NguEd Horgan, World BEYOND War, Februwari 4, 2021
Xa sicinga ngemikhosi, ubukhulu becala sicinga ngemfazwe. Inyani yokuba ezomkhosi nazo ziphantse zisetyenziswe njengabagcini boxolo yinto ekufuneka siyenzile ukubuza imibuzo.
Ixesha lokugcina uxolo ngengqondo ebanzi libandakanya bonke abo bantu bazama ukukhuthaza uxolo kunye nokuchasa iimfazwe nobundlobongela. Oku kubandakanya i-pacifists, kwaye abo balandela iinjongo zobuKristu zokuqala nokuba uninzi lweenkokheli zamaKristu kunye nabalandeli balandela ubundlobongela kunye neemfazwe ezingekho semthethweni phantsi kwento ababeyibiza ngokuba yimfazwe elungileyo. Kwangokunjalo, iinkokheli zala mazwe kunye namazwe, kubandakanya neenkokheli zeManyano yaseYurophu, basebenzisa iindlela zongenelelo ngoncedo ukuthethelela iimfazwe zabo ezingekho ngqiqweni.
Ukuba bendiligosa lomkhosi elisebenzayo ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-20 kwaye ke umlweli woxolo nakwiminyaka engaphezulu kwe-20 ndihlala ndijongwa njengomntu oshushu ojika uxolo. Oku kuyinyani kuphela ngokuyinyani. Inkonzo yam yasemkhosini ukusukela ngo-1963 ukuya ku-1986 ndandikwimikhosi yezokhuselo yelizwe elingathathi cala (i-Ireland) kwaye yayiquka nenkonzo ebalulekileyo njengomgcini wezomkhosi wezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Ndangenela uMkhosi woKhuselo waseIreland ngexesha apho abagcini boxolo baseIreland babebulewe kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo kwimishini yokunyanzelisa uxolo e-ONUC eCongo. Izizathu zam zokungena emkhosini zibandakanya izizathu zokunceda ukudala uxolo lwamazwe aphesheya, eyona njongo iphambili yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Oku ndikuthathe njengokubaluleke ngokwaneleyo ukubeka ubomi bam emngciphekweni amatyeli aliqela, hayi nje ngokugcina uxolo kwezomkhosi we-UN, kodwa kwakhona njengolongamela ulonyulo lwamazwe aphesheya koluntu kumazwe amaninzi athe aba neengxaki ezinzulu.
Kule minyaka yokuqala yokugcina uxolo kwe-UN i-UN, ngakumbi phantsi komnye woonobhala abambalwa abalungileyo, u-Dag Hammarskjold, owazama ukudlala indima engathath'icala kwezoluntu. Ngelishwa ku-Hammarskjold oku kungqubene nezinto ezazibizwa ngokuba zizilangazelelo zamazwe amaninzi anamandla, kubandakanya uninzi lwamalungu asisigxina e-UN Security Council, kwaye mhlawumbi kwaphumela ekubulaweni kwakhe ngo-1961 ngethuba bezama ukuxoxa ngoxolo eCongo. Kumashumi eminyaka okuqala ogcino-xolo lwe-UN, yayiqhelekile into yokuba amajoni okugcina uxolo anikwe ilizwe elingathathi cala okanye elingahambelaniyo. Amalungu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN okanye amalungu e-NATO okanye eWarsaw Pact babehlala bengabandakanywa njengabagcini boxolo kodwa babevunyelwe ukuba babonelele ngendawo yokugcina izinto. Ngezi zizathu iIreland ibisoloko icelwa yi-UN ukuba ibonelele ngemikhosi yokugcina uxolo kwaye oko ikwenza oko okokoko ukusukela ngo-1958. Lo msebenzi unzima ufike ngexabiso elikhulu. Amashumi asibhozo anesibhozo amajoni aseIreland asweleke emsebenzini wokugcina uxolo, inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu kwingozi yomkhosi omncinci kakhulu. Ndazi aliqela kula majoni angama-88 aseIreland.
