I-foam yokulwa nomlilo yaseMelika ibangcolisa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nabantu abagulayo kwimimandla ecaleni kwamaziko ase-US emhlabeni jikelele
Umbini, usebenza kabini kunye neengxaki;
Umlilo uvutha kunye ne-caldron bubble.
Isiflethi senyoka,
Kwibildiro bese ubhaka.
- Macbeth, uWilliam Shakespeare
NguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, UDisemba 2, 2018
Amanxweme acima umlilo ngexesha loqeqesho kwisikhululo somoya eMarine Corps eCherry Point, e-Havelock, North Carolina, nge-Agasti 28, 2013. Ifoto: Lance Cpl. UShawn Valosin / oLwandle baseMelika
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I-Per-flouro octane-sulfo-nate okanye PFOS, kunye nePer-flouro-octa-noic acid okanye PFOA, izithako ezisebenzayo kwi-foam ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuqeqesha amasosha ukuba aqothule imililo yeenqwelo zomlilo kwiziseko zempi zase-US emhlabeni jikelele. Amachiza anetyhefu avunyelwe ukuba angene kumhlaba ojikelezayo ukuba ahlambele amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Isiphumo ngenye yeyona miphunga enkulu yongcoliseko lwamanzi kwimbali yabantu.
Ungathandabuzi oko? Cofa kwiGoogle News kwaye ungene: "PFOS PFAO Isiseko sezoMkhosi." Emva koko, buya uze ufunde lonke eli nqaku-kwaye uziqinise. Kubi.
Amanzi kumawaka amaqula ngaphakathi nakwindawo ezijikeleze ukufakwa komkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela kuvavanyiwe kwaye kubonisiwe ukuba kunamanqanaba ayingozi e-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA. Iziphumo zempilo zokuvezwa kwezi khemikhali zibandakanya ukuphuphuma kwesisu rhoqo kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinzima zokukhulelwa, ezinje ngemicimbi yokuzala kwexesha elide. Bahlambela ubisi lwebele lomntu kunye nokugulisa abantwana abancancisayo. I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zinegalelo kumonakalo wesibindi, umhlaza wezintso, i-cholesterol ephezulu, ukunciphisa ukuphendula kwizitofu zokugonya, ukwanda komngcipheko wesifo se-thyroid, kunye nomhlaza wamatyhalarha, i-micro-penis kunye nokubala kwesidoda esisezantsi emadodeni.
Pentagon uyazi ngefuthe elibi I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA inempilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo ukususela kwi-1974, yaye iqhubeka isebenzisa i-foam enobuhlungu namhlanje.
2001, i Umkhosi wase-US uqonde ngokupheleleyo ubukhulu bengxaki. Babesazi ukuba amagwebu okucima umlilo asetyenziswa kwiziseko zehlabathi zazinetyhefu kunye namanzi kwindawo eziyingqongileyo, kodwa babekhathazekile ukuba ukubhengeza ukungcoliseka okubulalayo kuya kubiza kakhulu, ke, bagqiba kwelokuba bathule kwaye baqhubeke nokusebenzisa amagwebu- ngaphandle kokuphanda ukuba nabani na on okanye ngaphandle kweziseko wayegula.
Ngoku, baya kuhlawula ixabiso
inokusongela loo nto
yolawulo lwamazwe aseMerika.
Ndicinga ukuba ndiyidlulele? Emva koko, mhlawumbi ungayifaki i-google njengokuba ndakucebisa phezulu kwesi siqwenga.
Le nto iqhutywe kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokugqibela.
