Imfazwe yase-Afghanistan yaseMelika ((Ngokwengxenye) ngaphezulu, ke kuthekani nge-Iraq- kunye ne-Iran?

At I-Bagram yesiseko somoya, Abarhwebi abathengisa izinto ezilahliweyo base-Afghan sele bekhetha emangcwabeni ezixhobo zomkhosi wase-US ezazide zaba likomkhulu le-20 leminyaka yokuhlala kwelizwe labo. Amagosa ase-Afghanistan athi imikhosi yokugqibela yase-US wemka ukusuka e-Bagram ekufeni kobusuku, ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye uququzelelo.

I-Taliban ilwandisa ngokukhawuleza ulawulo lwayo kumakhulu ezithili, zihlala zenziwa ngothethathethwano phakathi kwabadala bendawo, kodwa nangamandla xa imikhosi ethembekileyo kurhulumente waseKabul inqaba ukuyeka ukuphuma kwabo kunye nezixhobo.

Kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, iTaliban ilawula ikota yelizwe. Ngoku sisithathu. Bathatha ulawulo lwezithuba zemida kunye nemimandla emikhulu kwindawo emantla elizwe. Oku kubandakanya iindawo ezazifudula ziyinqaba ze- Umanyano loMntla, umkhosi owawuthintela iTaliban ekumanyaniseni ilizwe phantsi kolawulo lwabo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990.

Abantu abalungileyo baya kuthi kwihlabathi liphela banethemba lekamva elinoxolo labantu base-Afghanistan, kodwa ekuphela kwendima esemthethweni enokudlalwa yiMelika ngoku kukuhlawula, nangaluphi na uhlobo, ngomonakalo owenzileyo kunye nentlungu kunye ukufa ibangele. Ukuqikelelwa kudidi lwezopolitiko e-US nakwimithombo yeendaba ngokubambisana malunga nendlela i-US engagcina ngayo ukuqhushumisa nokubulala ama-Afghans "ngaphezulu" kufuneka kuyeke. I-US kunye noorhulumente bayo abonakeleyo baphulukene nale mfazwe. Ngoku kuye kuma-Afghans ukwenza ikamva labo.

Ke kuthekani ngolunye ulwaphulo mthetho olungapheliyo e-Iraq, e-Iraq? Imithombo yeendaba yaseMelika ikhankanya i-Iraq kuphela xa iinkokheli zethu zigqiba ngesiquphe ukuba phezu kwe150,000 iibhombu kunye nemijukujelwa abayiphosileyo e-Iraq nase-Syria okoko i-2001 ibingonelanga, kwaye ukulahla ezinye ezimbalwa kumanyano lwase-Iranian kuya kunciphisa abanye ookhetshe eWashington ngaphandle kokuqala umlo opheleleyo ne-Iran.

Kodwa kwizigidi ezingama-40 zaseIraq, njengakwizigidi ezingama-40 zabantu baseAfghan, elona dabi likhethwe ngobuyatha eMelika lilizwe labo, hayi nje ibali leendaba. Baphila ubomi babo bonke phantsi kweempembelelo ezingapheliyo zemfazwe ye-neocons yentshabalalo enkulu.

Ama-Iraqi aselula bathathe izitrato e-2019 bekhalaza iminyaka eli-16 yorhulumente okhohlakeleyo ngabo babeselubhacweni i-United States igqithisela ilizwe labo kunye neengeniso zalo zeoyile. Uqhanqalazo luka-2019 lwalujolise kurhwaphilizo kurhulumente wase-Iraq kunye nokusilela ukubonelela ngemisebenzi kunye neenkonzo ezisisiseko kubantu bakhe, kodwa nakwizinto ezisisiseko, ezisebenza ngokuzimela zangaphandle e-United States nase-Iran kubo bonke oorhulumente base-Iraq ukusukela ngo-2003.