Umbuzo ophambili endikhe ndacelwa ukuba ndijongane nawo kweli phepha ngulo: Ngaba ezomkhosi ngabona bagcini boXolo bafanelekileyo?
Akukho mpendulo ewe okanye hayi. Ukugcina uxolo lokwenene kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kuyinkqubo enzima kakhulu. Ukwenza umlo wobundlobongela ngenene kulula ngakumbi ukuba unamandla amakhulu kwicala lakho. Kuhlala kulula ukwaphula izinto kunokuzilungisa emva kokuba zaphukile. Uxolo lufana neglasi yekristale ethe-ethe, ukuba uyayaphula, kunzima kakhulu ukuyilungisa, kwaye ubomi obutshabalalisileyo abunakuze bulungiswe okanye bubuyiselwe. Eli nqaku lokugqibela lifumana ingqalelo encinci kakhulu. Abagcini boxolo bahlala befakelwe kwimimandla ye-buffer phakathi kwemikhosi elwayo kwaye abaqhelekanga ukusebenzisa amandla abulalayo kwaye baxhomekeke kwincoko yababini, umonde, uthethathethwano, ukuzingisa kunye nengqondo eninzi. Kungangumceli mngeni ukuhlala kwisithuba sakho kwaye ungaphenduli ngokunyanzelwa ukuba kuqhushumbe iibhombu kwaye iimbumbulu zihamba zisiya kwelakho icala, kodwa leyo yinxalenye yoko kwenziwa ngabagcini boxolo, kwaye oku kuthatha uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokuziphatha okuhle kunye noqeqesho olukhethekileyo. Imikhosi emikhulu esetyenziselwa ukulwa iimfazwe ayenzi abagcini boxolo abalungileyo kwaye bathambekele ekubuyiseleni kwimfazwe xa kufanelekile ukuba benze uxolo, kuba yile nto baxhotyiselwe kwaye baqeqeshelwe ukuyenza. Ukusukela ukuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo ngokukodwa, i-US kunye ne-NATO kunye namanye amahlakani asebenzise ubuqhetseba ekuthiwa bubuntu okanye uxolo ukunyanzelisa imishini yokulwa iimfazwe zobundlongondlongo kunye nokubhukuqa oorhulumente bamalungu azimeleyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwe-UN Umqulu. Imizekelo yoku ibandakanya imfazwe ye-NATO nxamnye neSerbia ngo-1999, ukuhlasela nokubhukuqa uRhulumente wase-Afghanistan ngo-2001, ukuhlasela nokubhukuqa uRhulumente wase-Iraq ngo-2003, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-UN ngokungavunyelwanga ukuba kungabhabha eLibya ngo-2001 ukubhukuqa urhulumente wase-Libya, kunye neenzame eziqhubekayo zokubhukuqa urhulumente wase-Syria. Ukanti xa kwakufuneka kugcinwe uxolo lokwenyani kunye nokunyanzeliswa koxolo, umzekelo ukuthintela nokumisa ukubulawa kwabantu eCambodia naseRwanda la mazwe anamandla ayema ngxi kwaye inani lamalungu asisigxina e-UN Security Council ade abonelela ngenkxaso esebenzayo kwabo ukwenza ukubulawa kwabantu.
Kukho ubungakanani babahlali nasekugcinweni koxolo nasekuncedeni ukuzinzisa amazwe emva kokuba bevele kwiingxabano ezinobundlobongela, kodwa nakuphi na ukugcinwa koxolo kwabantu kunye nemishini yedemokhrasi kufuneka icwangciswe ngononophelo kwaye ilawulwe, njengoko kubalulekile ukuba ukugcina uxolo komkhosi kufuneka kulungelelaniswe ngononophelo. nokulawulwa. Kubekho ukuphathwa gadalala okunzulu ngabantu abagcina uxolo kunye nabezomkhosi apho ulawulo olunjalo alonelanga.
