NguStephen Zunes, Iifrimu zokuSebenza
NGAPHEZU KWALO LONKE IXESHA kwimbali, ityala elinamandla linokwenziwa ngokubambekayo, izizathu zokuba kungasafuneki emfazweni. I-statecraft ye-nonviolent ayifuni ukuba liphupha le-pacifists kunye neephupha. Kukufikelela kwethu.
Imfazwe ephikisanayo kunye nokubhala imiphumo emibi engonelanga. Sifanele sikwazi ukubeka phambili ezinye iindlela ezithembekileyo, ngokukodwa kwimizamo yokulungiswa kwemfazwe ngenxa yezizathu nje, ezifana nokuphelisa ukunyanzelisa kunye nemisebenzi, ukuzikhusela, nokukhusela abo babanjwe kukubulala nokubulawa kwabantu.
Ezinye iindawo ziye zahlengahlengisa ukunyuswa kweengalo zengxondorha ezilwa nokunyanzelisa. Abanye baye baxhatshazwa ngokumalunga nempi kule ndawo yokunyusa egameni lokuqhubela intando yeninzi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye, iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuzisa ukunyanzelisa.
Kwakungewona ama-guerrilla asekhohlo aseNew People's Army awakhupha ukunyanzela kwe-Marcos eMelika. Kwakuyizindwendwe zithandazela i-rosary phambi kweetanki zombuso, kunye nezigidi zabanye ababonisi abangabonisi balukhuni abaye bazisa iManila enkulu ukuba imise.
Kwakungekho iiveki ezilishumi elinesibhozo zokuqhubhisa ibhomu ezazisa umnqweno waseSerbia uSlobodan Milosevic, "umgqugquzeli weBalkan". Iiphabliki zaseYugoslav - ezaziyokwazi ukuhlanganisa i-cross section section of the population to rise against the election of theft.
Kwakungeyona iphiko elixhobileyo le-African National Congress eliye lazisa ulawulo oluninzi kuMzantsi Afrika. Kwakungabasebenzi, abafundi, kunye nabahlali belokishi abathile-ngokusebenzisa ukubetha, i-boycotts, ukudala amanye amaziko kunye nezinye izenzo zokungcoliseki - kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuba inkqubo yobandlululo iqhubeke.
Kwakungesiyo i-NATO eyabangela phantsi iiRominist regimes zaseMpuma Yurophu okanye ikhulule iiphabliki zaseBaltic zisuka kwi-Soviet control. Kwakungabasebenzi basePoland, abantu baseMpumalanga baseJalimane, abantu base-Estonia, abahlakaniphileyo baseCzech, kunye nezigidi zabantu abaqhelekileyo abajamelene neentanki ngezandla zabo kwaye bengasaqapheli ukusemthethweni kweenkokheli zeNkcubeko yamaKomanisi.
Ngokufanayo, abatshaba njengoJean-Claude Duvalier eHaiti, u-Augusto Pinochet eChile, uKumkani uGyanendra e-Nepal, uGeneral Suharto e-Indonesia, u-Zine El Abidine uBen Ali waseTunisia, kunye nabalawuli besigxina baseBolivia baya eBenin naseMadagascar baya eMaldives baphoqeleke ukuba behla xa becaca ukuba babengenamandla kwimeko yokuxhatshazwa okukhulu nokungabikho komsebenzi.
Isenzo sokungaziphenduleli siveze ngokuphumelelayo
Imbali ibonisile ukuba, kwiimeko ezininzi, isenzo esingaziphendulelayo sinokusebenza ngakumbi kunomzabalazo ohlangene. Ucwaningo lwangoku nje lwe-Freedom House lubonise ukuba, malunga namazwe asixhenxe angama-70 ayenze ukuguqulwa kwindlobongela kwimida eyahlukeneyo yedemokhrasi kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu edluleyo, kuphela iincinci ezincinci zenze njalo ngomzabalazo okhuselekileyo ukusuka ngaphantsi okanye utshintsho olusuka phezulu. Akukho naluphi na ulawulo olutsha lwentando yeninzi olubangelwa ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe. Kwimizuzu ecantathu yesiguqulelo, utshintsho lwalugxilwe kwimibutho yentando yesininzi yemibutho yabasebenzi abaqeshisa iindlela ezingenasivikelo.
