Kusuka kwi-Afro-Middle East Centre, ngoFebhuwari 19, 2018
Ekumisweni kwe-African Union (AU) ngoMeyi 2001, iintetho malunga nokukhuselwa komntu kunye nokukhuseleka kobugqugqisa zaziwa ngokubanzi kwilizwekazi nakwizwekazi. E-Afrika, amava eenkqubela eSierra Leone naseMantla aMaLwandle aMazulu ayenzima kakhulu kwilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika, kunye nomzimba omtsha. Ngoko i-AU esanda kuveliswa ifuna ukumisela amanyathelo okuza kukhulisa uxolo kunye nokukhuselwa nokuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa kwabantu, kwanokuvumela ukuba inxaxheba inxaxheba kumashishini angamalungu. Isiqendu sesine se-AU's Constitutive Act sichaza ukuba ukungenelela kweli lizwe lungavunyelwa ngumzimba xa kwenzeka ukuba urhulumente welo lizwe uphawule ngokubanzi abantu balo; ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezolwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu kunye nokutshabalalisa lwachazwa ngokucacileyo
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokudalwa kwe-AU, i NgoSeptemba 2001 I-World Trade Centre ibhobho eNew York zenzeke, ukunyanzelisa i-ajenda eyongezelelweyo kwi-agenda ye-AU. Ngenxa yoko, i-AU ine-iminyaka yeshumi elidlulileyo kunye nesiqingatha, igxininise umgudu omkhulu kwi-counter-terrorism (kwezinye iziganeko ukuphazamiseka kwamalungu aseburhulumenteni). Ulungelelaniso lokulwa nobugandlo luye lwaphuculwa phakathi kwamazwe alungu, kwaye, ngokuxhalabisa, ukuqeqesha, ukuhanjiswa kwezakhono kunye nokuthunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwamagunya avela kwamanye amazwe-ngakumbi i-US kunye neFransi-bekuye kwafunwa ukujongana naloo nto, usongelo olunzulu. Oku kungavumelekanga, kwakhona, ukuxuba iintlanga zangaphandle kunye neli zwekazi, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvumela ama-ajendeni angaphandle ukuba alawule.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, uhlobo olutsha lweqela langaphandle kwilizwekazi liqalise ukusekwa, kwaye yiloo nto sifuna ukuyigxininisa njengengxaki kumbutho we-Afrika, ilizwekazi lonke, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika. Sibheka apha kwimeko yokudala iziseko zokusasaza ezempi ezithathwa ngamazwe ahlukeneyo aseAfrika, apho, kunokuthi ingatshitshitshiswa, kuthi, kuthi, inselele ngolawulo lwamazwekazi.
Ingxaki yeziseko
Rhoqo kukhuthazwa ngabacwangcisi bezomkhosi njengokunciphisa 'ubuzwilakhe bomgama', iziseko zokuhambisa phambili zivumela ukuthunyelwa phambili kwemikhosi kunye nezixhobo, ukuvumela amaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokunciphisa umgama, ngakumbi kwimfuno yokufaka i-refuel. Esi sicwangciso ekuqaleni sasiyinqaba yomkhosi wase-US-ngakumbi emva kwemfazwe yaseYurophu yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, okanye iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Njengoko kubhaliwe ngu Nick Turse, Iziseko zasemkhosini zase-US (kubandakanywa amasayithi okuqhuba phambili, indawo zokukhusela ezisebenzisanayo kunye neendawo ezingabonakaliyo) e-Afrika inombolo malunga namahlanu, ubuncinane. I Isiseko sase-US e-Diego Garcia, umzekelo, wudlala indima ephambili kwi-2003 yase-Iraq, ephethe amalungelo amancinci afanelekileyo okufunyanwa kwamanye amazwe.
Amaziko ase-US, amaqumrhu, amaziko okuloba kunye nama-bunkers amafutha asemazweni angamashumi amathathu anesine aseAfrika, kubandakanywa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni eKenya, Ethiopia kunye neAlgeria. Ngaphantsi kobuqhetseba bokuphikisana nobugandlo, kunye nokusebenzisana ngokubambisana, iWashington sele ingenele kwimibutho yokukhusela i-continental kwaye yenze ingcamango yokumisela kwi-ofisi yokuqhagamshelana nomhlaba. Amagosa empi aseMerika kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bajonga leli zwekazi njengebhokhwe elipheleleyo elikhuphisanayo neChina, kwaye ngokukhuthaza ukuhlakulela indawo, amagosa ase-US aphumelela ngokukhawuleza amaziko ase-Continental kuquka ne-AU. Ukwangoku, oku akukabikho nto ebalulekileyo kwimpikiswano phakathi kwelizwekazi, kodwa intsebenziswano yase-US iye yahlela ukubunjwa kumazwe angamaqabane ukuba abelane ngesimo sayo kwiimeko zangaphandle. Ukuqhubela phambili, i-US isebenzisa ezi ziseko ukuze zenze imisebenzi kwezinye iizwekazi; Iidronesi ezisuka eChadeelley baseJibouti ziye zenziwa kwiYemen neSiriya, umzekelo. Oku kufaka amaAfrika ekuxabaneni okungahambelani nawo, kwimimandla yabo okanye kwilizwekazi.
