Xa amaziko embuso aqala ukwenzeka kwilizwe lakudala, babejamelana nengxaki esele sigqibile ukusombulula. Ukuba iqela lamazwe aseluxolweni aqubisane nerhulumente oxhobile, esenza imfazwe, babenokukhetha ezintathu kuphela: bangenise, babaleke, okanye baxelise ilizwe elinje ngemfazwe kwaye banethemba lokuphumelela emfazweni. Ngale ndlela uluntu lwamanye amazwe lube semkhosini kwaye ubukhulu becala luhleli lunjalo. Ubuntu buzivalele ngaphakathi kwentsimbi yeemfazwe. Imbambano yaba ngumkhosi. Imfazwe yidabi eliqhubayo nelungelelanisiweyo phakathi kwamaqela akhokelela kwinani elikhulu leengozi. Imfazwe ikwathetha, njengoko umbhali-mbali uJohn Horgan ebeka, ubuhlanga, inkcubeko yemfazwe, imikhosi, iingalo, amashishini, imigaqo-nkqubo, imigaqo-nkqubo, amacebo, ukusasaza, umkhethe, izizathu ezibangela ukuba ungquzulwano lweqela lubekho kungekuphela kodwa kunokwenzeka1.
Kwindlela yemfazwe eguqukayo, iimfazwe azikhawulelwanga kumazwe. Umntu unokuthetha ngeemfazwe ezihlanganisiweyo, apho kukho imfazwe eqhelekileyo, izenzo zobugrogrisi, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nezinye iindlela zobundlobongela obungenamkhethe zenzeka.2. Abadlali abengekho kurhulumente badlala indima ebalulekileyo emfazweni, edla ngokuthatha indlela yemfazwe ebizwa ngokuba yilaasymmetric.3
Nangona iimfazwe ezithile zibangelwa yiziganeko zengingqi, 'aphuli' ngokukhawuleza. Ziyiphumo elingenakukupheka kwenkqubo yoluntu ekulawuleni ukulwa kwemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, iNkqubo yeMfazwe. Imbangela yeemfazwe ngokubanzi yiNkqubo yeMfazwe eyilungiselela ihlabathi phambili kwimfazwe ethile.
Izenzo zomkhosi naphi na zonyusa isoyikiso sokulwa komkhosi naphina.
UJim Haber (Ilungu le World Beyond War)
Inkqubo yeMfazwe iphumle kwinxalenye yeseti yeenkolelo ezihlangeneyo kunye namaxabiso abekhona ixesha elide kangangokuba ubunyani bazo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo zithathelwa ingqalelo kwaye bayahamba bengathandabuzeki, nangona bebuxoki.4 Phakathi kweeNtsholongwane zeMfazwe ezifanayo zilandelayo:
- Imfazwe ayinakuphepheka; soloko sinayo kwaye siya kuhlala njalo.
- Imfazwe "yimvelo yomntu."
- Imfazwe iyimfuneko.
- Imfazwe iyanceda.
- Umhlaba 'uyindawo eyingozi.'
- Umhlaba ngumdlalo o-zero-sum (Into onayo andinakuba nayo kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, kwaye umntu uyakuhlala elawula; kungcono kuthi kunabo.)
- 'Sineentshaba.'
Kufuneka siyeke ukucinga okungaxelwanga, umzekelo, ukuba imfazwe iya kuhlala ikhona, ukuba sinokuqhubeka silwe kwaye siphile, kwaye sahlukane kwaye asixhunyiwe.