Ngokufanayo, kwincwadi ebalulekileyo Kutheni kutyikitywa koMbutho woLuntu, abalobi uErica Chenoweth noMaria Stephan (ngokugqithisileyo, abahlalutyi abaqhelanisiweyo) baqaphele ukuba malunga ne-350 enkulu yokunyanzelisa ukuxhasa ukuzimisela nokulawulwa kwentando yeninzi kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukuxhatshazwa kogonyamelo kuphumelele kuphela i-26 yepesenti yexesha, ngoxa iiprojekthi ezininzi ezingaphelelanga zinezinga le-53 yeempumelelo. Ngokufanayo, baqaphele ukuba iimpumelelo ezixhobileyo zixhoba zithatha isilinganiso seminyaka esibhozo, ngoxa iimpumelelo ezingaphelelanga zithatha isilinganiso seminyaka emibili kuphela.
Isenzo esingasesikweni sinesixhobo esinamandla ekuguquleni izibonda zesimo. EJamani kwi-1923, e-Bolivia e-1979, e-Argentina kwi-1986, e-Haiti kwi-1990, eRussia kwi-1991, naseVenezuela ngo-2002, ukukhanda kwatshintshi xa abacebi baqaphela, emva kokuba abantu beza ezitratweni, Izakhiwo eziphambili kunye namaziko ayengathethi ukuba ngokwenene babe namandla.
Ukumelana nokungaxhasi kwamanye amazwe kuye kwaba nomngeni onempumelelo kwimpi yamazwe angaphandle. Ngethuba lokuqala le-intifada yasePalestina kwi-1980, abaninzi abantu abalawulwa ngokufanelekileyo baba ngamagunya okuzilawula ngokuzibandakanya okukhulu kunye nokudala amanye amaziko, ukunyanzelisa amaSirayeli ukuba avumele ukudala iPalestine Authority kunye nokuzilawula kweendawo ezininzi zasezidolophini kwiindawo zeWest Bank. Ukumelana nokungabikho komthetho kwi-Sahara yaseNtshona kusenze uMorocco ukuba anikeze isiphakamiso sokuzimela-ebudeni bexesha elifutshane elijongene noMorocco ukuba anike iSahrawis ilungelo labo lokuzimisela - ubuncinane bayivuma ukuba intsimi ayiyona enye inxenye yeMorocco.
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yaseJamani yaseDenmark naseNorway ngethuba leWWII, amaNazi angaphinde alawule abantu. ILithuania, iLatvia kunye ne-Estonia bazikhulula ekusebenzeni kweSoviet ngokumelana nokungabikho komthetho ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-USSR. ELebhanon, isizwe esichithwa yimfazwe emashumi eminyaka, iminyaka engama-30 yobukhosi baseSyria yaphela ngovuko olukhulu, olungenalo oluvuthiweyo kwi-2005. Kwaye kunyaka odluleyo, iMariupol yaba yidolophu enkulu kunazo zonke ukuba ikhululiwe ekulawulweni ngabavukeli baseRashiya base-Ukraine, kungekhona ngokuqhuma kweebhokhwe kunye nemikhosi yombutho waseMukraine. abahlukeneyo abaxhobileyo.
Phantse yonke le ntshukumo yokulwa nomsebenzi yayininzi ngokukhawuleza. Kuthekani ukuba, endaweni yokuchitha iibhiliyoni zemikhosi exhobileyo - oorhulumente baya kuqeqesha abantu babo ngokuchasene kwabantu? Oorhulumente bavakalisa kakhulu iibhajethi zabo zempi njengenjongo yokukhusela ukungena kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa imikhosi yesininzi yeentlanga zehlabathi (ezincinci), zinokukwenza okuncinci ukuvimbela umkhosi onamandla, onokulwa. Ukuchasana ngokubambisana nokubambisana ngokusemthethweni kungenokuba yindlela enokwenene yokulwa nokuthathwa ngummelwane onamandla ngakumbi ngokungaxhasi kunye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu.
Ukuphumelela kokungabikho kokungabikho kokumelana nokunyamekela kwabadlali belizwe kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ukunyamezela okungekho nto kungabanceda ekusebenzelaneni nabalingani abangabikhoyo, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya amaqela axhobileyo, amaqhawe, abagubungela, kunye nabangenandaba nenkxaso eyaziwayo okanye iindwendwe zamazwe ngamazwe? Ngaphandle kweemeko zento ekubhekiswa kuyo ngokuthi "amaqabane ahlukeneyo," siye sabona impumelelo ephawulekayo, efana neLiberia kunye neSierra Leone, apho kubakho ikakhulu ukunyuswa kwamabhinqa okubangelwa ngabesifazane abadlala indima enkulu ekuzisa uxolo. KwiColombia, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseGuatemalan kunye neNiger Delta, kukho ukuncinci okuncinci kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokuzikhusela ngokungahambisani nxamnye nemikhosi yokhuseleko loluntu kunye namaqela ahlomileyo abucala, enikeza ingqiqo yento enokwenzeka ukuba ngaba izicwangciso ezinjalo zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngendlela.