Ezinye iindawo ezininzi zilandele isicwangciso se-US-nangona kuncinci, ngokukodwa nje ukuqhubana kwamazwe ngamazwe (okanye amagunya ehlabathi jikelele). Isicwangciso sesicwangciso se-lily sisetyenziswe ngu-US, Rhashiya, iTshayina, IFransi, kunye namazwe amancinci afana nawo ISaudi Arabia, iUAE kunye Iran. Oku kunokwandisa, ngakumbi ekubeni ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha kuye kwandisa ukuphumelela nokusebenza kwee-submarines, oko kwenza kube nzima ukuhambisa iinqanawa ezithwalayo njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukuqhubela phambili ekukhuselweni komkhosi, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokufumana ezo teknoloji kuye kwathetha ukuba iinqwelo-moya ezide, njengeendlela zokuphakamisa izixhobo, ziye zaba ziingozi; ibhalansi-ityala-ukukhusela ibhaliso ngeendlela ezithile zikhuthaza amandla okuzivikela.
Ezi ziseko, ngakumbi ezo zigcinwe ngamagunya ehlabathi, ziye zaphazamiseka kwi-AU ekuphumezeni izicombululo zelizwekazi, ngokukodwa ezo zifuna ukubandakanywa kunye nokudibanisa. I-Mali ibalulekileyo kulo mbandela, ingakumbi ukususela ekubeni ubukho bemikhosi yaseFransi bemi apho i-Operation Barkhane ibonakalise imizamo yabantu baseMali ukubandakanya i-Islamist Ansar Dine (ngoku iQela loKhuselo lwe-Islam kunye namaSulumane) kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, ngaloo ndlela ukutshutshiswa kumntla. Ngokufanayo, UAE baseSomalilandukuvuselela kunye nokuqulunqa ukuhlukana kweSomalia, nemiphumo emibi yesithili. Kwimihla ezayo, iingxaki ezifana nalezi ziya kukhula, njengoko amazwe afana ne-Indiya, i-Iran kunye ne-Saudi Arabia akha iziseko zamajoni emazweni ase-Afrika, kwaye ngenxa yeendlela ezinxulumene neendlela ezinjenge-Multi-National Joint Task Force I-Lake Chad Basin, eyaye yaphumelela, ikwazi ngakumbi ukujongana nomngcipheko we-cross border. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba la maqhinga aqhelekileyo iinzame zelizwekazi ezenziwa ngamazwe angaphantsi-sithili, rhoqo ngokuchasene neenjongo kunye neenkqubo zamandla omhlaba.
Kukho imfuno enkulu yokuba abantu baseAfrika babe nexhala malunga nale nkqubela kwaye oku kugxininise ekudalweni kweziseko, ngenxa yeempembelelo zabo kubantu bamazwe ahlukeneyo, kunye nefuthe kwilizwe kunye nokulawula kolawulo lwamazwekazi. UGarcia Garcia, isiseko esisetyenzisiweyo salo mcimbi e-Afrika, sibonisa iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zithintele ezi zinto. Inani labantu besiqithi liye lancitshiswa njengelungelo elingenanto kunye nenkululeko, kunye namalungu alo amaninzi asuswe emakhaya abo aze athunjiswe-ininzi eMauritius naseSychelles, ayivumelekanga ilungelo lokubuyela. Ukongezelela, ubukho besiseko buqinisekisile ukuba uMbutho we-Afrika unempembelelo encinane kwesi siqithi; kusengaphambili kweso sigqibo njengendawo yaseBrithani.