Hlola ingxelo ebalulekileyo yiTara Copp Maxesha oMkhosi, incwadi yeGannett News. Uchungechunge lwakhe lubonisa ukungabikho kokubandezeleka kwabasetyhini abasemkhosini abaphuza amanzi ngesiseko. Iziqwenga zalo, kuquka, Kutheni abantwana babetshelwe ukuba "Musa ukukhulelwa kuGeorge Airbase." banzima ukufunda ngenxa yokuba badibanisa ukungcola kwintlungu yabantu nokufa. Abaninzi abafazi babika amaninzi amaninzi, abanye babenabantwana abazalelwe. Umkhosi unqabe ukukhupha iirekhodi zezokwelapha kubafazi abahluphekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Kuthiwani ngabafazi (kunye namadoda kunye neentsana) kwiziseko kunye nakwiidolophana ezungezile kwiindawo ezingaphandle kwe-US, njengaye I-Spangdahlem Airbase, eJamani kwaye IKadena Airbase, Okinawa? Iziphumo eziphezulu ze-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zifunyenwe kwimifudlana ecaleni kwezo ziseko. Abafumani nokhuseleko. Abantu baseMerika abakhupheli ukuvavanya amanzi abo, okanye umhlaba wabo, okanye izilwanyana zasendle.
Abasemagunyeni basekhaya abafuna umthombo wamanzi anetyhefu e-Okinawa banqatshelwe ukufikelela kwiziseko ezibini zase-US. Ukwalelwa kubonisa umzekelo wamva nje waseJapan-waseMelika weSivumelwano seMikhosi (i-SOFA) ethintela amagosa aseJapan ukuzama ukulungisa iingxaki zempilo ezijamelene nabahlali bendawo.
I-SOFA, kunye nolwimi lwayo lwe-boilerplate, libeka umthetho wobukhosi. Ithi, "Kwiindawo kunye neendawo, iUnited States inokuthatha yonke imilinganiselo eyimfuneko yokusekwa, ukusebenza, ukukhusela nokulawula."
Ingxaki ixazululwe?
Kukho ukungcola okukhulu eBelgium. Abantu baseMelika banomthwalo wokungcola emkhosini kwi-Army Garrison yaseBenelux Caserne Daumerie eChièvres, eBelgium. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba anetyhefu ephuma kwisiseko. Amalungu ommandla wasekuhlaleni axwayiswe ukuba angaphuzi amanzi kwaye anikezelwe ngamanzi ebhodlela. Umyalelo wezobukhosi usithe cwaka, ufihla emva kwe-SOFA enika igunya lokuphelisa i-white blanche igunya lokutshabalalisa umhlaba nabemi bayo.
Ngelixa i-EU kunye ne-UN zithathe amanyathelo okulawula ezi tyhefu, umkhosi wase-US uyaqhubeka nokuzisebenzisa kumagwebu abo okulwa umlilo eYurophu nakwihlabathi liphela. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kukho umgaqo ukusukela kwiminyaka yee-XNUMXs othi kufuneka basebenzise ii-fluorochemicals eziyingozi. Okwangoku, oosokhemisti baseMelika benze indawo yokulwa nomlilo esebenza njenge-foam esebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kwayo yonke ingozi yendalo esingqongileyo kunye nempilo, kodwa umkhosi wase-US akafuni kuyisebenzisa. Endaweni yoko, umkhosi uchitha izigidi ukuya ukuthatha isikhumba sobungozi besifo somlilo esinomsila onobuthi obushushu.
Kuyo yonke i-US, apho sinezinto ze-EPA eyayibalulekile, kwaye sisenamandla kunye namagosa asebenzayo asebenza ngamanzi, umkhosi ngokufuthi uyala ukwamkela umonakalo okanye wenze lukhulu ekuphuculeni ingxaki.
Nantsi inkampu emfutshane yendlela uMbutho wamaMoya usandul 'ukusa ngayo kwintlekele.
- UDayton, uMlawuli waManzi eOhio wathumela isilumkiso kubahlali bayo ngongcoliseko lwePFOS oluvela eWright Patterson Airbase. Isilimela, 2018
"Ngelishwa, uMbutho we-Air akazange wenze, kwaye ke kutheni ndibhalela." - I-Air Force iyenqaba ukubuyisela iindawo ezintathu zase-Colorado kwimali esetshenzisiweyo ekuphenduleni amanzi enetyhefu yi-PFAS kunye ne-PFAO esetyenziselwa ukuqhuma umlilo kwi-Peterson Air Force Base. Iidolophu ezihlwempuze ziphethe i-11 yezigidi zezigidi. Amanzi e-El Paso County, eTexas akakhuselekanga ukusela. Umkhosi Womoya kuthiwa iminye imithombo zokungcolisa i-aquifer.
