kwi 2011 David Hookes Uvavanye iimpembelelo zokuziphatha kunye nezomthetho ekukhuleni kokusetyenziswa kweenqwelomoya ezixhobileyo, ezingenabantu 'emfazweni ngokuchasene nobunqolobi'.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo ze-robot zezixhobo ezibizwa ngokuthi 'imfazwe ngokulwa nobugandlo' kukuphakamisa imibuzo emininzi yokuziphatha. I-Drones, eyaziwayo emkhosini-uthetha njenge-'UAVs 'okanye' Iimoto zeNqwelo ezingenakunyulwa 'zivela kwiindidi ezinobungakanani, ukusuka kwinqwelo elincinci kakhulu yokuqwalasela, enokuthi iqhutywe kwi-rickksack kwaye isetyenziswe ukuqokelela ingqiqo yeengalo, iinguqulelo ezixhobileyo ezinokukwazi ukuhlawula ukuhlawula ngokukhululeka kwemibhobho kunye neebhomu ezikhokelwa yi-laser.
Ukusetyenziswa kolunye uhlobo lokugqibela lwe-UAV e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan nakwezinye indawo kuye kwaba nexhala elikhulu, kuba lihlala libandakanya 'umonakalo obuthathakayo' - ngamanye amazwi, ukubulawa kwabemi abangenacala kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo . Ukusemthethweni kokusetyenziswa kwabo ekusebenzeni oko kuphunyezwe ngokuthe ngqo komgwebo, ngaphandle kweyiphi na imfazwe ebonakalayo, kukhuthaza ukukhathazeka okukhulu.
imvelaphi
Ii-UAV bezikho iminyaka engama-30 ubuncinci kwifom enye okanye enye. Ekuqaleni zazisetyenziselwa ukubekwa kweliso kunye nokuqokelelwa kobuntlola (S&I); Inqwelomoya eqhelekileyo iya kuthatha inxaxheba kwidatha eqokelelweyo ukuze ihlasele ngokubulala. Ii-UAV zisasetyenziswa kule ndima kodwa, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, zifakelwe imijukujelwa kunye neebhombu ezikhokelweyo ukongeza kubuchwephesha be-S & I. Ezi nguqulelo ziguquliweyo ngamanye amaxesha kubhekiswa kuzo njengee-UCAVs apho u 'C' umele 'uMlo'.
Eyokuqala eqoshiwe 'ukubulala' yi-UCAV, i-drone ye-Cred-'Predator 'yecia, yenzeke eYemen kwi2002. Kwisi siganeko se4 × 4 isithuthi sokuthi sithwele inkokeli yase-Al-Qaida kunye nabahlobo bakhe abahlanu bahlaselwa kwaye bonke abahlali baqothulwa.1 Ayaziwa ukuba urhulumente waseYemen uvumelekile le mithetho kwangaphambili.
Inzala yomkhosi yomhlaba wonke ...
Njengoko kulindeleke, umkhosi wase-US ukhokele ekuphuhliseni nasekusebenziseni ii-UAV, ngakumbi emva kwe9 / 11, eyakhokelela ekunyuseni ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso ye-drone kunye nokuthunyelwa. Njengamanje banayo i-drones enezixhobo ze-200 'Predator' kunye ne-20 yomzalwana wakhe omkhulu 'iReaper' drone kwinkonzo kwi-AF-PAK (Afghanistan-Pakistan).
Ezinye zeedrones ziye zaqeshiswa okanye zathengiswa kwiikhosi zase-UK, nazo ziza kusetyenziswa e-Afghanistan, apho zenze khona ubuncinane i-84 indiza yokuhamba ukuya kutsho. I-Reaper ingakwazi ukuqhuba iinqwelo ze-14 'zesihogo somlilo' okanye umxube weemibhobho kunye nezibhamu ezikhokelweyo.
Mhlawumbi into engaqinisekisiyo, u-Israyeli naye ungumqhubi omkhulu we-UAVs, oye wasebenzisa kwiindawo zasePalestina. Kukho amanqaku amaphepha2 impi yase-Israel kuthiwa ibasebenzisa ukujolisa iinkokheli ze-Hamas, ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwamaSirayeli eGaza kwi-2008-9, eyabangela ukuba abantu abaninzi babulawe yingozi. Omnye walabo babulawa yinkwenkwe ye-10 ubudala, uMammin 'Allaw. NgokweDr. Mad Gilbert, ugqirha waseNorway owayesebenza kwisibhedlele saseGaza al-Shifa ngexesha lokuhlaselwa eGaza: "Ngobusuku bonke abasePalestina baseGaza baphinde baphile ngobusuku obubi kakhulu xa beva iidrones; ayikaze kwaye awunakuze uqiniseke ukuba ngaba i-drone yongamela okanye ukuba iya kuqalisa ukuhlasela kwe-rocket. Nokuba isandi seGaza sinoyiko: isandi sama-drones akwa-Israyeli esibhakabhakeni. "
Inkampani yase-Israel i-Elbit Systems, kwisivumelwano kunye neenkampani zaseFransi zenkampani iThales inqobile isivumelwano sokubonelela umkhosi waseBrithani nge-drone yokulinda ebizwa ngokuba nguMlindeli. Le nguqulelo ephuculweyo ye-drone yase-Israel ekhoyo, uHermes 450, esele isetyenziswe ngamaqela ase-UK e-Afghanistan. Iinjini zayo zeWankel zenziwe eLitchfield, e-UK ngu-UEL Ltd, inkxaso-mali epheleleyo ye-Elbit Systems. I-Watchkeeper kuthiwa iyakwazi ukubona iinyawo emhlabathini ukusuka phezulu kumafu.