E-Bosnia xa imfazwe yaphela ngo-1995, ilizwe laliphantse ligqithiswe zii-NGO ezikhawulezayo zingalungiselelwanga ngokwaneleyo kwaye kwezinye iimeko zisenza ingozi engaphezulu kunokulunga. Ungquzulwano kunye neemeko zongquzulwano zasemva kwexesha ziyindawo ezinobungozi, ngakumbi kubemi bendawo, kodwa nakwabaphambukeli abafika bengakulungelanga. Abagcini boxolo abaxhotyiswe kakuhle nabaqeqeshwe kakuhle bahlala bebalulekile kumanqanaba okuqala kodwa banokuxhamla kukongezwa kwabahlali abafanelekileyo ukuba abahlali bayabandakanywa njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Imibutho efana ne-UNV (iNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaVolontiya), kunye ne-OSCE (uMbutho woKhuseleko kunye nokuBambisana eYurophu) kunye ne-US esekwe eCarter Centre yenza umsebenzi obalaseleyo ziimeko ezinjalo, kwaye ndisebenze njengomntu ngamnye kubo. I-European Union ikwabonelela ngokugcina uxolo kunye nokujonga unyulo, kodwa kumava am kunye nophando kuye kwakho iingxaki ezinzulu kwimishini emininzi ye-European Union ngakumbi kumazwe ase-Afrika, apho umdla woqoqosho we-European Union kunye namazwe ayo anamandla, ehamba phambili. ngaphezulu komdla wokwenene wabantu kula mazwe aneengxabano i-EU ekufuneka isonjululwe. Ukuxhaphaza iYurophu ngezixhobo zaseAfrika, ezifikelela kwi-neo-colonialism ecacileyo, ihamba phambili ekugcineni uxolo kunye nokukhusela amalungelo oluntu. IFransi ngoyena mntu wenza ububi, kodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela.
Umcimbi wokulingana ngokwesini ubaluleke kakhulu Kwimishini yokugcina uxolo kwimbono yam. Uninzi lwemikhosi yanamhlanje ihlawula inkonzo yomlomo kulungelelwaniso ngokwesini kodwa inyani kukuba xa kufikwa ekusebenzeni kwezomkhosi okumbalwa bambalwa abantu basetyhini abathanda ukukhonza kwimisebenzi yokulwa, kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwamajoni amabhinqa yingxaki ebalulekileyo. Njengokuba i-injini okanye umatshini ongalinganiyo ekugqibeleni uya konakala kakhulu, ngokufanayo, imibutho yezentlalo engalinganiyo, enjengeyabantu abangamadoda ubukhulu becala, ayithandi ukonakala nje kuphela kodwa ikwadala nomonakalo omkhulu kuluntu abasebenza kulo. Thina baseIreland siyazi ngeendleko zethu umonakalo odalwe ngabefundisi bethu abangamaKatolika abangafanelekiyo kunye namadoda alawula uluntu lwaseIreland okoko kwasekwa ilizwe lethu, naphambi kwenkululeko. Umbutho olungelelaniswe kakuhle wokugcina uxolo wamadoda / wabasetyhini kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba udale uxolo lwenene, kwaye kuncinci amathuba okuphatha gadalala abantu abasesichengeni ekufanele ukuba babakhusela. Enye yeengxaki zomsebenzi wokugcinwa koxolo emkhosini kukuba uninzi lweeyunithi zomkhosi ezibandakanyekileyo ngoku zihlala zivela kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kwaye ziphantse zibe ngamadoda kuphela kwaye oku kukhokelele kumatyala amakhulu okuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngabagcini boxolo. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwakho amatyala amabi kakhulu okuphathwa gadalala okunje ngamaFrentshi kunye neminye imikhosi yasentshona, kubandakanya amajoni ase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, esixelelwa ukuba babekhona ukuzisa uxolo nentando yesininzi kunye nenkululeko kubantu base-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ukugcina uxolo ayisiyonto nje yokuthethathethana ngoxolo kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi echasayo. Kwimfazwe yanamhlanje abahlali abahlali bahlala bonzakaliswa ziimpikiswano kunokuba kunjalo imikhosi yezomkhosi echasayo. Uvelwano kunye nenkxaso yokwenyani yabemi yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni uxolo edla ngokungahoywa.
