Kuqaliswa iProjekthi yokungathathi cala yaMazwe ngaMazwe

Yaqalwa yiVeterans Global Peace Network (VGPN www.vgpn.org), ngoFebruwari 1, 2022

Ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yomlomo, iimfazwe zobundlobongela ngenjongo yokubamba izixhobo ezixabisekileyo ziye zaqhutywa yi-USA kunye neNATO kunye namanye amahlakani ekwaphulwa okugqithisileyo kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-UN Charter. Zonke iimfazwe zobundlobongela bezingekho semthethweni phantsi kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe equka i-Kellogg-Briand-Pact, i-27 Agasti, 1928, eyayisisivumelwano samazwe amaninzi esizama ukuphelisa imfazwe njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe.

I-UN Charter ikhethe inkqubo yepragmatic ngakumbi 'yokhuseleko oludityanisiweyo', kancinane njengeeMusketeers eziThathu - enye yabo bonke kwaye yonke enye. Aba bantu bathathu baba ngamalungu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, ngamanye amaxesha aziwa njengamapolisa amahlanu, awayenikwe uxanduva lokugcina okanye ukunyanzelisa uxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. I-US yaba lelona lizwe linamandla ehlabathini ekupheleni kweWW 2. Yayisebenzise izixhobo zeathom ngokungeyomfuneko ingakumbi ngokuchasene nabemi baseJapan ukubonisa amandla ayo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngayo nayiphi na imigangatho, olu yayilulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwemfazwe. I-USSR yaqhushumba ibhombu yayo yokuqala yeathom ngo-1949 ibonisa ubunyani benkqubo yamandla yamazwe ngamazwe e-bipolar.

Kule 21^st Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ukusebenzisa, ukusongela ngokuzisebenzisa, okanye nokuba nezixhobo zenyukliya kufanele kugqalwe njengohlobo lobunqolobi behlabathi. Ngo-1950 i-US yathatha ithuba lokungabikho okwethutyana kwe-USSR kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN (UNSC) ukutyhala ngesigqibo se-UNSC esingu-82 esasinefuthe le-UN yokubhengeza imfazwe kuMntla Korea, kwaye loo mfazwe yaliwa phantsi kweflegi ye-UN. Oku kwabangela iMfazwe yoMlomo, kunye nokuyonakalisa indima ye-UN ingakumbi indima yeBhunga loKhuseleko le-UN, engazange iphinde ibuyele kuyo. Umthetho kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kuye kwathabatha indawo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Le meko ibinokusonjululwa ngoxolo emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo ngo-1989, kodwa iinkokeli zase-US zabona ukuba i-US iphinde ibe lelona lizwe linamandla ehlabathini kwaye yashukumiseleka ukuba isebenzise oku ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yokurhoxa i-NATO ngoku engasafunekiyo, njengoko iWarsaw Pact yayisele ithathe umhlala-phantsi, i-NATO ekhokelwa yi-US yazibetha ngoyaba izithembiso ezenziwa kwinkokeli yaseRussia uGorbachev yokungayandisi i-NATO kumazwe ayesakuba yiWarsaw Pact.

Ingxaki ngoku kukuba i-US, exhaswa yi-UK kunye neFransi, ininzi yamalungu amahlanu asisigxina e-UN Security Council (UNSC) abambe amandla e-veto kuzo zonke izigqibo ze-UNSC. Ngenxa yokuba i-China kunye neRashiya nazo zinokuvala naziphi na izigqibo ze-UNSC oku kuthetha ukuba i-UNSC phantse ivaliwe ngokusisigxina xa kufuneka izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zoxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kukwavumela la malungu amahlanu e-UNSC asisigxina (i-P5) ukuba asebenze ngokungohlwaywa kunye nokwaphulwa kweTshatha yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ekufanele ukuba bayixhase, kuba i-UNSC evaliweyo ayinakuthatha amanyathelo ohlwaya kuwo. Ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yeCold abenzi abakhulu bokuxhatshazwa okunjalo kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe ibe ngamalungu amathathu e-NATO P5, i-US, i-UK kunye neFransi, kwi-cahoots namanye amalungu e-NATO kunye namanye amahlakani e-NATO.