Amanye amazwe amaninzi anesicwangciso se-drone: iRashiya, i-China kunye ne-EU-consortia eyahlukahlukeneyo inemizekelo phantsi kophuhliso. Nangona i-Iranian ine-drone yokusebenza, ngelixa iTurkey ixoxisana no-Israyeli ukuba ibe ngumthengisi wayo.3
Ewe, i-UK ineenkqubo zayo ezizimeleyo, ezizimeleyo zophuhliso lweedonone, ezidibeneyo zikhokelwa yi-BAE Systems. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba 'iTaranis'4 kunye 'neMantis'5 iidrones ezixhobileyo kuthiwa 'zizimela', oko kukuthi, zikwazi ukuzihlola, ukukhetha iithagethi kwaye mhlawumbi zibandakanye ukulwa ngokulwa nezinye iinqwelo.
I-Taranis isebenzisa ubuchwephesha ukuze iphephe ukufunyanwa kwaye ibonakale njengenguqu encinci ye-US B2 'Stealth' ibhomu. I-Taranis ibonakalisiwe, ekude kude noluntu, kwiWarton Aerodrome eLancashire ngoJulayi 2010. Iingxelo zeTV zigxininise ukusetyenziswa kwayo komphakathi kumsebenzi wamapolisa. Kubonakala ngathi kuncinci-okukhankanywe kulokhu, kunikezwe ukuba i-tonnes ezilishumi elinesibhozo, inezixhobo ezimbini zezixhobo kunye nexabiso le-143m ukuphuhlisa. Izilingo ze-Flight zilindeleke ukuba ziqale kwi-2011.
I-Mantis isondele ngakumbi ekubonakaleni kwiidrones ezixhobileyo ezikhoyo kodwa eziphambili kwiinkcukacha zayo kwaye zixhaswe ngeenjini ezimbini ze-Rolls Royce ze-250 turboprop (bona isithombe). Uhambo lwalo lokuqala lwenzame lwaqhutywa ngo-Oktobha 2009.
Njengoko kuxoxwa kwingxelo ye-SGR Ngasemva kweeMnyango eziValiweyo, Abafundi be-UK baye babandakanyeka kwinkqubela ye-drone yophuhliso lwe-BAE ngokuqhutywa kweprogram ye-£ 6m FLAVIIR, ngokuxhaswa ngemali kunye ne-BAE kunye noBunjineli kunye nePhysical Sciences Research Council.6 Iimfundo ezili-10 zase-UK zibandakanyeka, kuquka iLiverpool, iCambridge kunye ne-Imperial College yaseLondon.
... kunye nezizathu zalo
Inomdla wemikhosi kwimidronesi ayinzima ukuyichaza. Enye into, i-drones ayinancinci, nganye ihlawula i-10 yeendleko zeendiza ezidibeneyo zokulwa. Kwaye banokuhlala emoyeni ixesha elide kuneenqwelo-moya eziqhelekileyo-ngokuqhelekileyo ukuya phezulu kweeyure ze-24. Okwangoku 'bajongwa' ngokude, ngokuqhelekileyo bevela kwiindawo ezininzi eziliwaka ukusuka kude kummandla wokulwa, usebenzisa i-satellite communication. Iidrones ezisetyenziselwa i-US ne-UK kwi-AF-PAK zilawulwa ukusuka kwiindlela zokuhamba kwiCreech Airforce kwisiseko se-Nevada. Ngaloo ndlela abaqhubi baqhubela ukhuseleko, banokuphepha ukukhathazeka kunye nokukhathala, kwaye banokungcebeleka ukuqeqesha. Ekubeni i-drones ithwala iinkqubo ezininzi zokulanda, ininzi imifudlana yedatha ingaqwalaselwa ngokufana neqela labaqhubi kunokuba liqhutywe ngumqhubi omnye. Ngamafutshane, kwiimeko ezinzima zokunciphisa kwezoqoqosho, iidrones ikunika 'i-bigger yebuck yakho'. Ngokomthunywa wenkokheli wephephandaba leTelegraphe, Sean Rayment,
iidrones ezixhobileyo "yiyona ndlela engabikho mngcipheko wokulwa ukuze iqulunqwe", inkcazo yokuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, iyayicima imingcipheko yokufa kubantu abamsulwa.