Urhulumente omtsha wasekwa nge-Meyi ka-2020, ekhokelwa yi-Nkulumbuso yase-Bhritane ne-Iraq u-Mustafa al-KadhimiNgaphambili wayeyintloko yeNkonzo yezoBuntlola eIraq kwaye, ngaphambi koko, intatheli kunye nomhleli wewebhusayithi ese-Al-Monitor Arab yase-US. Ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yakhe yaseNtshona, u-al-Kadhimi uqalise uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe $ 150 billion kwingeniso yeoyile yaseIraq ngamagosa oorhulumente bangaphambili, ubukhulu becala ababengabathinjwa baseNtshona njengaye. Kwaye uhamba umgca ococekileyo ukuzama ukugcina ilizwe lakhe, emva kwayo yonke into edlulileyo, ekubeni ngumgca wangaphambili kwimfazwe entsha yase-US e-Iran.

I-airstrikes zamva nje zase-US zijolise kwimikhosi yezokhuseleko e-Iraq Iifom zokuHamba eziDumileyo (PMF), eyasekwa ngo-2014 ukulwa i-Islamic State (IS), umkhosi ojijekileyo owazalwa sisigqibo sase-US, kwiminyaka elishumi kuphela emva ko-9/11, ukuba bavule kwaye Ingalo yeAl Qaeda kwimfazwe yommeli waseNtshona nxamnye neSyria.

Ii-PMFs ngoku zibandakanya malunga ne-130,000 yamajoni kwi-40 okanye kwiiyunithi ezahlukeneyo. Uninzi lwaye lwaqeshwa ngamaqela ezopolitiko ase-Iraq kunye namaqela, kodwa bayinxalenye yomkhosi oxhobileyo wase-Iraq kwaye babizwa ngokuba badlala indima ebalulekileyo emfazweni ngokuchasene ne-IS.

Imithombo yeendaba yaseNtshona imele ii-PMFs njengamajoni anokuthi i-Iran icime kwaye icime njengesixhobo ngokuchasene ne-United States, kodwa ezi yunithi zinomdla wazo kunye nolwakhiwo lokwenza izigqibo. Xa i-Iran izamile ukuthomalalisa ukungavisisani ne-United States, khange ikwazi ukulawula ii-PMFs. Ngokubanzi uHaider al-Afghani, igosa loLondolozo loQhushululu lwaseIran elongamele ukulungelelanisa ne-PMF, kutsha nje ucele ukutshintshelwa uphume e-Iraq, ekhalaza ukuba ii-PMFs azimhoyanga.

Ukusukela oko kwabulawa i-US ngu-General Soleimani kunye nomphathi we-PMF u-Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis ngoJanuwari 2020, ii-PMFs bezizimisele ukunyanzela imikhosi yokugqibela yase-US ukuba iphume e-Iraq. Emva kokubulawa, iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yase-Iraq yapasisa isigqibo esithi imikhosi yase-US mayenze bayishiye i-Iraq. Ukulandela i-airstrikes yase-US ngokuchasene neeyunithi ze-PMF ngoFebruwari, i-Iraq kunye ne-United States bavumelana ekuqaleni kuka-Epreli ukuba imikhosi yokulwa yase-US izakwenza njalo hamba msinyane.

Kodwa akukho mhla ubekiweyo, akukho mvumelwano ineenkcukacha ethe yasayinwa, uninzi lwamaIraq alukholelwa ukuba imikhosi yase-US izakuhamba, kwaye ayimthembi urhulumente waseKadhimi ukuba aqinisekise ukuhamba kwabo. Njengokuba ixesha lihambile ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esisesikweni, eminye imikhosi ye-PMF iye yaxhathisa iifowuni zokuzola kurhulumente wabo nase-Iran, kwaye bonyusa uhlaselo kwimikhosi yase-US.

Kwangelo xesha, intetho yaseVienna malunga nesivumelwano senyukliya i-JCPOA iphakamise uloyiko phakathi kwabaphathi be-PMF ukuba i-Iran ingabenza idini njengesixhobo sokuxoxisana kwisivumelwano senyukliya esenziwe ngokutsha ne-United States.