Kwilizwe lokwenyani inani elithile labantu eliqhutywa kukunyoluka kunye nezinye izinto zithambekele ekusebenziseni nasekuxhatshazweni. Oku kuye kwanyanzelisa isidingo solawulo lomthetho ukukhusela uninzi loluntu kubundlobongela obuxhaphazayo kwaye imikhosi yamapolisa iyimfuneko ukuze isebenzise kwaye inyanzelise umthetho wezomthetho kwiidolophu nakwiilali zethu. I-Ireland inamapolisa axhotyiswe ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ke oku kuxhaswa kwisebe elikhethekileyo elixhobileyo kuba izaphuli-mthetho kunye namaqela asemkhosini angekho semthethweni anakho ukufikelela kwizixhobo eziphucukileyo. Ukongeza, amapolisa (uGardai) eIreland nawo anenkxaso yemikhosi yoKhuselo yaseIreland ukuba ibize xa kufuneka, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yasemkhosini ngaphakathi eIreland kuhlala kungumyalelo wamapolisa naphantsi kwegunya lamapolisa ngaphandle Ityala likaxakeka elibi kwilizwe lonke. Ngamaxesha athile, amapolisa, nkqu naseIreland, awasebenzisa kakubi amandla abo, kubandakanya namandla abo okusebenzisa amandla abulalayo.
Kwinqanaba le-macro okanye lamazwe aphesheya, indalo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu kunye namazwe alandela iipateni ezifanayo kakhulu zokuziphatha okanye ukungaziphathi kakuhle. Amandla onakalisa kwaye amandla apheleleyo awonakalisa ngokupheleleyo. Ngelishwa, okwangoku, akukho nqanaba lolawulo olusebenzayo okanye ubupolisa ngaphaya kwenkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zithathwa ngabaninzi njengenkqubo yolawulo lwehlabathi nanjengoko uShakespeare angathi "oh ngekungelula". Abo babhala i-UN Charter ikakhulu babeziinkokheli ze-USA kunye ne-Bhritane ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (2), kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-Soviet Union njenge France ne China zazisephantsi kolawulo. Isalathiso sobunyani be-UN iqulethwe kumgca wokuqala we-UN Charter. “Thina bantu beZizwe eziManyeneyo…” Igama elithi abantu lisisininzi esiphindwe kabini (abantu sisininzi somntu, kwaye abantu sisininzi sabantu) ngoko ke thina bantu asibhekiseli kuni okanye kum njengabantu ngabanye, kodwa kwabo bantu amaqela abantu abaya kwenza ilizwe athi bangamalungu oMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo. Thina bantu, mna nawe njengabantu ngabanye, ngokuqinisekileyo asinandima inegunya kwi-UN. Onke amazwe angamalungu athathwa njengabalinganayo kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye nokunyulwa kweIreland kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN njengelizwe elincinci okwesihlandlo sesine ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kubonisa oku. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yolawulo kwi-UN, ngakumbi kwinqanaba leBhunga lezoKhuseleko, inxulumene ngakumbi naleyo yeSoviet Union kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yedemokhrasi epheleleyo. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, kwaye ingakumbi amalungu amahlanu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, asebenzise umrhwaphilizo kwi-UN. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi nangakumbi, abaqulunqi be-UN Charter bazinike inkqubo yokutshixa kabini okanye inkqubo yokutshixa kathathu ngenxa ye-veto yabo kuzo zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ze-UN ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwinjongo ephambili ye-UN, echaziweyo kwi-UN Charter, Inqaku loku-1: Iinjongo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zezi: 1. Ukugcina uxolo kunye nokukhuseleka kwezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye ukuze kufezekiswe oko, njl.