Oku kuye kwakhokelela kuthotho lweemfazwe ezingekho mthethweni eziyingozi kuquka imfazwe nxamnye Serbia 1999, Afghanistan 2001 ukuba 2021, Iraq 2003 ukuya 2011 (?), Libya 2011. Baye bathatha ulawulo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ezandleni zabo, kwaye baba isisongelo esikhulu kuxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Endaweni yokubonelela ngokhuseleko lokwenyani kwiNtshona Yurophu eyasekwa ukuba yenze, i-NATO iye yaba yindawo yokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. IMigaqo yaseNuremberg yavala iimfazwe zobundlongondlongo, kwaye iiNdibano zaseGeneva ngeMfazwe zafuna ukulawula indlela iimfazwe eziliwa ngayo, ngokungathi iimfazwe luhlobo nje lomdlalo. Ngamazwi kaCarl von Clausewitz, "Imfazwe kukuqhubela phambili kwezopolitiko ngezinye iindlela". Iimbono ezinjalo ngemfazwe kufuneka zikhatywe, kwaye izixa ezikhulu zemithombo echithwe kwimfazwe kunye namalungiselelo eemfazwe kufuneka zidluliselwe ekudaleni ngokunyanisekileyo nasekugcineni uxolo.

Ngokwengcamango, liBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kuphela elinokugunyazisa amanyathelo omkhosi nxamnye namazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yaye kuphela ngeenjongo zokugcina uxolo lokwenene lwezizwe ngezizwe. Izizathu zokuphuma ezisetyenziswa ngamazwe amaninzi ziquka ukubanga ukuba iimfazwe zabo zobundlobongela ziyimfuneko ukuze amazwe abo azikhusele okanye akhusele izilangazelelo zawo zelizwe, okanye ungenelelo loluntu lobuxoki.

Imikhosi ehlaselayo akufunekanga ibekho kula maxesha ayingozi eluntwini apho umkhosi oxhaphazayo usenza umonakalo ongathethekiyo eluntwini ngokwalo nakwimekobume ehlala uluntu. Imikhosi yokhuselo yokwenyani iyimfuneko ekuthinteleni iinkosi zemfazwe, izigebenga zamazwe ngamazwe, oozwilakhe kunye nabanqolobi, kubandakanywa nabanqolobi benqanaba likarhulumente njenge-NATO, ekwenzeni ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokutshabalalisa iPlanethi yethu yoMhlaba. Kwixesha elidlulileyo i-Warsaw Pact imikhosi yabandakanyeka kwizenzo ezinobundlobongela obungenasizathu kwimpuma yeYurophu, kwaye amagunya obukhosi kunye namakoloniyali aseYurophu enza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezininzi ngokuchasene noluntu kwiindawo zabo zangaphambili. UMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo wawulungiselelwe ukuba ube sisiseko senkqubo ephuculwe kakhulu yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe eyayiza kuphelisa olu lwaphulo-mthetho lunxamnye noluntu. Ukutshintshwa kolawulo lomthetho ngolawulo lonyanzeliso olungenalusini yi-US kunye ne-NATO, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukhutshelwa ngokungenakuthintelwa ngala mazwe avakalelwa kukuba ulongamo kunye nokhuseleko lwawo lusongelwa ngamabhongo e-NATO okuba ngumnyanzeli wehlabathi jikelele.

Ingqikelelo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wokungathathi cala yaziswa ngeminyaka yoo-1800 ukukhusela amazwe amancinane kuhlaselo olunjalo, kwaye iNgqungquthela yaseHague V yokungathathi hlangothi ka-1907 yaba kwaye iseyeyona nxalenye yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wokungathathi hlangothi. Okwangoku, iNgqungquthela yaseHague yokungathathi cala iye yamkelwa njengoMthetho weSintu weZizwe ngeZizwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba onke amazwe anyanzelekile ukuba athobele imiqathango yawo nokuba akayisayinanga okanye ayamkele le ndibano.

Kwakhona kuye kwaxoxwa ngeengcali zomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ezifana noL. Oppenheim kunye noH. Lauterbach ukuba naliphi na ilizwe elingekho imfazwe kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe ethile, lithathwa njengelingathathi hlangothi kuloo mfazwe, ngoko ke libophelelekile ukusebenzisa imigaqo. kunye nezenzo zokungathabathi cala ebudeni baloo mfazwe. Nangona amazwe angathathi hlangothi awavumelekanga ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwizivumelwano zomkhosi akukho sithintelo sokuthatha inxaxheba kumanyano lwezoqoqosho okanye lwezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho sikweni kwezohlwayo zezoqoqosho njengendlela yezohlwayo ezihlangeneyo kufuneka zithathwe njengobundlobongela ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi kakhulu ezo zohlwayo ezinokuba nazo kubemi ingakumbi abantwana. Imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokungathathi hlangothi isebenza kuphela kwimicimbi yomkhosi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe, ngaphandle kokuzikhusela ngokunyanisekileyo.

Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi kwiinkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokungathathi hlangothi eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo. Olu lwahluko lugubungela i-spectrum ukusuka kubundilele abaxhobe kakhulu ukuya kokungathabathi cala. Amanye amazwe anjengeCosta Rica awanawo kwaphela umkhosi. Incwadi yenyaniso yeCIA idwelisa amazwe angama-36 okanye imimandla engenamkhosi wamajoni, kodwa linani elincinane kuphela lawo eliya kufaneleka njengamazwe azimeleyo. Amazwe anjalo eCosta Rica athembele kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ukukhusela ilizwe lawo ekuhlaselweni, ngendlela efanayo nabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo abaxhomekeke kulawulo lwemithetho yelizwe ukuze bazikhusele. Imikhosi yamapolisa nje iyafuneka ukukhusela abemi ngaphakathi kumazwe, inkqubo yamapolisa yamazwe ngamazwe iyafuneka ukukhusela amazwe amancinci kumazwe amakhulu anobundlobongela. Imikhosi yokhuselo yokwenene iyafuneka kule njongo.

Ngokuyilwa kunye nokusasazwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezinye izixhobo zokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi, alikho ilizwe, kubandakanya i-US, iRussia kunye neTshayina, ezinokuphinda ziqinisekiswe ukuba zinokukhusela amazwe kunye nabemi bawo ukuba bangonganyelwa. Oku kukhokelele kwinto eyithiyori ephambeneyo yokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Mutually Assured Destruction, ishunqulelwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba yi-MAD Le nkcazo-bungcali isekwe kwinkolelo ephosakeleyo yokuba akukho nkokeli yelizwe iya kuba sisidenge okanye iphambene ngokwaneleyo ukuqalisa imfazwe yenyukliya, kodwa i-USA yaqala imfazwe yenyukliya ngokuchasene neJapan nge6^th Agasti 1945.

ISwitzerland igqalwa njengelona lizwe lingathathi cala ehlabathini, kangangokuba ayizange ide ingenele iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo de kwangomhla wesi-2 kuSeptemba 2002. Amanye amazwe anjengeOstriya neFinland anobundilele obukwimiGaqo-siseko yawo kodwa kuwo omabini. amatyala, ukungathabathi cala kwanyanzeliswa kubo emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesi-2, ngoko bobabini basenokuba ngoku basondela ekupheliseni ubundilele babo. ISweden, i-Ireland, iCyprus kunye neMalta ayithathi hlangothi njengomgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente kwaye kwiimeko ezinjalo, oku kunokutshintshwa ngesigqibo sikarhulumente. Ukungathathi cala kuMgaqo-siseko lolona khetho lungcono kuba sisigqibo esenziwe ngabantu belo lizwe kunokuba sithathwe ngabezopolitiko balo, kwaye naziphi na izigqibo zokulahla ubundilele baye emfazweni zinokwenziwa kuphela ngokuvota, ngaphandle kokuzikhusela ngokunyanisekileyo. .

Urhulumente wase-Ireland wenze ngokwaphula ngokunzulu imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe malunga nokungathathi hlangothi ngokuvumela umkhosi wase-US ukuba usebenzise isikhululo seenqwelomoya sase-Shannon njengesiseko somoya esiqhubela phambili ukulwa iimfazwe zobundlobongela kuMbindi Mpuma. Ubundilele baseSipro buphazanyiswa sisibakala sokuba iBritani isahleli kwezona ndawo zikhulu zibizwa ngokuba ziZizinda zoBukhosi baseSipro eziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu yiBritani ekulweni iimfazwe zayo zogonyamelo kuMbindi Mpuma. ICosta Rica ikhethekile njengelinye lamazwe ambalwa angathathi hlangothi ngokwenyani eLatin America kunye nelinye eliphumeleleyo elingathathi hlangothi apho. ICosta Rica 'ichitha' izibonelelo zayo ezininzi zemali kukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, ijongana nabemi bayo abasengozini kakhulu, kwaye iyakwazi ukwenza oku ngenxa yokuba ayinamkhosi kwaye ayibandakanyekanga kwiimfazwe nabani na.

Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo, i-US kunye ne-NATO yathembisa iRashiya ukuba i-NATO ayizukwandiswa kumazwe asempuma yeYurophu nakwamanye amazwe akwimida yaseRashiya. Oku bekuya kuthetha ukuba onke amazwe akwimida yaseRashiya aya kuthathwa njengamazwe angathathi hlangothi, kubandakanywa neFinland ekhoyo engathathi hlangothi, kodwa kunye neBaltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, njl. Esi sivumelwano saphulwa ngokukhawuleza yi-US kunye ne-NATO. , kwaye ishukuma ukuquka iUkraine neGeorgia njengamalungu eNATO yanyanzela uRhulumente waseRashiya ukuba akhusele oko wayekugqala njengenjongo yeqhinga lesizwe ngokubuyisela umva iCrimea nokuthatha amaphondo aseNorth Ossetia neAbkhazia phantsi kolawulo lwaseRashiya.

