xesha lemfazwe, kodwa ngexesha elibekwe phezu kwabafundi abaninzi befunde into ethile yemfazwe. Kwaye abaninzi babenomdla wokuxhatshazwa kweemvakalelo ezithandekileyo ezazisusa isizwe esizimeleyo singene kwi-barbarity ephesheya.

Nangona kunjalo, ipropaganda eyashukumisa imfazwe yayingashenxiswa ngokukhawuleza kwingqondo yabantu. Imfazwe ekupheliseni iimfazwe kwaye yenze ihlabathi likhuselekile ukuba idemokhrasi ayinakuphela ngaphandle kokufuna imfuno yoxolo nobulungisa, okanye ubuncinane into ebaluleke ngaphezu komkhuhlane kunye nokuthintela. Nabo balahla ingcamango yokuba imfazwe inokwenza nantoni na indlela inokubangela ukuba kubekho uxolo oluhambelana nabo bonke abafuna ukuphepha yonke imfazwe yexesha elizayo - iqela elinokuthi libandakanye inani labantu base-United States.

Njengoko uWilson wayethetha uxolo njengesizathu esisemthethweni sokuya kwimfazwe, imiphefumlo emininzi yayimthathe ngokungqongqo. URobert Ferrell uyabhala wathi: "Akukho ukunyaniseka ukusho ukuba kwakukho izicwangciso zokuthula phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ngoku kwakukho amakhulu namashumi" eYurophu nakwi-United States. Iminyaka elishumi emva kwemfazwe yayiyiminyaka elishumi yokufuna uxolo: "Uxolo lwaluxhomekeke kwiintshumayelo ezininzi, iintetho, kunye neepaseli zombuso eziziqhubela phambili ekugqibeleni wonke umntu. Akuzange kuphinde kwimbali yehlabathi kwakukho uxolo olukhulu kakhulu, ukuthetha okuninzi kakhulu, kukhangelelene, kwaye kulungiselelwe, njengeminyaka elishumi emva kwe-1918 Armistice. "

I-Congress yadlulisela isisombululo soSuku lwe-Armistice sokuthi "ukuzilolonga kulungiselelwe ukuqhubela uxolo ngokuthanda okuhle kunye nokuqonda ngokubanzi ... ukumema abantu baseUnited States ukuba bagcine usuku kwizikolo nakwimibhiyozo efanelekileyo yobudlelwano bobuhlobo nabo bonke abanye abantu." Kamva, I-Congress yongezelela ukuba ngoNovemba i-11th yayiza kuba "usuku olunikezelwe ngumbono woxolo lwehlabathi."

Ngoxa ukuphela kwemfazwe kwabhiyozelwa njalo ngoNovemba 11^th, amagqala awaphathwanga ngcono kunanamhlanje. Xa amagqala angama-17,000 kunye neentsapho zawo kunye nabahlobo behamba eWashington ngo-1932 befuna iibhonasi zabo, uDouglas MacArthur, uGeorge Patton, uDwight Eisenhower, kunye namanye amaqhawe emfazwe enkulu elandelayo eza kuhlasela amagqala, kubandakanya nokuzibandakanya kweyona nto imbi kakhulu apho uSaddam Hussein angabekwa ityala ngokungapheliyo: "ukusebenzisa izixhobo zamachiza kubantu babo." Izixhobo abazisebenzisileyo, njengoHussein, zavela e-US ka-A.

Kwakuphela emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi enye, imfazwe yehlabathi eyona nto, imfazwe yehlabathi eninzi ngeendlela ezize zaphela nanamhlanje, iCongress, ilandela enye enye imfazwe ekhohliweyo ngoku le-Korea. Usuku lweeVeterani ngoJuni 1, 1954. Kwaye emva kweminyaka emithandathu kunye nesiqingatha, uEisenhower wasilumkisa ukuba izakhiwo zoshishino zemikhosi ziza kubonakalisa ukonakala ngokupheleleyo kuluntu. Usuku lwamaVeter alusekho, ngenxa yabantu abaninzi, usuku lokunyamezela ukupheliswa kwemfazwe okanye ukufuna ukupheliswa kwalo. Usuku lwamaVeter aluyiyo imini yokulila okanye ukubuza ukuba kungani ukuzibulala kungumbulali ophezulu wamajoni ase-US okanye kutheni amaninzi amaninzi angenazo izindlu kuwo wonke uhlanga apho omnye umpopu ophangaleleyo ophanga umphangi uhlala ehlawula i-66 billion , kunye ne-400 yabangane bakhe abasondeleyo banemali engaphezulu kwesigama selizwe.