Amandla e-veto aqulathwe kwiNqaku 27.3. "Izigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko kuyo yonke eminye imicimbi ziyakwenziwa ngevoti yoqinisekiso yamalungu alithoba kubandakanya neevoti ezifanayo zamalungu asisigxina;". La magama amsulwa amsulwa anika ilungu ngalinye kumalungu amahlanu asisigxina, i-China, i-USA, i-Rashiya, i-Bhritane ne-France amandla angathandekiyo okuthintela nasiphi na isigqibo esibalulekileyo se-UN abasithathela ingqalelo singekho kwimfuno zabo zesizwe, ngaphandle komdla omkhulu woluntu. . Ikwa thintela iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN ekuwiseni nasiphi na isohlwayo kuwo nawaphi na ala mazwe mahlanu ngaphandle kwetyala elinobuzaza eluntwini okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olunokuthi lwenziwe lelinye lala mazwe mahlanu. Amandla e-veto abeka ngokufanelekileyo la mazwe mahlanu ngentla nangaphaya kwemithetho yemithetho yamanye amazwe. Umthunywa waseMexico kwityala elenza uMgaqo-siseko we-UN ngo-1945 uchaze oku njengentsingiselo: "Iimpuku ziya kulungiswa kwaye ngelixa iingonyama zibaleka zikhululekile". I-Ireland yenye yeempuku kwi-UN, kodwa kunjalo ne-India yeyona ntando yesininzi inkulu ehlabathini, ngelixa i-Bhritane ne-France, nganye kuzo ingaphantsi kwe-1% yabemi behlabathi, banamandla amakhulu kwi-UN. I-Indiya engaphezulu kwe-17% yabemi behlabathi.
Apho amagunya enza ukuba iSoviet Union, i-USA, i-Bhritane ne-France, zisebenzise kakubi i-UN Charter kuyo yonke iMfazwe ebandayo ngokulwa iimfazwe e-Afrika nase-Latin America kunye nemfazwe ethe ngqo e-Indo China nase-Afghanistan. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngaphandle kokusebenza kweTibet, i-China ayikaze ilwe iimfazwe zangaphandle zokulwa namanye amazwe.
ISivumelwano seZizwe eziManyeneyo sokuThintela iZixhobo zeNyukliya esivunyiweyo kwaye saqala ukusebenza nge-22 kaJanuwari 2021 samkelwe ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela.[1] Inyaniso kukuba esi sivumelwano kungenzeka ukuba singabinampembelelo kuwo nawaphi na amalungu amahlanu asisigxina kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN kuba elowo uya kuvota naziphi na iinzame zokunciphisa izixhobo zenyukliya okanye ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ukuba, Kulindeleke ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngokwenyani kwakhona, izixhobo zenyukliya zisetyenziswa ngokungangqalanga yonke imihla lilinye lamazwe alithoba esaziyo ukuba anezixhobo zenyukliya, ukoyikisa nokugrogrisa ilizwe liphela. La magunya enyukliya abanga ukuba esi sicwangciso sokutshatyalaliswa esiqinisekisiweyo se-MAD sigcina uxolo lwamanye amazwe!
Ngokuwa kweSoviet Union kunye nokuphela kwento ebizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe ebandayo uxolo lwamanye amazwe bekufanele ukuba lubuyisiwe kwaye i-NATO yachithwa emva kokuba isivumelwano seWarsaw sichithakele. Okuchaseneyo kwenzeke. I-NATO iqhubekile nokusebenza nokwandisa ukubandakanya phantse yonke i-mpuma Yurophu ukuya kuthi xhaxhe kwimida yeRussia, kunye nokwenza iimfazwe zobundlobongela kubandakanya nokubhukuqwa koorhulumente abazimeleyo bamazwe aliqela e-UN, ngolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwe-UN Charter kunye ne-NATO Charter yakho.
Kukuchaphazela njani konke oku kugcina uxolo kwaye ngubani omele ukukwenza?