Ngokufanayo, 'imfazwe yehlabathi yonkxalabo', kunye nokunyuka kweChina, ibone amandla omhlaba wonke efuna ukungena okanye ukuqinisa ubukho bawo kwilizwekazi, nemiphumo emibi. Bobabini base-US naseFransi baye bakhe iziseko ezintsha kwi-Afrika, kunye neChina, i-UAE kunye ne-Saudi Arabia zilandela. Ngaphantsi kobunzima bokulwa nobutshabalali, baninzi banomdla, njengamaziko aseFransi eNiger, awona mzamo wokukhusela IziFrentshi malunga neNiger.
Kunyaka ophelileyo (i-2017), iChina yagqiba ukwakha isiseko e-Djibouti, kunye ne-Saudi Arabia (i-2017), eFransi kunye neJapan (isiseko sayo sakhiwe kwi-2011, kunye nezicwangciso zokwandisa) ukugcina iziseko ezincinci lizwe. I-Eritrea yase-Assab port isetyenziswe yi-Iran kunye ne-UAE (2015) ukusekela iziseko, ngelixa i-Turkey (2017)phucula iSiqin Island eSudan phantsi kokunyamekela ukugcinwa kwemihla yamandulo yaseTurkey. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iPhondo le-Afrika lisondele kwi-Bab Al-Mandab neHormuz ezinzima, apho ngaphaya kwama-20 ekhulwini kwintengiso yehlabathi, kunye neqhinga lobukhosi njengoko livumela ukulawula ubuninzi be-Ocean Ocean. Ukongezelela, kuyaphawuleka ukuba phantse zonke iziseko ezingasetyenziswa yi-US neFransi zakhiwe emva kwe-2010, ezibonisa ukuba iinjongo ezingemva kwazo zinento yonke ekusebenziseni amandla kunye nxamnye nokulwa nobugwenxa. UAE esiseAsab, kwakhona, kubalulekile kulo mbandela; U-Abu Dhabi ulisebenzisile ukuthumela izixhobo kunye nemikhosi evela kwi-UAE kunye namanye amazwe ase-Saudi coalition, ngenxa yemkhankaso wawo wempi eJenen, ekhokelela kwimiphumo ebalulekileyo yomntu kunye nokuhlulwa kwelo lizwe.
I siseko kunye nolawulo
Ukwakhiwa kwezi ziseko zezempi kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo lwangaphakathi lwasekhaya nolwandlekazi. Isiseko se-UAE kwi-port yaseBelbera yase-Berbera (i-2016), umzekelo, ikwazisa ukuphela kweprojekthi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kweSomalia. Kakade, iSomaliland inomkhosi okhuselekileyo wokukhusela; Ukwakhiwa kweziseko kunye nenkxaso encedisayo yi-UAE kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba iMogadishu ayiyi kukwazi ukulawula u-Hargeisa. Oku kuya kubangela ukuxabana okungakumbi, ngokukodwa njengoko iPuntland iqala ukubuyisela ukuzimela kwayo, kwaye njengoko i-al-Shabab ixhaphaza le ntlukwano ukunyusa impembelelo yayo.
Ngaphezu koko, isiseko se-Assab se-UAE, kunye ne-Qatari yangoku, ikhusele ukulawula Ingxabano yomda we-Eritrean-Djibouti, ekubeni isinqumo sikaJibouti sokuqhawula ubudlelwane kunye neQatar ngenxa yobudlelwane obusondeleyo noRiadh wabona uDoha ehoxisa abalindi bezoxolo (2017); ngeli xesha u-Emirati inkxaso yase-Eritrea yaqinisekisa u-Asmara ukuba aphinde ahlawule imikhosi yawo kwiiqithi zaseDoumeira ezichasene nazo, i-UN eyazibiza njengeyi-Djibouti.
Ngaphezu koko, lo mkhosi ukudala iziseko (kunye namanye amajelo e-geopolitical) uye wabona amazwe angaphandle ahlala exhasa amaqhawe aseAfrika (akumangalisi, ecinga ukuba ezinye zala mazwe angaphandle ziyizolawulo), ngaloo ndlela ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokuzamazama kwamanye amazwe ukufumana izicombululo. Umzekelo we-imbroglio waseLibya, umzekelo, uye wabona amazwe afana ne-Egypt kunye ne-Russia inkxaso jikelele uKhalifa Haftar, owathembise amalungelo ekusetyenzisweni kwakhe. Oku kufanele kube nexhalaba kakhulu njengoko kuphazamisa zombini ii-AU kunye namanyathelo omakhelwane azama ukulungisa ingxabano.