Ke, kumdla wokusinda, abalawuli be-PMF baye baba baninzi ezizimeleyo ye-Iran, kwaye bahlakulela ubudlelwane obusondeleyo ne-Nkulumbuso u-Kadhimi. Oku kungqinwa kukuzimasa kukaKadhimi kwindawo enkulu Umkhosi wezomkhosi NgoJuni 2021 ukubhiyozela isikhumbuzo seminyaka esixhenxe sokusekwa kwe-PMF.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, i-US yaqhushumbisa imikhosi ye-PMF e-Iraq nase-Syria, itsala isigwebo esidlangalaleni ku-Kadhimi nakwikhabhinethi yakhe njengokunyhashwa kolawulo lwase-Iraq. Emva kokwenza ugwayimbo lokuziphindezela, i-PMF yabhengeza ukupheliswa komlilo nge-29 kaJuni, ngokucacileyo ukunika uKadhimi ixesha elingakumbi lokugqibezela isivumelwano sokurhoxa. Kodwa kwiintsuku ezintandathu kamva, Abanye babo baqala i-rocket kunye ne-drone kuhlaselo lwe-US.

Ngelixa uTrump waziphindezela kuphela xa uhlaselo lwerocket eIraq lubulala amaMelika, igosa eliphezulu laseMelika lityhile ukuba uBiden unayo yehlisa ibar, isoyikisa ukuphendula nge-airstrikes nokuba uhlaselo lomkhosi wase-Iraq alubangeli benzakaliso e-US.

Kodwa uqhankqalazo lomoya e-US lukhokelele kuphela ekunyukeni koxinzelelo kunye nokunyuka okuthe kratya kwemikhosi yamajoni yase-Iraq. Ukuba imikhosi yase-US iphendula nge-airstrikes engaphezulu okanye enzima, i-PMF kunye nabalingane base-Iran kuwo wonke ummandla banokuphendula ngohlaselo olubanzi kwiziseko zase-US. Ukuqhubeka koku kuyanda kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide kuthethathethwana ngesivumelwano sokurhoxa esinyanisekileyo, uxinzelelo olungakumbi luya kufunyanwa nguKadhimi kwi-PMF, nakwamanye amacandelo oluntu lwase-Iraq, ukubonisa imikhosi yase-US umnyango.

Isiseko esisemthethweni sobukho base-US, kunye nemikhosi yoqeqesho lwe-NATO e-Iraq Kurdistan, kukuba i-Islamic State isasebenza. Ibhombu yokuzibulala yabulala abantu abangama-32 eBaghdad ngoJanuwari, kwaye i-IS isenesibheno esomeleleyo kubantu abancinci abacinezelweyo kulo mmandla nakwilizwe lamaSilamsi. Ukusilela, urhwaphilizo kunye nengcinezelo yoorhulumente abalandela emva ko-2003 e-Iraq babonelele ngomhlaba ochumileyo.

Kodwa i-United States ngokucacileyo inesinye isizathu sokugcina imikhosi e-Iraq, njengesiseko esiphambili kwimfazwe yayo e-Iran. Yiyo kanye le nto uKadhimi azama ukuyiphepha ngokutshintsha imikhosi yase-US kunye ne-NATO ekhokelwa yi-Danish imishini yoqeqesho eIraq Kurdistan. Le mishini iyandiswa ukusuka kuma-500 ukuya kwimikhosi engama-4,000, eyenziwe yimikhosi yaseDenmark, yaseBritane neyaseTurkey.

Ukuba uBiden wayekhawulezile Ujoyine i-JCPOA Isivumelwano senyukliya kunye ne-Iran ekuthatheni i-ofisi, ukungavisisani kuya kuba sezantsi ngoku, kwaye imikhosi yase-US e-Iraq isenokuba sele isekhaya. Endaweni yoko, uBiden ngokungakhathali waginya ipilisi yetyhefu yomgaqo-nkqubo kaTrump wase-Iran ngokusebenzisa “uxinzelelo oluphezulu” njengendlela “yokunyusa”, ukunyusa umdlalo ongapheliyo wenkuku i-United States ayinakuphumelela-iqhinga u-Obama aqala ukuligqiba kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo kutyikitywa i-JCPOA.

Ukurhoxa e-US e-Iraq kunye ne-JCPOA kunxibelelene, amacandelo amabini abalulekileyo omgaqo-nkqubo wokuphucula ubudlelwane be-US-Iranian kunye nokuphelisa i-US echasayo kunye nokuzinzisa indima yokungenelela kwi-Middle East. Into yesithathu yommandla ozinzileyo noxolo kukudibana kozakuzo phakathi kweIran neSaudi Arabia, apho i-Iraq kaKadhimi idlala khona indima ebalulekileyo njengomlamli oyintloko.