I-NATO, ikhokelwa kwaye iqhutywa yi-USA, isebenzise ngokufanelekileyo okanye ibeke ecaleni indima ephambili ye-UN ekudaleni uxolo lwamanye amazwe. Oku ngekhe kube ngumbono ombi ukuba i-NATO kunye ne-USA bathathe inxaxheba kwaye bayiphumeza indima yokwenyani ye-UN ekugcineni uxolo lwamanye amazwe.
Benze ngokuchaseneyo ngqo, phantsi kwento ebizwa ngokuba ngongenelelo ngoncedo, kwaye kamva phantsi kwesikhokelo esongezelelekileyo somgaqo-nkqubo we-UN omtsha owaziwa njenge-R2P uxanduva lokuKhusela.[2] Ekuqaleni kwee-1990 i-US yangenelela ngokungafanelekanga eSomalia emva koko yashiya loo mishini, ishiya iSomalia njengelizwe elingaphumeleliyo ukusukela oko, kwaye yasilela ukungenelela ukunqanda okanye ukumisa ukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda. I-US kunye ne-NATO bangenelela kade eBosnia, kwaye basilela ukuxhasa ngokwaneleyo i-UN UNPROFOR mission apho, bebonisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwendawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia kunokuba yeyona njongo yabo. Ukusuka ngo-1999 ukubheka phambili iinjongo kunye nezenzo ze-US kunye ne-NATO zibonakala ngathi ziya zisiba mbi ngakumbi kwaye oko kwaphula ngokucacileyo uMgaqo-siseko we-UN.
Ezi ziingxaki ezinkulu ezingasombululeki lula. Abo baxhasa inkqubo esele ikho yamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye oku mhlawumbi kubandakanya uninzi lwabahlohli bezenzululwazi zopolitiko, basixelele ukuba oku kuyinyani, kwaye abo kuthi bayayichasa le nkqubo ye-anarchic yamazwe apheleleyo banomdla. Ezo ngxoxo zinokuba zazinokuzinza ngaphambi kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kobukrakra kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngoku ubuntu kunye ne-ecosystem yonke kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba bajongana nokuphela ngenxa yomkhosi ongalawulekiyo, okhokelwa ikakhulu yi-USA. Nangona kunjalo, masingalibali ukuba amanye amandla amathathu enyukliya, i-China, i-India kunye ne-Pakistan ziye zaneengxabano ezinobundlobongela kwimiba yemida nakumaxesha akutshanje, ezinokuthi zikhokelele ngokulula kwiimfazwe zenyukliya zengingqi.
Ukugcinwa koxolo kunye nokugcinwa koxolo lwamazwe aphesheya akuzange kube kungxamiseke ngakumbi kunangoku. Kubalulekile ukuba uluntu lusebenzise zonke izixhobo zalo ezikhoyo ukudala uxolo oluhlala luhleli, kwaye abahlali kufuneka badlale indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo yoxolo, kungenjalo abahlali balo mhlaba baya kuhlawula ixabiso elibi.
Ngokubhekisele kwezinye iindlela zomkhosi njengabagcini boxolo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kufaneleke ngakumbi ukusebenzisa ulawulo olungqongqo ngakumbi malunga nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zomkhosi ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina uxolo, kunye nemigaqo engqongqo ngakumbi elawula imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo nangabagcini boxolo. Oku kufuneka kudityaniswe nokongezwa kwabemi abaninzi kugcino-uxolo endaweni yokutshintsha abagcini-mkhosi bamkhosi kugcine abagcini boxolo.
Umbuzo obalulekileyo onxulumene noko ekufuneka sibuze kwaye uphendule, endiwenzayo kwi-PhD Thesis yam egqityiweyo ngo-2008, ingaba ukugcinwa koxolo kube yimpumelelo. Isigqibo sam esithandabuzekayo, kwaye nangoku, kukuba ngaphandle kokumbalwa, ukugcinwa koxolo kweZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-UN ekufezekiseni eyona ndima yayo yokugcina uxolo lwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwaba kukusilela okukhulu, kuba i-UN ayivunyelwanga ukuba iphumelele. Ikopi yeThesisi yam inokufikelelwa kule khonkco ingezantsi. [3]
Imibutho emininzi yoluntu sele ikhuthele ekudaleni nasekugcineni uxolo.