Kusekho ityala elinamandla ekufuneka lenziwe lokungathathi hlangothi kwawo onke amazwe akufutshane nemida yaseRashiya, kwaye oku kuyafuneka ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela ukunyuka kwengxabano e-Ukraine. Imbali ibonisa ukuba xa amazwe anoburhalarhume evelisa izixhobo ezinamandla ngakumbi eziya kusetyenziswa ezi zixhobo. Iinkokeli zase-US ezazisebenzisa izixhobo zeathom ngo-1945 zazingeyo-MAD, zaziyi-BAD nje. Iimfazwe zobundlavini sele zingekho mthethweni, kodwa kufuneka kufunyanwe iindlela zokuthintela oko kungabikho semthethweni.

Ngomdla woluntu, kunye nomdla wazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba, ngoku kukho imeko eqinileyo yokwandisa ingcamango yokungathathi hlangothi kumazwe amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Inethiwekhi yoxolo esandula kusekwa ebizwa ngokuba yiVeterans Global Peace Network www.VGPN.org  usungula iphulo lokukhuthaza amazwe amaninzi kangangoko ukuba abethelele ukungathabathi cala kwezomkhosi kwimigaqo-siseko yawo yaye sinethemba lokuba amanye amaqela oxolo esizwe nawezizwe ngezizwe aya kusihlanganisa nathi kweli phulo.

Ukungathabathi cala esingathanda ukukukhuthaza bekungayi kuba kukungathabathi cala apho oorhulumente bangazihoyi iimfazwe nokubandezeleka kwamanye amazwe. Kwihlabathi elinxibeleleneyo elisengozini esiphila kulo ngoku, imfazwe nakweyiphi na indawo yehlabathi iyingozi kuthi sonke. Sinqwenela ukukhuthaza ukungathathi cala okusebenzayo. Ngaloo nto sithetha ukuba amazwe angathathi hlangothi anelungelo elipheleleyo lokuzikhusela kodwa akanalo ilungelo lokulwa imfazwe kwamanye amazwe. Nangona kunjalo, oku kufuneka kube lukhuselo lokwenene kwaye aluthetheleli ugwayimbo oluyinkohliso lwaphambi kokuzama kwamanye amazwe okanye 'ungenelelo loluntu' mbumbulu. Iyakunyanzela amazwe angathathi hlangothi ukuba akhuthaze ngokusebenzayo kwaye ancedise ekugcineni uxolo nobulungisa bezizwe ngezizwe. Uxolo ngaphandle kobulungisa kukuphelisa nje imfazwe okwexeshana njengoko kwaboniswa yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala neyeSibini.

Iphulo elinjalo lokungathabathi cala kwezizwe ngezizwe liza kuqalisa ngokukhuthaza amazwe akhoyo angoondilele ukuba alondoloze yaye omeleze ukungathabathi cala kwawo, lize likhankasele amanye amazwe aseYurophu nakwezinye iindawo ukuba abe ngamazwe angathathi cala. I-VGPN iya kusebenzisana ngokukhutheleyo namanye amaqela oxolo esizwe nakwamanye amazwe ukufezekisa ezi njongo.

Kukho iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kwingqikelelo yokungathathi hlangothi, kwaye ezi ziquka ezo zokungathabathi cala ezingakhiyo okanye zokungakhethi cala. Ukuhlambalaza okuphonswa ngamanye amaxesha kumazwe angathathi hlangothi kucatshulwa kwimbongi uDante: 'Iindawo ezitshisa kakhulu kwiSihogo zigcinelwe abo bathi, ngexesha lobunzima obukhulu bokuziphatha, bagcine ukungathathi hlangothi kwabo.' Kufuneka sicele umngeni koku ngokuphendula ukuba ezona ndawo zishushu esihogweni kufuneka zibekelwe abo balwa iimfazwe zobundlongondlongo.