I-AU kunye neziseko
Lo mkhwa usongela, kwixesha elizayo, ukuphazamisa ulawulo lwamaNyunyana ase-Afrika, ngokukodwa ukususela kwimpembelelo ngqo yamagunya angaphandle, ngokweendlela zalezi ziseko zepadlethi, zitshitshisa ukuvuselela iingxabano ezingaphezulu. Ulwaphulo luye lwavusa e-Ethiopia ngokuphendula kwi-Eritrea yokusingatha iziseko ezininzi, ngelixa zombini amazwe azivakalisanenkcaso ukuya eBerbera baseSomaliland. Ukuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo kulezi zizwe kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba iingxabano zangaphakathi, njengalezo phakathi kwe-Ethiopia kunye ne-Eritrea, ziba nzima kakhulu, kwaye zinciphise amandla oku-AU okukholisa ukuba bathethe inxaxheba. Ngokuxhalabileyo, ukulungiswa kwamalungelo kudla ngokudibanisa neengxowa-mali zamabhiliyoni ezigidi. Ezi zinto aziyikuqinisekisa kuphela ukuba iingxabano eziphakathi kwemida, njengalezo phakathi kwe-Ethiopia kunye ne-Eritrea, zilandela indlela enobudlova kwaye inokutshabalalisa, kodwa kwakhona iirejimenti ziyakwazi kwakhona ukunqanda ukuphikisana phakathi kwabantu. Olu 'kulungiswa ngokusemthethweni' luyinto ebalulekileyo eyenza ingxaki yokumelana ne-AU eyayisetyenziswa ngayo ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo.
Ukongezelela, njengoko kunokubonwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-UAE kwisiseko se-Assab ukuhambisa amabutho eJenen, iAfrika isetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa njengendawo yokugxotha apho ukuhambisa amabutho ukuya kwezinye iimbambano. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-UAE, kwi-2015, iyafuna ingalo e namandla I-Djibouti ukuvumela i-Emirati kunye ne-aircraft coalition ukusetyenziswa kwintsimi yayo njengesiseko se-Yemeni. I-Djibouti kunye ne-Abu Dhabi zagqityula izibophezelo zezopolitiko, kodwa i-UAE ifunyenwe endaweni e-Eritrea.
I-AU iya kufuna ukunyusa amandla ayo (inselele ngomxholo jikelele) ukuba igxininise ngakumbi ekukhuseleni ukuxhaphazwa kwamanye amazwe kunye neengxabano zangaphakathi - ezinye izinto ezisongela ukwanda kobutshaba. Iziko liye laphumelela kakhulu kwimfazwe yokulwa nabasebenzi abangaboniyo, ngokukodwa kwindawo yokukhuthaza ulungelelaniso lwangaphantsi kwesithili. Ibutho elihlangeneyo lamazwe ngamazwe ase-Lake Chad kunye neG5 Sahel (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, i-Chad) ngamanyathelo amkelekileyo ekuqinisekiseni izisombululo zommandla wokumelana nomda, nangona le nto ifuna ukudibaniswa nokugxininisa ngakumbi ngokubandakanya. Ngaphandle kweG5 Sahel, eye yabangela ulungelelaniso phakathi kwamahlanu aseSahelian athi, Ukugcinwa kweziseko zaseFransi kwizikhundla ezikhoyo kule mihlaba kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuba iParis iye yachaphazela kakhulu ukubunjwa, isakhiwo kunye neenjongo zamandla. Oku kunako, kwaye kuya kuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu, ngokukodwa, iMali ngenxa yokuba i-GSIM ikhutshwe kwiintetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukungazinzi kwiNyakatho kuhlala kuqhubeka. Ukubambisana kwe-Liptako-Gourma phakathi kweMali, iNiger kunye neBurkina Faso kuya kubona iziphumo ezingcono njengoko amaFrentshi angabandakanyekanga ngokusemthethweni kuwo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ihambelana nokukhuseleleka komda ngaphandle kwezopolitiko zombuso.
Nangona kunjalo, intsebenziswano enjengaleyo kuya kuba nzima ukuqala kwimpikiswano echaphazeleka ngamagunya angaphandle, kwaye kubandakanywa iindwendwe ezingaphantsi kwesithili. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukususela kwimeko yamabutho ahlangeneyo, imibutho yesithili iya kukhubazeka ukuba i-belligerents ngamagunya angaphantsi kwesithili. I-AU iya kufuna ukuphucula amandla kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamandla okanye umngcipheko ngokubhekiselele kwimeko eLibiya. Ngaphandle naseBurundi, apho amagunya amakhulu ase-continental ayeluleka malunga nekota yesithathu kuPetri Nkurunziza, urhulumente wakhe usasebenza, nangona ukwesatshiswa kwe-AU kunye nezohlwayo.