Akunjalo nangomhla wokunyaniseka, ukuba unobungqina obudabukisayo, ukubhiyozela into yokuba phantse onke amaxhoba eemfazwe zase-US angewona amaMelika, ukuba kuthiwa iimfazwe ezibizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yodwa. Kunoko, ngumhla okholelwa ukuba imfazwe inhle kwaye ilungile. Iidolophu kunye nemizi kunye neenkampani kunye nezemidlalo zibiza ngokuba "usuku lokuxabisa impi" okanye "iveki yokuxabisa impi" okanye "inyanga yokunyusa intsha." Kulungile, ndenze loo wokugqibela. Ukujonga nje ukuba ubeka ingqalelo.

Imfazwe yeNkqenkqalazo yeNdalo enye iyaqhubekayo namhlanje. Ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ezintsha zeMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kuquka izixhobo zamakhemikhali, zisasahla namhlanje. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabona ukugqithisa okukhulu kwizinto zobuqhetseba eziqhubekayo namhlanje, iingxaki ezinkulu kumzabalazo wobulungisa bezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko emininzi yempi, ejolise kwiingcamango ezingenangqondo njengokunqabela utywala kunye nokulungele ukukhusela inkululeko yoluntu egameni yobuzwe, kunye nayo yonke intengo yexabiso, njengokuba umbhali omnye wabalwa ngalo xesha, imali eyaneleyo yokunika ikhaya le-2,500 i-$ 1,000 ifenitshala yexabiso kunye neekrasi ezintlanu zomhlaba kuyo yonke intsapho yaseRashiya, ininzi yaseYurophu iintlanga, iCanada, iUnited States kunye ne-Australia, kunye neleyo ngokwaneleyo ukunika yonke i-20,000 i-library ye-2 yezigidi zezigidi, isibhedlele se-3 yezigidi, i-$ 20 yezikolo zeekholeji, kwaye isele isele ukuthenga yonke indawo EJamani naseBelgium. Kwaye konke kwakusemthethweni. Isisilumko esinqabileyo, kodwa ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho. Ubugwenxa obukhethekileyo buphule imithetho, kodwa imfazwe yayingekho yecala. Akuzange kube khona, kodwa kungekudala kungekudala.

Asifanele sixolele iMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngezizathu zokuba akukho mntu wazi. Akunjalo ukuba iimfazwe kufuneka zilwe ukuze zifunde ngexesha ngalinye ukuba imfazwe isihogo. Akunjalo ukuba uhlobo olutsha lwezithuthi lukhawuleza lubangela imfazwe embi. Akunjalo ukuba imfazwe yayingekayinto eyona nto yenziwe yinto embi kakhulu. Akunjalo ukuba abantu abazange bathethe njalo, abazange baxhathise, abazange baphakamise ezinye iindlela, abazange baye ejele ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo.

Kwi-1915, uJane Addams wadibana noMongameli Wilson waza wamncenga ukuba anikeze uxolo kwiYurophu. UWilson udumisa imibandela yoxolo ebhalwe yinkomfa yabasetyhini ngoxolo olugcinwe eHague. Wamkela i-10,000 yiletagram evela kubasetyhini abacela ukuba benze. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba wayebenzile kwi-1915 okanye ekuqaleni kwe-1916 mhlawumbi wayenceda kakhulu ukuzisa iMfazwe Enkulu phantsi kweemeko eza kuba zinceda uxolo olude ngakumbi kunalo olwenziwe ekugqibeleni eVersailles. UWilson wenza isiluleko sika-Addams, kunye noNobhala wakhe kaRhulumente uWilliam Jennings uBryan, kodwa kwada kwada kwada kwaphela. Ngethuba elenza ngayo, amaJamani awazange athembele umlamli oye wayenceda umzamo wemfazwe yaseBrithani. UWilson wasala ukuba akhankasele ukubuyisela kwi-platform yoluxu kwaye ngokukhawuleza ahlasele ngokukhawuleza aze ahlasele iUnited States kwimfazwe yaseYurophu. Kwaye nenani leentuthuko uWilson uletha, ubuncinci, kwicala lomfazwe onothando kwenza u-Obama abukeke njengomtsalane.