Ezi ziquka:
- Amavolontiya eZizwe eziManyeneyo unv.org. Lo ngumbutho oncedisayo ngaphakathi kwe-UN obonelela ngamavolontiya abahlali kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yoxolo nophuhliso kumazwe amaninzi.
- Ukungabikho koBundlobongela https://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org/ -Imishini yethu -I-Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) yiarhente yokhuselo loluntu jikelele (NGO) esekwe kumthetho wamalungelo oluntu nakwamanye amazwe. Injongo yethu kukukhusela abahlali kwiimbambano ezinobundlobongela ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso ezingaxhobanga, ukwakha uxolo kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokukhuthaza ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwezi ndlela zokukhusela ubomi babantu kunye nesidima. I-NP ibona inkcubeko yoxolo kwihlabathi liphela apho ungquzulwano ngaphakathi naphakathi koluntu kunye namazwe lulawulwa ngeendlela ezingenabundlobongela. Sikhokelwa yimigaqo yokungabinabundlobongela, ukungathathi cala, ukubalasela kwabadlali bendawo, kunye nesenzo sabantu esidlangalaleni.
- AbaKhuseli bangaphambili: https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ Abakhuseli bangaphambili basekwa eDublin ngo-2001 ngeenjongo ezithile zokukhusela amalungelo abantu abasemngciphekweni (HRDs), abantu abasebenza, bengenabundlobongela, kuwo nawaphi na okanye kuwo onke amalungelo abhalwe kwi-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR ). Abakhuseli bangaphambili bajongana neemfuno zokhuselo ezichongwe zii-HRD ngokwazo. -Imishini yabakhuseli bangaphambili kukukhusela kunye nokuxhasa abakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu abasemngciphekweni ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo wamalungelo oluntu.
- I-CEDAW INgqungquthela yokuPheliswa kwazo zonke iintlobo zoCalulo kwabaseTyhini sisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esamkelwa ngo-1979 yi-United Nations General Assembly. Ichazwe njengebhili yamalungelo abasetyhini yamazwe aphesheya, yasekwa nge-3 kaSeptemba 1981 kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngamazwe ali-189. Iindibano ezinjalo zamanye amazwe zibalulekile ekukhuseleni abahlali ngakumbi abasetyhini nabantwana.
- IiNkonzo zamaVolontiya zeVSI https://www.vsi.ie/experience/volunteerstories/meast/longterm-volunteering-in-palestine/
- VSO wamanye amazwe vngintengam.org -Injongo yethu kukudala utshintsho oluhlala luhleli ngokuzithandela. Sizisa utshintsho hayi ngokuthumela uncedo, kodwa ngokusebenza ngamavolontiya kunye namaqabane ukuxhobisa abantu abahlala kwezinye zeendawo ezihlwempuzekileyo nezona zingahoywanga.
- Uthando amavolontiya https://www.lovevolunteers.org/destinations/volunteer-palestine
- Imibutho yamanye amazwe ebandakanyeka kuhlolo lokhetho kwiimeko zongquzulwano lwasemva kwexesha:
- Umbutho woKhuseleko kunye nokuBambisana eYurophu (OSCE) osce.org ibonelele ngemishini yokubeka esweni unyulo ikakhulu kumazwe asempuma Yurophu nakwamanye amazwe ebekade enxulumene neSoviet Union. I-OSCE ikwabonelela ngokugcina uxolo kwamanye ala mazwe anjengeUkraine neArmenia / Azerbaijan
- I-EU ibonelela ngemishini yokubeka esweni unyulo kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi ezingagutyungelwanga yi-OSCE, kubandakanya iAsia, iAfrika neLatin America.
- ICarter Centre cartercenter.org
Oku kungasentla yenye yemibutho emininzi apho abahlali banokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni uxolo.