I-Ireland ingumzekelo welizwe eliye laqhelisela ukungathabathi cala okanye ukungathabathi cala kwezopolitiko, ingakumbi ekubeni yazimanya neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1955, kodwa kwanangexesha lemfazwe xa yayixhasa ngokukhutheleyo uManyano Lwezizwe. Nangona i-Ireland inomkhosi omncinci wokhuselo omalunga nama-8,000 amajoni iye yasebenza kakhulu ekufakeni igalelo kwimisebenzi yokugcina uxolo ye-UN ukususela ngo-1958 kwaye ilahlekelwe ngamajoni angama-88 asweleke kule mishini yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, elizinga eliphezulu lokwenzakala kuMkhosi omncinci woKhuselo. .

Kwimeko yaseIreland, ukungathabathi cala okusebenzayo kukwathetha ukukhuthaza inkqubo yokuphelisa ubukoloniyali, kunye nokunceda amazwe asanda kuzimela kunye namazwe asaphuhlayo ngoncedo olusebenzayo kwimimandla efana nemfundo, iinkonzo zempilo kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho. Ngelishwa, ngakumbi okoko i-Ireland yajoyina i-European Union, kwaye ngakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-Ireland ithande ukutsalelwa kwizenzo ze-EU ezinkulu kunye namagunya angaphambili e-colonial ekuxhaphazeni amazwe asakhulayo kunokuba awancede ngokunyanisekileyo. I-Ireland yonakalise kakhulu isidima sayo sokungathabathi cala ngokuvumela umkhosi wase-US ukuba usebenzise isikhululo seenqwelomoya sase-Shannon kwintshona ye-Ireland ukuba ulwe iimfazwe zalo zohlaselo kuMbindi Mpuma. Amalungu e-US kunye ne-NATO ye-EU asebenzisa uxinzelelo lwezozakuzo kunye noqoqosho ukuzama ukufumana amazwe angathathi hlangothi eYurophu ukuba alahle ukungathathi hlangothi kwawo, kwaye ayaphumelela kwezi nzame. Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba isohlwayo senkunzi sikhutshwe ngokusemthethweni kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu e-EU kwaye olu luphuhliso oluhle kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, awona malungu anamandla e-NATO nawo angamalungu e-EU ebebulala abantu ngokungekho mthethweni kuMbindi Mpuma kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo.

IJografi inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekungathathi hlangothi okuphumelelayo kunye nendawo yesiqithi sase-Ireland kumda osentshona weYurophu yenza kube lula ukugcina ukungathathi hlangothi kwayo, kudityaniswe nenyaniso yokuba ngokungafaniyo noMbindi Mpuma, i-Ireland inemithombo encinci ye-oyile okanye igesi. Oku kwahlukile kumazwe anjengeBelgium neNetherlands ekuye kwatyeshelwa ubundilele bawo izihlandlo eziliqela. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka iphuculwe kwaye isetyenziswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukungathathi hlangothi kwawo onke amazwe angathathi hlangothi kuyahlonitshwa kwaye kuyaxhaswa. Iimeko zejografi zikwathetha ukuba amazwe ahlukeneyo anokwamkela uhlobo lokungathathi hlangothi olufanele ijografi kunye neminye imiba yokhuseleko.

INgqungquthela yaseHague (V) ehlonipha amaLungelo kunye neMisebenzi yamaGunya angathathi cala kunye naBantu kwiMeko leMfazwe kuMhlaba, yasayinwa ngomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ka-1907. inokufumaneka kolu nxulumaniso.

Nangona inemida emininzi, iNgqungquthela yaseHague yokungathathi hlangothi ithathwa njengesiseko semithetho yamazwe ngamazwe ngokungathathi hlangothi. Ukuzikhusela ngokunyanisekileyo kuvunyelwe phantsi kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yokungathathi hlangothi, kodwa lo mba uxhatshazwe kakhulu ngamazwe anobundlongondlongo. Ukungathabathi cala okusebenzayo yenye indlela enokusetyenziswa kwiimfazwe zobundlongondlongo. Ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe ebandayo i-NATO iye yaba sisongelo esikhulu kuxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Le projekthi yokungathathi hlangothi kwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yephulo elibanzi lokwenza i-NATO kunye nezinye izivumelwano zomkhosi ezinobundlongondlongo zingafuneki.

UHlaziyo okanye iNguqu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nayo yenye into ephambili, kodwa lowo ngomnye umsebenzi wosuku.

Imibutho yoxolo kunye nabantu ngabanye kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi bayamenywa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kweli phulo ngokusebenzisana neVeterans Global Peace Network okanye ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye kufuneka bazive bekhululekile ukwamkela okanye ukulungelelanisa iingcebiso ezikolu xwebhu.

Ngolunye ulwazi, nceda uqhagamshelane noManuel Pardo, uTim Pluta, okanye u-Edward Horgan  vgpn@riseup.net.

Sayina uxwebhu lwezikhalazo!