I-XMUMX-Inkqubela yokuLawula iMithetho-ukunyuswa kwemfazwe-kufuneke ukubuyisela imfazwe ngokumelana nokulwa, ngokuqala ukuvinjelwa kwemfazwe nokuphuhlisa ikhowudi yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenkundla enegunya lokulungisa iingxabano. Isinyathelo sokuqala sithathwe kwi-1920 kunye ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact, eyayivinjelwe yonke imfazwe. Namhlanje amazwe e-1928 ayingxenye kuloo mvumelwano, kuquka iMelika, kwaye abaninzi babo bayayithobela. Ndingathanda ukubona iintlanga ezongezelelweyo, iintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo ezishiywe ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, zidibanise (apho ziyakwenza ngokucacisa ukuba injongo yeSebe leSizwe sase-US) kwaye ikhuthaze inkunzi enkulu yokukhusela ubundlobongela kwihlabathi ukuthobela .

Ndabhala incwadi malunga nentshukumo eyadala eso sivumelwano, hayi kuba sifuna ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi waso, kodwa nangenxa yokuba sinokufunda kwiindlela zaso. Nanku umbutho owawumanyanisa abantu kuwo onke amaqela ezopolitiko, abo kunye nokuchasana notywala, abo bechasene noManyano lweZizwe, ngesindululo sokwaphula umthetho. Yayimanyano enkulu ngokungathandekiyo. Kwakukho uthethathethwano kunye noxolo phakathi kwamaqela alwayo ombutho woxolo. Kwakukho ityala lokuziphatha elalilindelwe elona libalaseleyo labantu. Imfazwe ayichaswanga nje ngenxa yezoqoqosho okanye kuba inokubulala abantu abavela kwilizwe lethu. Yayichaswa njengokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, kungengangobunqabana obuncinci kunokubamba njengeendlela zokucombulula iingxabano zabantu. Nantsi intshukumo enombono wexesha elide osekwe ekufundiseni nasekuhleleni. Kwakukho inkanyamba engapheliyo yokuphembelela, kodwa akukho kuvunywa kwezopolitiko, akukho kungqamanisa intshukumo yangasemva kweqela. Ngokuchasene noko, omane - ewe, amaqela amane aphambili anyanzeliswa ukuba eme ngasemva kwentshukumo. Endaweni yokuba uClint Eastwood athethe nosihlalo, i-Riphabhlikhi yeNdibano yesiZwe ka-1924 yabona uMongameli uCoolidge ethembisa ngokulwa nemfazwe ukuba ayichongwa.

Kwaye ngo-Agasti 27, 1928, eParis, eFransi, loo nto yenzeke ukuba yenze ingoma ye-1950s yindoda enamandla igcwele amadoda, kwaye amaphepha ababewusayine athi awayi kuphinda aphinde alwe. Kwaye kwakungamadoda, amabhinqa angaphandle kokubhikisha. Kwaye kwakuyintsebenziswano phakathi kweentlanga ezizityebi eziya kuqhubeka zilwa kwaye zilungelelanisa ihlwempu. Kodwa kwakungummiselo wokuthula owawuphelisa iimfazwe waza wagqiba ukwamkelwa kwemimandla eyenziwa yimfazwe, ngaphandle kwePalestina. Kwakungumnqophiso owawufuna umyalelo womthetho kunye nenkundla yamazwe ngamazwe esasingenayo. Kodwa kwakuyintlambo yokuba kwiminyaka ye-87 ezo ntlanga ezizityebi zaziya kuphulwa kanye kuphela. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yayisetyenziselwa ukutshutshisa ubulungisa bomdlwenguli. Kwaye amazwe amakhulu ahlomile awazange alwe imfazwe kunye, kwakhona. Kwaye ke, umgaqo-nkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo uthathwa njengehlulekile. Khawucinge ukuba sivaliwe ukukhwabanisa, kwaye unyaka ozayo waphonsa uSheldon Adelson entolongweni, kwaye akukho mntu waphinde waqhawula. Ngaba singayichazela umyalelo ukungaphumeleli, ukuwuphonsela ngaphandle, nokuvakalisa ukukhwabanisa ngokusemthethweni njengento yokungavumeleki kwendalo? Kutheni kufuneka imfazwe ihluke? Sinako kwaye kufuneka siphumelele imfazwe, kwaye ngenxa yoko siyakwazi kwaye kufuneka sikhuphe ukukhwabanisa, okanye - ndixolele - umnikelo wempikiswano.