Izifundo zoMkhosi ziBamba iNkundla yoMkhosi
Kuthekani ngamatyala entshutshiso echanekileyo kwi-genocide, eye yasetyenziselwa isizathu sokuthi uxanduva lokukhusela? Okuthakazelisayo, idatha yempawu ibonisa ukuba oko kuthiwa ngongenelelo lwempi yoluntu, ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwanda izinga lokubulala, ubuncinane kwixesha elifutshane, njengoko abenzi bobubi baziva bengenanto yokulahleka kwaye ukuphikiswa okuxhobileyo kubonwa njengento engenanto yokujonga ngaphandle kwesidingo sokudibanisa. Kwaye, nangona ixesha elide, ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe akunciphisi ukubulala ngaphandle kokuba kungathathi hlangothi, okusoloko kunjalo.
Thatha inxaxheba kwi-1999 NATO ukungenelela eKosovo: ngoxa i-Serbian anti -urgency campaign against anti-Kosovar guerrillas yayinemfesane, ukuhlanjululwa kohlanga ngokubanzi - xa amabutho aseSerbia axosha amawaka ezinkulungwane zamaAlbania - eza kuphela emva I-NATO yalela i-Organisation for Security and Cooperation eYurophu ukuba ihoxise i-supervision yayo kwaye yaqalisa ukuqhuma ibhomu. Kwaye imimiselo yesivumelwano sokuphela komlilo esiphelile kwimfazwe emva kweeveki ezilishumi elinanye emva kwayo yayingumngcipheko phakathi kweemfuno zangaphambili ze-NATO kwintlanganiso yaseRambouillet ngaphambi kwemfazwe kunye ne-counteroffer yepalamente yaseSerbia, ukuphakamisa umbuzo malunga nokuba Isivumelwano singathethathelwa ngaphandle kweeveki ezilishumi elinanye zokuqhubhisa ibhomu. I-NATO yethemba ukuba ukuqhubhisa ibhomu kuzonyanzelisa uMilosevic kumandla, kodwa yomelela kuye ekuqaleni njengokuba amaSerbia agxininisa ngeflegi njengoko ilizwe labo lihlaselwa. AmaSerbs ase-Otpor, intshukumo yabafundi eyabangela ukuvukela okugqithiseleyo ekugqibeleni kwasusa iMilovicvic, beyidelela umbuso kwaye baxhalabisayo ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa eKosovo, kodwa baqhathela ngokugqithiseleyo ukuqhubhisa ibhomu kwaye baqaphela ukuba ibuyisele imbangela yabo. Ngokwahlukileyo, bathetha ukuba ukuba kunye nephiko elingenalutho lombutho wase-Albania laseKosovar lafumana inkxaso evela eNtshona ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka elishumi, imfazwe yayingagwenywa.
Kodwa iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba, abantu behlabathi abalindelanga utshintsho kwimigaqo yoorhulumente babo. Ukususela kwiintlanga ezihluphekayo zeAfrika kumazwe athile aseMpuma Yurophu; ukusuka kwimimandla yoobukhomanisi ukuya kwimibutho yokunyanzela yempi yamaphiko; ukususela kwinqanaba leenkcubeko, indawo kunye neengcamango, intando yesininzi kunye nentuthuko iqaphele amandla obunzima bokungabikho kwabantu abanobuqili bokuzikhupha ukuze bakhulule ekucinezelweni nasekujongeni impi. Oku akuzange kwenzeke, kwiimeko ezininzi, ekuzibopheleleni kokuziphatha okanye ngokomoya ekungabikho komthetho, kodwa ngenxa yokuba isebenza.
Ngaba sinokuthi ngokuzithemba ukuba umkhosi wezempi awusoze walungiswa? Kukho rhoqo ezinye izinto ezingenzi Hayi, kodwa sisondela.
Umgca wenyani kukuba imigaqo yendalo yempi iya kuba nzima nakakhulu ukukhusela. Kungakhathaliseki nokuba akukho mntu ufumana umgaqo-nkqubo njengomgaqo-nkqubo, sinokuphumelela ngakumbi ekukhuthazeni kwethu umgaqo-nkqubo ongekho mthethweni xa siqonda kwaye sikulungele ukukhuthaza ezinye iindlela zokulwa, ezifana nesenzo esingasilunganga.