- I-Air Force yaqala ukuphika isicelo sabemi baseNew Hampshire ababefuna ukuba kwenziwe isifundo. Baphuza amanzi ase-Portsmouth anobuthi, i-Air Force yathi babengenayo imali ukuhlawula isifundo. Emva kokuphazamiseka kommi, u-Air Force uvumelekile ukuhlawula i-$ 14.3 yezigidi ukwakha indawo yokunyanga kwamanzi ukususa i-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA kwimithombo yamanzi. (Qaphela inqaku.)
- Okwangoku, uMkhosi woMoya usithathela phantsi isigqibo saseMichigan esithi sibonelele ngamanzi okusela akhuselekileyo kwindawo ye-Oscoda-Wurtsmith. Isiseko se-B-52 savalwa ngo-1993 kwaye amanzi ahlala ebulala. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, abasemagunyeni kwezempilo eMichigan bakhuphe ingcebiso ye'Ungadli 'yexhama elithathiwe ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha ezintlanu zeWurtsmith Air Force Base. Sekuyiminyaka engama-25 kwaye isiselo samanzi aselwayo asenetyhefu.
Ngokwe-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo e-US (i-EPA), i-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zithathwa njengezingcolisayo. "Ucoceko oluvelayo" yimichiza ephawulwa "ngokubonakalayo, okunokwenzeka, okanye okuyingozi ngokwenene kwimpilo yabantu okanye kwindalo okanye kukungabikho kwemigangatho yempilo epapashiweyo." I-EPA ayilawuli iPFOS kunye nePFOA! Endaweni yoko, ibeke ihlombe lamagxa angama-70 kwitriliyoni yeeNgcebiso ngezeMpilo kubomi bamanzi okusela. Okwangoku, izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseNyakatho Carolina zithi idosi ekhuselekileyo ye-PFOA kunye / okanye i-PFOS emanzini okusela yi-1 ppt.
I-EPA iphuhlise iNkqubo yeNgcebiso ngezeMpilo kwi-1978 ukubonelela uluntu ngolwazi ngokungcoliswa okufutshane kunye nexesha elifutshane elinokuchaphazela umgangatho wamanzi okusela kodwa alulawulwa phantsi koMthetho wokuNwa kwamanzi oPhezulu. I-EPA iluhlu lweengcebiso zezeMpilo ngaphezu kwe-200, kunye neFFOS kunye ne-PFOA. Zininzi zalezi zinkunkuma zilawulwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiintlanga ezijikeleze ihlabathi, kodwa zilungele ukuba baseMerika baphuze.
Ngaphandle kokungabikho kolawulo lwentlangano kumbandela, abanye bathi, kuquka iNew Jersey, sele beqale ukulawula iikhemikhali kwimida engaphantsi kwe-EPA. Isebe leNkxaso yokusiNgqongileyo yeNew Jersey lizalisekisa umthetho walo wokuqala we-PFAS. Ukungcola kwamanzi amanzi kwi-Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst ephakamileyo njenge-264,300 ppt, kwaye oko kulungile ne-EPA
I-EPA uyaqhubeka nokuvuma iikhemikhali ezintsha ezinobuthi ngokulinganayo ze-PFAS ngaphandle kokungcola okusasazekileyo. IMelika, kubonakala ngathi lishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho.
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Fumana i-poisons emanzini okufuphi kuwe.
Uludwe lwe-NAVY lwe-"possible" "ukungcola" alukwazi ukubonisa amanqanaba.
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Phawula ikhalenda yakho!
Ngo-Matshi i-22 nguMhla waManzi wamanzi!