Imilinganiselo yomthetho kunye nokuziphatha
Kukho imingeni emingeni yomthetho ekusebenziseni i-drones. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye neZiko loLungelo loMgaqo-siseko (CCR) liye lafaka umgwebo kumngeni wokusetyenziswa kwabo ngaphandle kwemimandla yokulwa. Bathi, ngaphandle kweemeko ezichazwe kakhulu, "ukujoliswa kokubulala kufana nokufakwa kwesigwebo sokufa ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, ityala, okanye isigwebo", ngamanye amazwi, ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo efanelekileyo.7
I-UN Special Rapporteur malunga nokwahlula okungekho sikweni, isishwankathelo okanye ukugweba, UFilipu Alston, utshilo kwingxelo yakhe kaMeyi 20108 ukuba, kwimeko yempi,
"Ukusemthethweni kwemisebenzi yokubulala ekujoliswe kuyo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuthembekeni kobunkokheli esekelwe kuwo".
Kuye kwaboniswa kwiimeko ezininzi ukuba olu bulumko buhlala luphosakeleyo. UAlston uthi:
"Ngaphandle kwimeko yokuxabana okuxhobileyo ukusetyenziswa kwamadrones ekubulaweni okujoliswe ekubulaleni akufuneki ukuba ube ngumthetho," wongezelela ukuba, "ukongeza, ukuxela ukubulawa kwanoma ubani ngaphandle kwejoliswe (amalungu omndeni okanye abanye abasemzini, umzekelo) bekuya kuba yintlonelo yobomi phantsi komthetho wamalungelo oluntu kwaye kunokubangela ukuba uxanduva lukaRhulumente kunye noxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho. "
Nokuba uqikelelo oluninzi olusisigxina lubonisa ukuba ubuncinane besithathu kokufa okubangelwa yi-drone ehlaselwa kwi-AF-PAK yaseshashalazini yezemidlalo ayengewona umkhosi. Ezinye iingqikelelo zibeka inani eliphakamileyo kakhulu. Kwimeko enye, kwakukho i-50 engeyiyo imfazwe yabulawa yicala ngalinye elitshoyo. Olu luleko lugxininiswe kumbandela woBuquemaker Briefing9: "Ixhamlo malunga nokufa komngcipheko wokusebenzisa i-drones kwiimbalo zokhuselo, kubambisana nembono yokuba ukuhlaselwa kugxininiswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye kuchanekile, kubonakala kukugqithise into yokuba ubuncinane i-1 / 3 yalabo babulawa mhlawumbi zihlali."
Enye into ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni i-drones kukuba kubonakala ngathi yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo malunga nokusetyenziselwa abantu abahluphekileyo abahluphekayo, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, abanokumelana nokuthanda kwamandla aphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Abantu abanjalo bachazwa ngokucacileyo ngokuthi 'abagubungela' okanye 'abagxeki' kodwa banokuzama ukulawula ulawulo lwabo kunye nexesha elizayo lezopolitiko. Ngokuqhelekileyo baya kuncipha okanye abanakho ubuchwepheshe obuphambili. Kunzima ukubona ukuba i-drones ingasetyenziselwa ngempumelelo kwimimandla yamandla aphezulu kwezobuchwephesha ekubeni isenokudutyulwa yimibhobho, iindiza eziqhelekileyo, okanye ezinye iidrones ezixhobileyo. Nangona iteknoloji engabonakaliyo inganiki i-100% engabonakaliyo, njengokuba kuboniswe ukuhlaselwa kweB2 ibhomu ngexesha lokuqhubhisa i-NATO yaseSerbia.
isiphelo
I-Drones ibonwe njengembambano ebaluleke kakhulu kumalungu e-SGR njengoko angakwazi ukuphuhliswa kuphela usebenzisa i-advanced-based, isayensi-based, resources, ebekwe kwinkonzo yomkhosi. Ukusetyenziswa kwama-drones kaninzi kunamalungelo okungaxolisi, kwaye imigaqo yokubonelela ngezixhobo eziphambili, ezobuchwephesha ekusebenzisaneni nabantu abahlwempuzekileyo kwiplanethi ayifuni ukuphawula.
UDkt David Hookes is Umntu oPhakamileyo oPhando loPhando kwiSebe lezesayensi yekhompyutha kwiYunivesithi yaseLiverpool. Uyilungu leKomidi yeSizwe yoQuquzelelo lweSizwe.