Izigqibo:
Indima yemibutho yoxolo ngaphakathi kwamazwe ibalulekile kodwa oku kufuneka kwandiswe ukudala umbutho woxolo owomeleleyo kwihlabathi liphela, ngokunxibelelana nentsebenziswano phakathi kobuninzi bemibutho yoxolo esele ikho. Imibutho efana World Beyond War banokudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthinteleni ubundlobongela kunye nokuthintela iimfazwe ezenzeka kwimeko yokuqala. Njengakwimeko yeenkonzo zethu zempilo apho ukuthintela izifo kunye nobhubhane kusebenza ngakumbi kunokuzama ukunyanga ezi zifo emva kokuba zibanjiwe, ngokufanayo, ukuthintela iimfazwe kusebenza amaxesha amaninzi ngakumbi kunokuzama ukumisa iimfazwe zakuba zenzekile. Ukugcina uxolo sisicelo esifunekayo soncedo lokuqala, isisombululo sokuncamathelisa kumanxeba emfazwe. Ukunyanzeliswa koxolo kuyafana nokufaka ukusetyenziswa kobhubhane kwiimfazwe ezinobundlobongela ebekufanele ukuba zithintelwe kwasekuqaleni.
Into eyimfuneko kukwabiwa kwezixhobo ezikhoyo eluntwini ngokokubaluleka kokuthintela iimfazwe, ukwenza uxolo, ukukhusela nokubuyisela indawo esihlala kuyo, endaweni yokulwa kunye nokwenza iimfazwe.
Esi sesinye sezitshixo ezibalulekileyo ekudaleni ngempumelelo uxolo lwamazwe aphesheya okanye lwehlabathi.
Uqikelelo lwenkcitho yomkhosi wehlabathi ngowama-2019 obalwe yi-SIPRI, STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE ifikelela kwi-1,914 yezigidigidi zeedola. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi iindawo zenkcitho yomkhosi engafakwanga kula manani e-SIPRI ke eyona mali iyonke inokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 yezigidigidi zeedola.
Ngokuthelekisa ingeniso iyonke ye-UN yonyaka ka-2017 yayingama-53.2 yezigidigidi kuphela zeedola zaseMelika kwaye oku kusenokwenzeka nokuba kunciphise ngokwenyani okwangoku.
Oko kubonisa ukuba ubuntu bachitha ngaphezulu kwama-50 amaxesha kwinkcitho yomkhosi kunokuba ichitha kuyo yonke imisebenzi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Inkcitho yezomkhosi ayibandakanyi iindleko zeemfazwe ezinje, iindleko zezemali, ulwakhiwo lwezixhobo, ukonakaliswa kwendalo kunye nokulahleka kobomi babantu. [4]
Umceli mngeni ekufezekiseni ukusinda koluntu loluntu, kwaye oko kubandakanya mna nawe, ukuguqula le mali kunye nokuchitha imali encinci kwezomkhosi nasezimfazweni, kunye nokunye ngakumbi ekudaleni nasekugcineni uxolo, ekukhuseleni nasekubuyiseleni imeko-bume yomhlaba. kwaye kwimiba yezempilo yabantu, imfundo kwaye ngakumbi ubulungisa bokwenene.
Ubulungisa behlabathi kufuneka bube nenkqubo yolawulo lomthetho wehlabathi, ukuphendula kunye nembuyekezo evela kumazwe athe aqhuba iimfazwe zobundlongondlongo. Akukho kukhuseleka ekuziphenduleni nasekulungiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni, kwaye oku kufuna ukususwa okungxamisekileyo kwamandla e-veto kwi-UN Security Council.
[1] https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/
[2] https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/assets/pdf/Backgrounder%20R2P%202014.pdf
[3] https://www.pana.ie/download/Thesis-Edward_Horgan%20-United_Nations_Reform.pdf
[4] https://transnational.live/2021/01/16/tff-statement-convert-military-expenditures-to-global-problem-solving/
I mpendulo
Uzifumene izimvo zam? umyalezo unyamalele sendigqibezela?