URobert Dodge (iLungu leBhodi, iSiseko soXolo seNyukliya)
Inkqubo yeMfazwe ikwabandakanya amaziko kunye netekhnoloji yezixhobo. Ingene nzulu eluntwini kunye namalungu awo ahlukeneyo atya kuwo ngamnye ukuze womelele kakhulu. Umzekelo, amazwe ambalwa azizityebi avelisa uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiimfazwe zehlabathi, kwaye bathethelele ukuzibandakanya kwabo emfazweni ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ngezixhobo abathengise ngazo okanye banike izizwe okanye amaqela ahluphekayo.5
Iimfazwe zilungiswe kakuhle, ukumiselwa okungacwangciswanga kwangaphambili kwemikhosi elungiselelwe kwangaphambi kwexesha yiNkqubo yeMfazwe efumaneka kuwo onke amaziko oluntu. Umzekelo, e-United States (umzekelo onamandla womthathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yempi), kungekuphela kwamaziko enza imfazwe anjengesebe lolawulo likarhulumente apho intloko yelizwe nayo ingumphathi-jikelele, umbutho wezomkhosi ngokwawo (Umkhosi I-Navy, Umkhosi Womoya, Umkhosi wamanzi olwandle, i-Marine Corps, i-Coast Guard) kunye ne-CIA, NSA, uKhuseleko lwaseKhaya, iiKholeji zemfazwe ezininzi, kodwa imfazwe nayo yakhiwe kuqoqosho, lwenziwa ngokwesiko ezikolweni nakumaziko enkolo, isiko eliqhutywa kwiintsapho. , uzukiswe kwimidlalo, eyenziweyo kwimidlalo bhanyabhanya, kwaye uxatyisiwe yimithombo yeendaba. Phantse akukho ndawo apho kufundwayo khona omnye umntu.
Umzekelo omnye omncinci wentsika enye yomkhosi wezomkhosi kukuqasha emkhosini. Iintlanga zenza konke okusemandleni ukufumana abantu abatsha emkhosini, beyibiza ngokuba "yiNkonzo." Abaqeshi basebenzela ixesha elide ukwenza le “Nkozo” ibonakale inomtsalane, benika imali kunye nezigqibo zemfundo kwaye beyichaza njengento emnandi nenothando. Zange khe kuboniswe ezantsi. Ukuqesha iiposta akubonisi ukuba amajoni axhwalekileyo okanye aswelekileyo okanye iilali eziqhushumbe kunye nabantu abafileyo.
E-US, isebe lamaZwe aMagama oLwazi lokuThengisa kunye noPhando ligcina izithuthi ezineenqwelomoya, ezinomtsalane, zinomtsalane, zibonisa imfazwe kwaye zenzelwe ukuqasha “ekunzima ukungena kwizikolo eziphakamileyo.” Izithuthi zibandakanya " I-Semi ye-Army Semi ”, i-" Soldier Semi yaseMelika "nabanye.6 Abafundi banokudlala kwiimfazwe zokulwa kunye nokulwa kwiitanki zokulwa okanye ukubhabha ii-apache zokuhlaselwa ngehelikopta kunye nokunika izixhobo zomkhosi wemikhosi yeefoto kunye nokufumana indawo yokudibanisa. Iilori zisendleleni iintsuku ze-230 ngonyaka. Isidingo semfazwe sithatyathwa nje kancinci kwaye imeko yaso etshabalalisayo ayiboniswanga. U-Photojournalist u-Nina Berman wakubhala ngokuqinileyo ukuzithemba kwe-US Pentagon kuluntu lwaseMelika ngaphaya kweentengiso zeTV eziqhelekileyo kunye nobukho bazo zonke iintlobo zemidlalo.7
Ngelixa iimfazwe zihlala zisungulwa okanye ziqhubeka ngaphandle kwenkxaso yoluntu, iimfazwe zikhokelela kwinxalenye ethile, elula yokucinga. Oorhulumente baphumelele ekuqinisekiseni ngokwabo nakwinyambalala yabantu ukuba zimbini kuphela iimpendulo kulwaphulo-mthetho: ukungenisa okanye ukulwa - ukulawulwa "zizilo ezo" okanye uziqhushumise kwi-Stone Age. Bahlala becaphula “iMunich Analogy,” xa ngo-1938 amaNgesi ngobudenge anikezela kuHitler emva koko, kwafuneka ukuba umhlaba ulwe namaNazi. Intsingiselo yeyokuba xa ama-Bhritane “ema” kuHitler ngewayebuyile umva kwaye ngekhe kubekho Mfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Ngo-1939 uHitler wahlasela iPoland kwaye i-Bhritane yakhetha ukulwa. Kwafa amashumi ezigidi zabantu.8 “Imfazwe ebandayo” eshushu ebaleka iingalo zenyukliya. Ngelishwa, kwinkulungwane ye-21st, kuye kwacaca gca ukuba ukwenza imfazwe akukubangeli ukuba kubekho uxolo, njengoko iimeko zeemfazwe ezimbini ze-Gulf, imfazwe ye-Afghan kunye nemfazwe yaseSyria / ISIS ibonisa ngokucacileyo. Singene kwimeko yemvume. UKristin Christman, kwi "Paradigm yoXolo," ucebisa ngendlela yomzekeliso, enye indlela yokusombulula ingxaki kwimbambano yamazwe:
Asiyi kukhaba imoto ukuba ihambe. Ukuba kukho into engalunganga ngayo, siza kuqonda ukuba iyiphi inkqubo ayisebenzanga kwaye kutheni: Ingasebenzi njani? Ingaba yinto encinane? Ngaba iivili zijikeleza ngodaka? Ngaba ibhetri idinga ukuhlawula? Ingaba igesi kunye nomoya uhamba? Njengoko ukukhaba imoto, indlela yokwenza ingxabano exhomekeke kwizixazululo zasempi ayifuni izinto: Ayichazi phakathi kwezinto ezibangela ubundlobongela kwaye akayikujongana nezizathu ezikhuselekileyo nezikhuselayo.9
Singayiphelisa imfazwe kuphela ukuba sitshintsha i-mindset, sibuze imibuzo efanelekileyo ukuze sifumane unobangela wokuziphatha komxabanisi kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukubona ukuba indlela yakhe yokuziphatha yenye yezizathu. Njengamayeza, ukunyanga kuphela iimpawu zesifo akusayi kunyanga. Ngamanye amagama, kufuneka sibonisa ngaphambi kokukhupha umpu. Olu luhlu loxolo lwenza oko.
Inkqubo yeMfazwe ayisebenzi. Awuyi kuzisa uxolo, okanye nokhuseleko oluphantsi. Oko kuvelisa kukungakhuselekanga. Sekunjalo siyaqhubeka.
Iimfazwe ziziphelo; Kwinkqubo yeMfazwe wonke umntu ufanele ukuba alumkele wonke umntu. Umhlaba yindawo eyingozi kuba iNkqubo yeMfazwe iyenza njalo. Yimfazwe ka-Hobbes "eyinto yonke kubo bonke." Izizwe zikholelwa ukuba zingamaxhoba okuhlelwa nazizisongelo zezinye izizwe, ziqinisekile ukuba umkhosi othile unokubhekiswa ekutshatyalalisweni kwabo, ngelixa besilela ukubona ezabo iimpazamo. Dala uqobo lwendlela yokuziphatha abazoyikayo nengalo bayayijongisa, njengoko iintshaba ziba yimifanekiso yezibuko enye nenye. Imizekelo ixhaphakileyo: ungquzulwano lwe-Arabhu kunye nolwe-Israel, ungquzulwano lwase-India nasePakistan, imfazwe yase-Amelika yokothuswa kudala. Icala ngalinye lijikeleza kumhlaba ophambili wobuchule. Icala ngalinye lisebenzisa iidemoni elinye ngelixa lixhuma igalelo laso elikhethekileyo kwimpucuko. Ukongeza koku kuguquguquka kugqatso lwezimbiwa, ngakumbi ioyile, njengoko amazwe elandela imodeli yoqoqosho yokukhula okungapheliyo kunye nomlutha weoyile.10. Ngapha koko, le meko yokungakhuseleki okungapheliyo inika abo bazimiseleyo kunye neenkokheli ithuba lokubambelela kumandla ezopolitiko ngokufaka uloyiko ethandwayo, kwaye inika ithuba elihle lokufumana inzuzo kwabo benzi bezikhali abathi emva koko baxhase abezobupolitika abathanda amalangatye.11
Kwezi ndlela Inkqubo yeMfazwe iyazixhokonxa, eyokuziqinisa kunye neyokuziphucula. Ukukholelwa ukuba umhlaba uyindawo eyingozi, izizwe zixhobile kwaye zenza umlo wokungqubana, oko ke kungqina kwezinye izizwe ukuba umhlaba uyindawo eyingozi kwaye ke kufuneka bexhobile benze ngokufanayo. Injongo kukusongela ubundlobongela oxhobileyo kwimeko yongquzulwano ngethemba lokuba iya "kuthintela" elinye icala, kodwa oku kuyasilela rhoqo, kwaye ke injongo ayisibaleki ungqubano, kodwa ukuphumelela. Iindlela ezizodwa kwiimfazwe ezithile phantse azifunwa nzulu kunye nombono wokuba kungakho enye indlela eya eMfazweni ngokwayo phantse ayenzeki ebantwini. Umntu akafumani into angayifuni.
Akusenelisekile ukuphelisa imfazwe ethile okanye inkqubo yezixhobo ezithile ukuba sifuna uxolo. Inkqubo yonke yenkcubeko yeNkqubo yeMfa kufuneka ithathelwe indawo yenkqubo eyahlukileyo yokulawula ingxabano. Ngethamsanqa, njengoko siza kubona, inkqubo enjalo isele ikhulile kweli hlabathi.
Inkqubo yeMfazwe iyona khetho. Isango kwi-cage yensimbi, eqinisweni, sivulekile kwaye siyakwazi ukuhamba xa sikhetha.
Iinjongo zeNkqubo enye
Izibonelelo ziyiyo: ukubulawa kwebunzima kunye nokuqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqha, ukungabi nantlungu ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngabantu abathandekayo kwiimfazwe, akukho zigidigidi zeedola ezichithwa ngokutshabalalisa nokulungiselela ukutshatyalaliswa, ukungcola nokungcola kokusingqongileyo okuvela kwiimfazwe kunye nokulungiselela iimfazwe, kungabikho baphapheli beemfazwe kunye neengxabano ezibangelwa yimfazwe, ukungaphumeleli kwintando yesininzi kunye nenkululeko yoluntu njengokwenziwa komgaqo-karhulumente kunye nokufihlakelelwa yinkcubeko yemfazwe, kungabikho ukubola kunye nokufa kwezixhobo eziseleyo kwixesha elidlulileyo iimfazwe.
Uninzi lwabantu abaninzi bazo zonke iinkcubeko bathanda ukuhlala ngoxolo. Kwinqanaba lobunzulu bethu, abantu bayithiyile imfazwe. Nokuba yeyiphi na inkcubeko yethu, sabelana ngomnqweno wobomi obulungileyo, uninzi lwethu oluchaza ukuba nosapho, ukukhulisa abantwana kunye nokubabukela bekhula baba ngabantu abaphumeleleyo, kunye nokwenza umsebenzi esifumana okunenjongo. Kwaye imfazwe iyaphazamisa.
UJudith Hand (Umbhali)
Abantu bakhetha uxolo kwisiseko somfanekiso wabo wengqondo wemeko enokwenzeka kunye nenqwenelekayo yekamva lokuphila kwabo. Lo mfanekiso unokuba ungacacanga njengephupha okanye ngokuchanekileyo njenganjongo okanye kwinkcazo ye-mission. Ukuba abameli boxolo baveza umbono wekamva elinokwenyani, elinokuthenjwa nelinomtsalane kubantu, imeko ebangcono ngandlela thile kunoko ikhoyo, lo mfanekiso uyakuba yinjongo ecokisekileyo kwaye ishukumisela abantu ukuba bayilandele. Asingabo bonke abantu abarhwetywa ziimbono zoxolo.
ULuc Reychler (Isazinzulu soXolo)
Ukubaluleka kweNkqubo engafanelekanga - Imfazwe ihluleka ukuzisa uxolo
IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yayilungileyo njengokuba "imfazwe yokuphelisa imfazwe," kodwa imfazwe ayisayi kuzisa uxolo. Ingayenza ingqungquthela yesikhashana, umnqweno wokuphindezela, kunye nomkhosi omtsha weengalo kude kube yimfazwe elandelayo.
Imfazwe, ekuqaleni, ithemba lokuba umntu uya kuba ngcono; ngokulandelayo ulindele ukuba omnye umntu uya kuba nzima kakhulu; ngoko ukwaneliseka ukuba akabikho ngcono; kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukumangaliswa komntu wonke kukubi kakhulu. "
UKarl Kraus (Umbhali)
Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, umlo ongaphumeleliyo wemfazwe ungamashumi amahlanu eepesenti - oko kukuthi, icala elinye lihlala lilahlekile. Kodwa kwiinyani ezinokwenyani, kwanabo kuthiwa bangaboyisi bathabatha ilahleko embi.
Ukulahleka kwemfazwe12
Iziganeko zemfazwe
KweMfazwe Yehlabathi II
Iyonke - 50+ yezigidi
I-Russia ("iphumelele") -izigidi ezingama-20;
I-US ("iphumelele") - 400,000+
Imfazwe yaseKorea
Umkhosi waseMzantsi Korea-i-113,000
Ummi waseMzantsi Korea - i-547,000
Umkhosi waseNyakatho Korea - ama-317,000
Umntla Korea waseKorea-i-1,000,000
I-China-460,000
Umkhosi wase-US-33,000+
IMfazwe yaseVietnam
Umkhosi wase-Vietnam wase-Vietnam-224,000
Umkhosi waseMantla waseVietnam kunye neViet Cong - 1,000,000
ukuphuma kwabahlali baseVietnam- i-1,500,000
Abemi baseNyakatho yeVietnam - i-65,000;
Umkhosi wase-US 58,000 +
Amaxhoba emfazwe adlula lee kunabafi. Ngelixa kukho impikiswano phakathi kwabo bazama ukulinganisa ukubulawa kwabantu emfazweni, silumkisa ngokujongela phantsi inani leengozi ezenzeka eluntwini, kuba loo nto sisiphazamiso kwiindleko zabantu zemfazwe. Sicebisa ukuba kuphela umbono odibanisa abantu abenzakeleyo emfazweni ubonise iziphumo ezibi. Uvavanyo lweengozi oluchanekileyo kufuneka lubandakanye ukufa ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo kwimfazwe. Amaxhoba emfazwe ngokungqalileyo anokutsalwa abuyele kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezibonelelo
• Iinqanawa zomhlaba
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-uranium ephelelisiweyo
Ababaleki kunye nabantu abafudukayo
• Ukungondleki
Izifo
Ukuchas 'umthetho
Ukubulawa kwe-Intra-state
• Amaxhoba odlwengulo kunye nezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo
• Ukungabikho kokusesikweni
NgoJuni 2016, i-United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) yatsho ukuba "iimfazwe nentshutshiso ziqhube abantu abaninzi beshiye amakhaya abo kunanangaliphi na ixesha ukusukela iirekhodi ze-UNHCR". Iphelele i-65.3 yezigidi zabantu abashenxisiweyo ekupheleni kwe-2015.13
Kuphela kungokuqwalaselwa "kwemeko engathanga" eyenzakalisayo yemfazwe njengezona zenzeko zinokuthi intsomi "yokucoceka," "yokuhlanjwa" kwemfazwe enamanani anciphayo abantu abenzakeleyo abalwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Isiphithiphithi esenzakaliswe ebantwini sasingalingani, sizimisele kwaye singafezekiswanga
UKathy Kelly (Isishoshovu soxolo)
Ngapha koko, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yamashumi amabini nasekuqaliseni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, iimfazwe zibonakala ngathi azizukuphela, kodwa zidlulise ngaphandle kwesisombululo iminyaka kunye amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle koxolo. Iimfazwe azisebenzi. Benza imeko yemfazwe engapheliyo, okanye oko abanye abahlalutyi ngoku bakubiza ngokuba yimvume. Kwiminyaka yokugqibela ye-120 ihlabathi lihluphe iimfazwe ezininzi njengoko uluhlu luluhlu olulandelayo libonisa:
IMfazwe yaseMelika yaseSpain, iimfazwe zaseBalkan, iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuqala, imfazwe yaseRussia, iMfazwe yaseSpain, iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesibini, iMfazwe yaseKorea, imfazwe yaseVietnam, iimfazwe kuMbindi Merika, iiMfazwe zeYugoslavia zokuDala. Okwesibini amaCongo eCongo, i-Iran-Iraq War, i-Gulf Wars, iSoviet kunye ne-US Afghanistan iimfazwe, imfazwe yase-Iraq Iraq, Imfazwe yaseSyria, nezinye ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya iJapan xa ithelekiswa ne-China kwi-1937, imfazwe yamakhaya ende eColombia (yaphela ngo-2016), kunye neemfazwe eSudan, e-Ethiopia nase-Eritrea, iimfazwe zase-Arab-Israel (uthotho lweengxwabangxwaba zomkhosi phakathi kwama-Israyeli kunye nemikhosi eyahlukeneyo yama-Arabhu), Pakistan ngokuthelekisa neIndiya, njl.
Imfazwe Yokuba Yona Eyona Ntshabalalo
Iindleko zemfazwe zikhulu kwinqanaba lomntu, kwezentlalo nakwezoqoqosho. Ishumi lezigidi labhubha kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-50 ukuya kwi-100 yezigidi kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Imfazwe iqale e2003 yabulala abantu abahlanu eIraq. Izixhobo zenyukliya zinokuthi, ukuba ziyasetyenziswa, ziyiphelise impucuko okanye ubomi emhlabeni. Kwiimfazwe zanamhlanje ayingomajoni nje afela kumlo. Umbono "wemfazwe iyonke" uqhubele phambili intshabalalo nakwabo bangalwi, ukuze namhlanje uninzi lwabemi- abafazi, abantwana, amadoda amadala-asweleke emfazweni kunamkhosi. Yinto eqhelekileyo le nto kwimikhosi yanamhlanje ukuxhaphaza ngokungakhethiyo iziqhushumbo eziphezulu kwizixeko apho ugxila olukhulu lwabantu luzama ukusinda ekubulaweni.
Ngethuba nje imfazwe ibonakala ingendawo, iya kuhlala iyinomdla. Xa libukeka njengongcolileyo, liya kuphelelwa ukuba lithandwa.
UOscar Wilde (Umbhali kunye nePoet)
Imfazwe ihlaziye kwaye ichithe izidalwa zendalo apho uphuhliso luhlala khona. Ukulungiselela imfazwe kwakha kunye nokukhishwa kweetoni zamachiza. Iindawo ezininzi ze-Superfund e-US zihlala kwiziseko zempi. Iifrikliya zezixhobo zenyukliya ezifana noFernald e-Ohio kunye noHanford e-Washington State ziye zonakalisa umhlaba kunye namanzi kunye nenkunkuma yomsakazo eya kuba yingozi ngenxa yeenkulungwane zeminyaka. Imfazwe yokulwa ishiya amawaka eekhilomitha ezili-mhlaba zomhlaba ongenamsebenzi kwaye eyingozi ngenxa yeempahla zomhlaba, izixhobo eziphelile ze-uranium, kunye neebhothi zebhomu ezizaliswa ngamanzi kwaye zibe yi-malaria. Izixhobo zamachiza zonakalisa imvula yamanzi namahlathi. Imikhosi yemikhosi isebenzisa ubuninzi beoli kwaye ikhuphe iitoni zee-greenhouse gases.
Kwi-2015, ubundlobongela buxabisa umhlaba we- $ 13.6 trillion okanye i- $ 1,876 kumntu wonke osemhlabeni. Lo mgangatho obonelelwe liZiko lezoQoqsho noXolo kwi2016 Global Peace Index yabo ungqina ukuba ilahleko kwezoqoqosho "zinciphisa inkcitho kunye notyalo-mali ekwakheni uxolo nasekudaleni uxolo".14 Ngokuka-Mel Duncan, umseki we-Nonviolent Peaceforce, iindleko zoochwephesha kunye nokuhlawulwa okungekho mthethweni ngabantu abasebenza ngoxolo yi- $ 50,000 ngonyaka, xa kuthelekiswa ne- $ 1 yezigidi ihlawula irhafu yase-US kwijoni lase-Afghanistan ngonyaka.15
Ihlabathi lijongene neNkqubela yeNdalo
Ubuntu bujamelene nengxaki yemo engqongileyo yomhlaba apho imfazwe isenza khona kwaye ibangela ukuba kubekhona, kubandakanya, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, ukutshintsha kwemozulu okuya kuphazamisa ezolimo, ukudala imbalela nezikhukula, ukuphazamisa iipatheni zezifo, kunyuse amanqanaba olwandle Ukushukuma, kwaye kuphazamise iinkqubo zendalo ezihlala kuzo impucuko. Kufuneka ngokukhawuleza sisuse imithombo yenkcitho ekubekweni kwenkunkuma kwicala lokujongana neengxaki ezinkulu abajamelana nazo abantu.
Utshintsho lwemozulu, ukonakaliswa kwendalo, kunye nokunqongophala kwezixhobo zinegalelo kwimfazwe nakubundlobongela. Abanye bathetha ngokudibana kwentlekele, intlupheko, ubundlobongela kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.16 Ngelixa kungafanelekanga ukuba sizihlukanise nezo zinto njengabaqhubi bemfazwe, kufuneka ziqondwe njengezongezekileyo- kwaye mhlawumbi zibaluleke ngakumbi - izinto eziyinxalenye yezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nembali yenkqubo yemfazwe.
Kuyimfuneko ukuphazamisa le ndlela ikhohlakeleyo eyoyikeka kakhulu ebantwini kuneziphumo zemfazwe. Ukuqala emkhosini linyathelo elinengqondo. Ayisiyiyo kuphela kuphela ukuba uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali olungaphandle lomkhosi luthatha izibonelelo ezifuneka kakhulu zokulungisa ingxaki yomhlaba. Impembelelo ezimbi kwezendalo yomkhosi kuphela.
Ukudibanisa amachaphaza-kubonisa impembelelo yemfazwe kokusingqongileyo
- Iinqwelo-moya zomkhosi zisebenzisa malunga nekota ye-jet ipetroli.
- ISebe lezoKhuselo lisebenzisa ipetroli ipetroli ngosuku kunelizwe laseSweden.
- ISebe lezoKhuseleko livelisa inkunkuma eninzi yemichiza kuneenkampani ezintlanu ezinkulu ezedibeneyo.
- Ibhombu yomlobi we-F-16 itya phantse kabini iphaya ngeyure enye njengoko abaqhubi bezithuthi baseMelika abatshisa aphezulu batshisa unyaka.
- Umkhosi wase-US usebenzisa ipetroli eyaneleyo ngonyaka omnye ukuqhuba yonke inkqubo yokuhamba kwesizwe ngeminyaka ye-22.
- Ngexesha lephulo lokuhamba ngeenqwelo moya kwi-1991 e-Iraq, i-US isebenzise malunga ne-340 yeetoni zemishini yokuphosa equlathe uranium (DU). Kwakukho amazinga aphezulu omhlaza, iziphene zokuzalwa kunye nokufa kweentsana eFallujah, e-Iraq ekuqaleni kwe-2010.17
- Olunye uqikelelo lomkhosi kwi-2003 kukuba isibini kwisithathu sokusetyenziswa kwamafutha omkhosi kwenzeka kwizithuthi ezazizisa ipetroli kwindawo yedabi.18
Kwingxelo kwi-Ajenda yoPhuculo lwe-Post-2015, i-UN-Level Panel yabantu abaBekekileyo yenza kwacaca ukuba ishishini-njengesiqhelo Yayingenguye ukhetho kwaye kwafuneka kubekho iinguqu zotshintsho kubandakanya nentuthuko egcinakalayo nokwakha uxolo kubo bonke.19
Asinakukwazi ukuya phambili ngenkqubo yolawulo lwongquzulwano exhomekeke kwimfazwe kwilizwe eliza kuba nabantu abazizigidi ezilithoba nge2050, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo ezinobungozi kunye nemozulu etshintshileyo eza kuthi iphazamise uqoqosho lwehlabathi kwaye ithumele izigidi zababaleki ekuhambeni. . Ukuba asiyiphelisi imfazwe kwaye sijolise ingqalelo kwingxaki yeplanethi yomhlaba, umhlaba esaziyo ukuba uza kuphela kwesinye isiXhobo sobumnyama.
1. Imfazwe yeyona ngxaki yethu ingxamisekileyo- Masiyisombulule
(http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/war-is-our-most-urgent-problem-let-8217-s-solve-it/)
2. Funda ngakumbi kwi: Hoffman, FG (2007). Impikiswano kwikhulu le-21: ukunyuka kweemfazwe ezixubileyo. EArlington, eVirginia: IZiko lePotomac leziFundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo.
3. Imfazwe ye-Asymmetric yenzeka phakathi kwamaqela okulwa apho amandla omkhosi ahambelana, amacebo okanye amaqhinga ahluke kakhulu. I-Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan yeyona mizekelo yaziwayo yale nto.
4. Iimfazwe zaseMelika. Iilusions and Realities (2008) nguPaul Buchheit ucoca iingcinga eziphosakeleyo nge19 malunga neemfazwe zase-US kunye nenkqubo yemfazwe yase-US. UDavid Swanson's Imfazwe lixoki (I-2016) iyala iingxoxo ze-14 ezisetyenziselwa izizathu zemfazwe.
5. Ngolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nabavelisi beengalo ngesizwe, bona i2015 Stockholm International Peace Institute Institute Year Yearbook "Ukudluliselwa kwezingalo kunye nemveliso yezikhali" e https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2015/10.