Isiphelo sesivumelwano senyukliya sase-Iran asikaqiniseki. Umjikelo wesithandathu wozakuzo eVienna uphele nge-20 kaJuni, kwaye akukho mhla ubekiweyo kumjikelo wesixhenxe okwangoku. Ukuzibophelela kuka-Mongameli Biden ekubuyisaneni kwesi sivumelwano kubonakala kuzolile kunanini na ngaphambili, kwaye uMongameli-unyule uRaisi wase-Iran uxele ukuba akazukuvumela amaMelika aqhubeke nokukhupha iingxoxo.

In udliwano-ndlebe Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesihlanu kweyeSilimela, Unobhala welizwe laseMelika uBlinken waxhoma isoyikiso sokuzikhupha zonke ezi ntetho. Uthe ukuba i-Iran iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza ii-centrifuges ezinobunkunkqele kumanqanaba aphezulu naphezulu, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu e-United States ukuba ibuyele kwisivumelwano sokuqala. Xa ebuzwa ukuba ingaba i-United States ingahamba kusini na nengxoxo, uthe, "Andikwazi ukubeka umhla kuyo, (kodwa) iyasondela."

Eyona nto ifanele ukuba ibe "kukusondela" kukurhoxiswa kwemikhosi yase-US e-Iraq. Ngelixa iAfghanistan ibonakaliswe njengeyona "mfazwe inde" i-United States iye yalwa, umkhosi wase-US uqhushumbe i-Iraq Engama-26 kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo. Inyaniso yokuba umkhosi wase-US usaqhuba "i-airstrikes ezikhuselayo" kwiminyaka eli-18 emva kohlaselo luka-2003 kwaye phantse iminyaka elishumi ukusukela esiphelweni semfazwe, ingqina indlela engenampumelelo neyintlekele ngayo ungenelelo lomkhosi wase-US.

Ngokuqinisekileyo uBiden ubonakala ngathi usifundile isifundo e-Afghanistan ukuba i-US ayinakuze ibhombise indlela eya eluxolweni okanye ifake oonodoli base-US ngokuthanda. Xa i-piloried ngumshicileli malunga neTaliban ifumana ulawulo njengoko imikhosi yase-US irhoxa, uBiden phendulwa,

"Kulabo baphikise ukuba kufuneka sihlale iinyanga ezintandathu kuphela okanye unyaka omnye, ndiyabacela ukuba baqwalasele izifundo zembali yakutshanje… Phantse iminyaka engama-20 yamava isibonakalisile, kwaye imeko yangoku yezokhuseleko iyangqina, ukuba ' unyaka omnye kuphela 'wokulwa eAfghanistan ayisosisombululo kodwa yirisithi yokubakhona ngonaphakade. Lilungelo noxanduva lwabantu base-Afghan kuphela ukuthatha isigqibo ngekamva labo kunye nendlela abafuna ukuqhuba ngayo ilizwe labo. ”

Izifundo ezifanayo zembali ziyasebenza naseIraq. I-US sele ibangele ukufa kakhulu kunye nosizi kubantu baseIraq, batshabalalisa uninzi lwayo izixeko ezintle, kwaye yavelisa ubundlobongela obuninzi bamahlelo kunye ne-IS fanaticism. Njengokuvalwa kwesiseko esikhulu seBagram eAfghanistan, uBiden kufuneka aqhekeze iziseko zobukumkani zaseIraq kwaye azise imikhosi ekhaya.

Abantu baseIraq banelungelo elifanayo lokuthatha isigqibo ngekamva labo njengabantu baseAfghanistan, kwaye onke amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma anelungelo noxanduva lokuhlala ngoxolo, ngaphandle kwesoyikiso seebhombu zaseMelika kunye nemijukujelwa ehlala ixhonywe phezu kwabo kwaye abantwana babo iintloko.

Masithembe ukuba uBiden ufundile esinye isifundo sembali: ukuba i-United States iyeke ukuhlasela nokuhlasela amanye amazwe.

UMedea uBenjamin ungumcebisi CODEPINK yoxolo, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran.

UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi nge-CODEPINK kunye nombhali we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq.