Emva kwamashumi amabini eminyaka eMfazwe, abantu baseCongo bathi Kwanele

NguTanupriya Singh, Ukuxhatshazwa Okudumile, UDisemba 20, 2022

M23 kunye nokwenza iMfazwe eCongo.

I-Peoples Dispatch yathetha nomlweli waseCongo kunye nomphandi uKambale Musavuli malunga nokuhlaselwa kwamva nje kweqela labavukeli be-M23 kwindawo esempuma ye-DRC kunye nembali ebanzi yemfazwe ye-proxy kummandla.

NgoMvulo we-12 kaDisemba, kwabanjwa intlanganiso phakathi kweqela labavukeli be-M23, imikhosi yaseCongo (FARDC), umphathi wombutho ohlangeneyo we-East African Community (EAC), i-Joint Expanded Verification Mechanism (JMWE), i-Ad-Hoc. I-Verification Mechanism, kunye ne-UN yokugcina uxolo, i-MONUSCO, e-Kibumba kwindawo yaseNyiragongo kwiphondo laseNorth Kivu elikwimpuma ye-DRC.

Intlanganiso yabanjwa emva kwe Iingxelo Umlo phakathi kwe-M23 kunye ne-FARDC, kwiintsuku nje emva kokuba iqela labavukeli lizibophelele "ukugcina ukupheliswa" kummandla onezimbiwa. I-M23 yamkelwa ngokubanzi njengomkhosi omele ilizwe laseRwanda.

NgoLwesibini, umhla wesi-6 kweyoMnga, iM23 ibhengeze ukuba ikulungele “ukuqalisa ukwahlukanisa nokurhoxa” kumhlaba owuthimbileyo, kwaye iyayixhasa “iinzame zengingqi zokuzisa uxolo oluhlala luhleli e-DRC.” Ingxelo ikhutshwe emva kokugqitywa kwe Ingxoxo yesiThathu ye-Inter-Congo phantsi kwenkqubo yomanyano lwe-East African Community (EAC) ebibanjelwe eNairobi, kwaye iququzelelwa ngowayesakuba nguMongameli waseKenya u-Uhuru Kenyatta.

Malunga nama-50 amaqela axhobileyo ayemelwe kwintlanganiso eyayiseNairobi, ngaphandle kweM23. Le ngxoxo ibibanjwe ngoNovemba 28, kukho neenkokeli zaseKenya, Burundi, Congo, Rwanda naseUganda. Yalandela inkqubo eyahlukileyo yengxoxo eyayibanjwe eAngola ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, eyavelisa isivumelwano sokuphelisa imfazwe esasiza kuqalisa ngoNovemba 25. Oku kwakuya kulandelwa kukurhoxa kweM23 kwimimandla eyayiyihluthile—kuquka iBunagana, iKiwanja, neRutshuru.

Ngelixa iM23 ibingeyonxalenye yeengxoxo, eli qela lathi liza kulwamkela ukupheliswa koqhushululu ngelixa “linelungelo elipheleleyo lokuzikhusela.” Ikwabize “ingxoxo ngqo” norhulumente wase-DRC, eyaphinda yaphinda kwingxelo yayo ye-6 kaDisemba. Urhulumente wase-DRC usikhabile esi sinyanzelo, esithi umkhosi wabavukeli “liqela labanqolobi.”

ULieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, isithethi somkhosi kweli phondo, ichazwe kamva ukuba intlanganiso yangoDisemba 12 yayiceliwe ngabavukeli, ukuba bafune isiqinisekiso sokuba abayi kuhlaselwa yiFARDC ukuba bayarhoxa kwiindawo ezihlaselweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, uLieutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba, irhuluneli yaseNorth Kivu, gxi niniswa ukuba intlanganiso ibingelothethwano, kodwa ibibanjelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezigqibo phantsi kweenkqubo zoxolo zaseAngola naseNairobi.

Ngomhla woku-1 kuDisemba, umkhosi waseCongo watyhola iM23 kunye namaqela amanyeneyo ngokubulala abantu abangama-50 nge-29 kaNovemba eKishishe, ekwindawo yaseRutshuru, kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-70 kumntla wesixeko saseGoma. Nge-5 kaDisemba, urhulumente uhlaziye inani lababhubhileyo laya kutsho kuma-300, kuquka nabantwana abali-17 ubuncinane. UM23 uzikhabile ezi zityholo, ngelithi basibhozo abantu ababulewe “ziimbumbulu”.

Noko ke, ezi ndyikitya zokufa zaqinisekiswa yiMONUSCO, neOfisi eManyeneyo Yamalungelo Abantu (UNJHRO) ngoDisemba 7. Ngokusekelwe kuphando lwangaphambili, le ngxelo yathi ubuncinane abantu abali-131 baye babulawa kwiilali zaseKishishe naseBambo phakathi komhla wama-29 kaNovemba nomhla wama-30 kuNovemba. XNUMX.

“Amaxhoba aye abulawa ngokungekho mthethweni ngeembumbulu okanye ngezixhobo,” funda uxwebhu. Longeze ngelithi, ubuncinci abasetyhini abangamashumi amabini anesibini kunye namantombazana amahlanu baye badlwengulwa, kwaye ubundlobongela “benziwe njengenxalenye yephulo lokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuxhwila kunye nokuphangwa kwiilali ezimbini zaseRutshuru Territory ukuziphindezela ngongquzulwano phakathi koM22 IDemocratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), kunye namaqela axhobileyo iMai-Mai Mazembe, kunye neNyatura Coalition of Movements for Change.

Ingxelo yongezelele ngelithi, ibutho leM23 likwangcwabile izidumbu zabo babuleweyo “ngento enokuba ziinzame zokuphelisa ubungqina.”

Indyikityha yokufa eRutshuru ayizoziganeko zodwa, kodwa endaweni yoko zezamva nje kuthotho olude lwezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa e-DRC phantse iminyaka engama-30, ekuqikelelwa ukuba zabulala abantu abazizigidi ezi-6 baseCongo. Ngelixa i-M23 iye yaduma emva kokubamba kwayo iGoma ngo-2012, kwaye kwakhona ngokuphinda iqalise uhlaselo lwayo lwamva nje ngoMatshi, iyakwazi ukulandelela umkhondo weqela kumashumi eminyaka angaphambili, kunye nayo, ukunyamezela iminqweno yama impiriyali ephembelela udushe e. Khongo.

Amashumi eminyaka eMfazwe yoMmeli

“I-DRC yahlaselwa ngabamelwane bayo, iRwanda ne-Uganda, ngo-1996 nango-1998. Ngelixa omabini la mazwe arhoxa ngokusesikweni emva kokutyikitywa kwezivumelwano ngo-2002, aqhubekile nokuxhasa amaqela avukelayo,” ucacise watsho uKambale Musavuli, o. Umphandi waseCongo kunye netshantliziyo, kudliwanondlebe no Ukuhanjiswa kwabantu.

I-M23 sisishunqulelo se-"March 23 Movement" eyenziwe ngamajoni ngaphakathi kumkhosi waseCongo awayengamalungu eqela langaphambili labavukeli, i-National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). Batyhola urhulumente ngokwala ukuhlonipha isivumelwano soxolo esatyikitywa ngoMatshi 23, 2009, esakhokelela ekudityanisweni kweCNDP kwiFARDC. Ngo-2012, la majoni ayesakuba ngamajoni e-CNDP avukela urhulumente, aseka iM23.

Noko ke, uMusavuli uthi abubuxoki amabango abo ngokuphathelele isivumelwano soxolo: “Isizathu sokuba bemke kukuba omnye wabaphathi babo, uBosco Ntaganda, wagrogriswa ngokubanjwa.” INkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yamazwe ngamazwe yayiphumile iziqinisekiso ezimbini ngokubanjwa kwakhe, ngo-2006 nango-2012, ngezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe nolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini. Kwakuphantsi komyalelo wakhe ukuba imikhosi ye-CNDP yabulala abantu abaqikelelwa kwi-150 kwidolophu yaseKiwanja eMntla Kivu ngo-2008.

Ukulandela ukhetho lukamongameli kwi-2011, kwakukho uxinzelelo kurhulumente waseCongo ukuba aguqule uNtaganda, uMusavuli wongezelela. Ekugqibeleni wanikezela ngo-2013, kwaye wagwetywa waza wagwetywa yi-ICC ngo-2019.

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokusekwa kwayo, iqela labavukeli beM23 lathimba iGoma ngoNovemba, 2012. Noko ke, elo qela lahlala ixesha elifutshane, yaye ngoDisemba elo qela larhoxa. Bamalunga nama-750,000 abantu baseCongo abaye bagxothwa ngumlo ngaloo nyaka.

“Ngelo xesha, kwacaca kubantu bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba iRwanda ixhasa umkhosi wabavukeli baseCongo. Ubune-US kunye namazwe aseYurophu abeka uxinzelelo eRwanda, emva koko yathoba inkxaso yayo. " Imikhosi yaseCongo nayo yayixhaswe ngamajoni asuka kumazwe akuMazwe oPhuhliso lwaMazwe aseMazantsi e-Afrika (i-SADC)- ingakumbi uMzantsi Afrika neTanzania, esebenzisana nemikhosi ye-UN.

Ngelixa i-M23 yayiza kuphinda ivele kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, imbali yayo nayo yayingaphelelanga kwi-CNDP. "I-CNDP eyandulelayo yayiyi-Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), iqela labavukeli elixhaswa yiRwanda eyalwa imfazwe e-Congo phakathi kwe-1998 ukuya kwi-2002, xa isivumelwano soxolo sasayinwa, emva koko i-RCD yajoyina umkhosi waseCongo," Musavuli watsho.

"I-RCD ngokwayo yandulelwa yi-AFDL (i-Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire), umkhosi owawuxhaswa yiRwanda owahlasela i-DRC ngo-1996 ukuze ubhukuqe urhulumente kaMobuto Sese Seko." Emva koko, inkokeli ye-AFDL uLaurent Désiré Kabila yafakwa kulawulo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Musavuli yongezelela, ukungaboni ngasonye ngokukhawuleza kwakhula phakathi kwe-AFDL kunye norhulumente omtsha waseCongo ngokukodwa malunga nemiba enxulumene nokuxhaphazwa kwemithombo yendalo kunye nemigaqo engaphantsi kwezopolitiko.

Unyaka emandleni, uKabila wayala ukuba kususwe yonke imikhosi yangaphandle kweli lizwe. “Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezizayo, i-RCD yasekwa,” utshilo uMusavli.

Enye into ephawuleka ngakumbi kuyo yonke le mbali ziinzame eziphindaphindiweyo, ngezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo zoxolo, ukudibanisa le mikhosi yabavukeli kumkhosi waseCongo.

“Oku akuzange kube yintando yabantu baseCongo, ibekiwe,” ucacise watsho uMusavuli. “Ukususela ngo-1996, bekukho iinkqubo ezininzi zothethathethwano ngoxolo oludla ngokukhokelwa ngamazwe aseNtshona. Ukulandela isivumelwano soxolo sika-2002, sasinaso oosekela-mongameli abane kunye nomongameli omnye. Oku kwakungenxa yoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngokukodwa owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku wase-US uWilliam Swing.”

“Xa abantu baseCongo babesiya kuthethathethwano loxolo eMzantsi Afrika, imibutho yoluntu yayigxininise into yokuba abafuni abo babesakuba ngabavukeli babenaso nasiphi na isikhundla kurhulumente ngexesha lenguqu. USwing uyiphembelele ingxoxo, kuba i-US ibisoloko inefuthe kwiingxoxo zoxolo e-DRC, kwaye yeza nefomula eyabona iinkosi ezine njengeesekela mongameli welizwe.

Ipalamente yaseCongo ngoku ithathe inyathelo eliqinileyo ngokuchasene nayo nayiphi na into enjalo ngokubhengeza i-M23 'iqela labanqolobi' kwaye inqanda ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kwi-FARDC.

Ungenelelo lwamazwe angaphandle kunye nokubiwa kwezixhobo

Ukungenelela kwe-US e-DRC kuye kwabonakala ukususela ekuzimeleni kwayo, uMusavuli wongezelela-ekubulaweni kukaPatrice Lumumba, inkxaso enikezelwa kulawulo olukhohlakeleyo lukaMobuto Sese Seko, ukuhlasela kwe-1990 kunye neengxoxo zoxolo ezilandelayo, kunye noshintsho kumgaqo-siseko welizwe. ngo-2006 ukuvumela uJoseph Kabila ukuba angenele ukhetho. “Ngo-2011, i-US yaba lelinye lamazwe okuqala ukuqaphela iziphumo zolonyulo lobuqhetseba. Uhlalutyo ngelo xesha lubonise ukuba ngokwenza oko, i-US yayibheja uzinzo kunokuba idemokhrasi, "utshilo uMusavuli.

Kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva, imvukelo yeM23 yaqalisa. "Ngumkhosi omnye wabavukeli kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, kunye namajoni afanayo kunye nabaphathi abafanayo, ukuze bafeze iimfuno zaseRwanda, yona ngokwayo i-US eqinile kwi-War on Terror. Kwaye yintoni umdla weRwanda eCongo- umhlaba wayo kunye nemithombo yayo, ”wongeze watsho.

Ngenxa yoko, “ungquzulwano lwase-DRC alumele lujongwe njengomlo phakathi kweqela labavukeli-mbuso norhulumente waseCongo.” Oku kwaba njalo liphinda liphinde litshantliziyo nombhali uClaude Gatebuke, “Asiyomvukelo iqhelekileyo le. Luhlaselo lwaseCongo yiRwanda neUganda”.

Nangona iKigali iye yakhanyela kaninzi ukuba ixhasa iM23, ubungqina obungqina isityholo buye buzwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kutsha nje ingxelo yeqela leengcali ze-UN ngo-Agasti. Ingxelo ibonisa ukuba i-Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) ibixhasa i-M23 ukususela ngoNovemba ka-2021, kwaye ibandakanyeka "kwimisebenzi yomkhosi ngokuchasene namaqela axhobileyo aseCongo kunye nezikhundla ze-FARDC," ngokuzimeleyo okanye nge-M23. NgoMeyi, umkhosi waseCongo wawubambe amajoni amabini aseRwanda kwindawo yawo.

UMusavuli wongeze ukuba olu hlobo lokuxhaswa kwamazwe angaphandle lukwabonakala kwinto yokuba iM23 inokufikelela kwizixhobo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezixhobo.

Olu nxulumaniso luba lucace ngakumbi kumxholo wothethathethwano lokupheliswa komlilo. “Ukuze iM23 yamkele ukupheliswa, u-Uhuru Kenyatta kwafuneka aqale abize uMongameli waseRwanda uPaul Kagame. Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, nge-5 kaDisemba, iSebe lase-US likhuphe a cofa unxibelelwano echaza ukuba unobhala welizwe u-Antony Blinken uthethe noMongameli uKagame, ecela iRwanda ukuba iyeke ukungenelela e-DRC. Kwenzeka ntoni ngosuku olulandelayo? AbakwaM23 bakhuphe ingxelo yokuba abasalwi,” utshilo uMusavuli.

I-Rwanda ikuthethelele ukuhlasela kwayo i-DRC ngesizathu sokulwa neDemocratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), iqela labavukeli abangamaHutu e-DRC abatyholwa ngokwenza ubugebenga eRwanda ngo-1994. “Kodwa iRwanda ayilandeli I-FDLR, ilandela imigodi. Zingena njani izimbiwa zaseCongo eKigali?”

Ngokufanayo, uMusavuli wathi, i-Uganda yenze isizathu sokuhlasela iCongo kunye nokuxhaphaza izixhobo zayo- i-Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "I-Uganda ibanga ukuba i-ADF "ngamajihadist" afuna ukubhukuqa urhulumente. Into esiyaziyo kukuba i-ADF ngabantu baseUganda ababesilwa nolawulo lukaMuseveni ukusukela ngo-1986.”

"Kuye kwenziwa unxibelelwano lobuxoki phakathi kwe-ADF kunye ne-ISIS ukuzisa ubukho base-US ... kudala isizathu sokuba namajoni ase-US e-Congo egameni lomlo ochasene "ne-Islamic fundamentalism" kunye "namajihadists".

Njengoko ubundlobongela buye baqhubeka, abantu baseCongo baye babamba uqhanqalazo olukhulu ngo-2022, oluye lwabona amazwi achasene ne-US, kubandakanywa nabaqhankqalazi abaphethe iflegi yaseRashiya. "AbaseCongo babone ukuba iRwanda iqhubekile ifumana inkxaso evela e-US nanjengoko iqhubekile nokubulala nokuxhasa amaqela abavukeli e-DRC.", Wongeza uMusavuli.

"Emva kwamashumi amabini eminyaka emfazwe, abantu baseCongo bathi kwanele."