6. Inkampani iMboniso yeMiboniso inikezela "uluhlu lweemiboniso ezinje ngeZithuthi eziNinzi zoBonelelo, iiSemali eziThunyelwayo, iiSemis Semis, kunye neeTrailer zeTravel ezithuthwe ngababuthi bemikhosi ukuze zidibanise abantu baseMelika noMkhosi waseMelika kunye nokwazisa ukwazisa komkhosi phakathi kwezikolo eziphakamileyo kunye nekholeji. abafundi kunye namaziko abo empembelelo. Jonga iwebhusayithi kwi: http://www.usarec.army.mil/msbn/Pages/MEC.htm
7. Isincoko sefoto sinokubonwa kwibali elithi “Izibhamu neeHotdogs. Umkhosi wase-US uKhuthaza njani izixhobo zeArsenal kuluntu ” https://theintercept.com/2016/07/03/how-the-us-military-promotes-its-weapons-arsenal-to-the-public/
8. Amanani ahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi. Uqikelelo ukusuka kwizigidi ze-50 ukuya kwi-100 yezigidi zeengozi, kubandakanywa nenxalenye yePacific yemfazwe esele iqhubeka.
9. Iparadigm yoxolo website: https://sites.google.com/site/paradigmforpeace/
10. Uphononongo lufumanisile ukuba oorhulumente bamanye amazwe ngamaxesha e-100 kunokwenzeka ukuba angenelele kwiimfazwe zamakhaya xa ilizwe elisemfazweni linamaholide amakhulu eoyile. Jonga uhlalutyo kunye nesishwankathelo sophononongo ku I-Science Science Digest at http://communication.warpreventioninitiative.org/?p=240
11. Ubungqina obunzulu boluntu kunye ne-anthropological bunokufumaneka kwezi ncwadi: I-Pilisuk, uMarc, kunye noJennifer Achord Rountree. 2015. Ulwakhiwo olufihlakeleyo lobundlobongela: Ubani abazuzwa kwiSigqeba soBundlobongela boMhlaba kunye neMfazwe
Nordstrom, uCarolyn. 2004. Amathunzi eMfazwe: ubundlobongela, amandla, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezizwe ngezizwe ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye.
12. Inani linokwahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kumthombo. Iwebhusayithi Ukufa kweTrack for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Century Century kwaye i Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe zazisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngedatha kolu luhlu.
13. Yabona http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html
14. Jonga i-2016 "Ingxelo yoXolo lweHlabathi lweXolo" ku http://static.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/GPI%202016%20Report_2.pdf
15. Iindleko eziqikelelweyo zejoni ngonyaka eAfghanistan ziqala kwi- $ 850,000 ukuya kwi- $ 2.1 yezigidi ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo nonyaka. Jonga umzekelo ingxelo ngu Iziko lovavanyo lweeqhinga kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali at http://csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Analysis-of-the-FY-2014-Defense-Budget.pdf okanye ingxelo ngumqambi wePentagon apho http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/28/one-soldier-one-year-850000-and-rising/. Nokuba leliphi inani elichanekileyo, kuyacaca ukuba likhe likhulu.
16. Bona: Parenti, Christian. 2012. I-Tropic of Chaos: Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neJografi eNtsha yoBundlobongela. ENew York: Iincwadi zeLizwe.
17. http://costsofwar.org/article/environmental-costs
18. Imisebenzi emininzi ijongene nokunxibelelana phakathi kwemfazwe kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukungena ngaphakathi Iimfazwe zaseMelika. Iilusions and RealitiesIziphumo zeMfazwe zokusiNgqongileyo azibalulekanga; kunye neShifferd ngaphakathi Ukususela kwiMfazwe ukuya kuXolo bonelela ngamagqabantshintshi amahle ngeziphumo ezibi zemfazwe kunye nokulwa emkhosini kwindalo esingqongileyo.
19. Ubambiswano olutsha lweHlabathi liphela: Ukuphelisa ubuhlwempu kunye nokuguqula uqoqosho ngoqoqosho oluzinzileyo. Ingxelo yePhaneli eNqanaba eliPhakamileyo yaBantu abaDumileyo kwi-Ajenda yoPhuculo ye-Post-2015 (http://www.un.org/sg/management/pdf/HLP_P2015_Report.pdf)
Buyela kwiziqulatho ze-2016 Inkqubo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe.
