I-Afghanistan War Shifts ukuya kwi-Drone engekho mthethweni

by Iqhubela phambili, Septemba 30, 2021

Kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokuba ulawulo lwakhe luphehlelele uhlaselo lwedrone olwabulala abantu abali-10 eKabul, eAfghanistan, uMongameli uJoe Biden wathetha kwi-United Nations General Assembly. Ngokuzingca wathi, "Ndimi apha namhlanje, okokuqala kwiminyaka engama-20, i-United States ingekho emfazweni." Kusuku olungaphambi kolawulo lwakhe uqalise ugwayimbo lwedrone eSyria, nakwiiveki ezintathu ezidlulileyo, i-US yayiqhube ugwayimbo lomoya eSomalia. Umphathi oyintloko ulibele nokuba imikhosi yase-US isalwa kumazwe amathandathu ubuncinci, kubandakanya i-Iraq, i-Yemen, iSyria, iLibya, iSomalia neNiger. Kwaye wathembisa ngokuqhubeka nokuqhushumba iAfghanistan kude.

Ngelishwa ukurhoxa kuka-Biden wemikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan akubalulekanga kangako xa kuhlalutywa ngokubhekisele kwisibambiso sakhe solawulo sokunyuka “ngaphezulu kolundi”Uhlaselo olukwilizwe elikude nangona singekhe sibe nemikhosi emhlabeni.

“Imikhosi yethu ayigoduki. Kufuneka sinyaniseke malunga naloo nto, ”utshilo uTom Malinowski (D-New Jersey) wathi Ngexesha lobungqina bendibano ngu-Nobhala welizwe u-Antony Blinken ekuqaleni kwale nyanga. Bahamba nje ukuya kwezinye iziseko ezikule ngingqi inye ukuze benze imisebenzi efanayo yokulwa ubunqolobi, kubandakanya ne-Afghanistan. ”

Njengoko uBiden wakhupha imikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan, ulawulo lwakhe lwasungula isixhobo somlilo esihogweni esivela kwi-drone yase-US eKabul eyabulala abantu abali-10, kubandakanya nabantwana abasixhenxe, emva koko baxoka ngayo. Usihlalo weeNtloko zeNtloko zabasebenzi u-General Mark Milley kwangoko wathiugwayimbo lobulungisa”Ukukhusela amajoni ase-US njengokuba ayerhoxa.

U-Biden ulandela emanyathelweni abo babengaphambi kwakhe, bonke abo baphinde baqhuba ugwayimbo olungekho mthethweni olwabulala abantu abaninzi.

Phantse kwiiveki ezintathu kamva, nangona kunjalo, i uphando olubanzi eqhutywa ngu The ENew York Times Uveze ukuba uZemari Ahmadi wayengumsebenzi woncedo wase-US, hayi i-ISIS, kwaye "iziqhushumbisi" kwiToyota ezijolise kugwayimbo lwedrone ziibhotile zamanzi. UGeneral Frank McKenzie, umphathi we-US Central Command, emva koko wabiza isitrayikhi "yimpazamo embi."

Ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungenangqondo kwabahlali yayingengombhiyozo omnye, nangona kwafumana ukubhengezwa ngakumbi kuninzi logwayimbo lwangaphambili lweedrone. U-Biden ulandela emanyathelweni abo babengaphambi kwakhe, bonke abo baphinde baqhuba ugwayimbo olungekho mthethweni olubulala abantu abaninzi.

Isitrayikhi saseKabul drone "sithandabuza ukuthembeka kwezobuntlola eziya kuthi zisetyenziselwe ukwenza imisebenzi [yaphezulu]," Maxesha phawula. Ewe, ayonto intsha le. "Ubukrelekrele" obusetyenziselwa ukwenza uqhankqalazo lwedrone idume ngokungathembeki.

Umzekelo, i IDayone Papers uxele ukuba phantse iipesenti ezingama-90 zabo babulawa ngoqhankqalazo lwedrone ngexesha leenyanga ezintlanu ngoJanuwari 2012 ukuya kuFebruwari 2013 yayingezizo iinjongo ekujoliswe kuzo. UDaniel Hale, otyhile amaxwebhu aquka amaPhepha eDrone, uvalela iinyanga ezingama-45 entolongweni ngokuveza ubungqina bobundlobongela bemfazwe baseMelika.

I-Drone Strike eqhutywa ngu-Bush, u-Obama, u-Trump kunye no-Biden babulala abahlali abangenakubalwa

Iidrones azikhokeleli ekubulaweni kwabantu abambalwa kunakwabaqhubi beebhombu. Uphononongo olusekwe kwidatha yasemkhosini ehleliweyo, eqhutywa nguLarry Lewis kwiziko loHlolo lwaManzi kunye noSarah Holewinski weziko labemi kwiNgxabano, fu maneka Ukusetyenziswa kweedrones eAfghanistan kubangele ukusweleka okungaphezulu kwabahlali kali-10 kuneenqwelomoya zomqhubi wenqwelomoya.

La manani kusenokwenzeka ukuba asezantsi kuba umkhosi wase-US ubathatha bonke abantu ababuleweyo kule misebenzi njengeentshaba ezibuleweyo zisenzeka. UGeorge W. Bush, u-Barack Obama, u-Donald Trump kunye no-Biden bonke bongamele uqhankqalazo lwe-drone olubulale abantu abangenakubalwa.

Bush eligunyazisiweyo malunga ne-50 drone strike eyabulala abantu abangama-296 ekuthiwa "ngabanqolobi" kunye nabemi be-195 e-Yemen, eSomalia nasePakistan.

Ulawulo luka-Obama luqhutywa Amaxesha e-10 ngaphezulu kweedrone ngaphezu komanduleli wakhe. Ngexesha lesibini e-Obama e-ofisini, wagunyazisa uqhankqalazo lwama-563- ikakhulu ngeedrones - eSomalia, ePakistan naseYemen, kubulawa abantu abangama-384 ukuya kuma-807, ngokwe-Bureau of Investigative Journalism.

Trump, okhulule u-Obama imigaqo yokujolisa, waqhubhisa onke amazwe u-Obama ayenawo, ngoku ka UMicah Zenko, owayesakuba ligosa eliphezulu kwiBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle. Ngexesha leminyaka emibini yokuqala eTrump e-ofisini, wasungula I-2,243 drone ibetha, xa kuthelekiswa ne-1,878 kumagama amabini ka-Obama e-ofisini. Kuba ulawulo lukaTrump lwalunjalo ngaphantsi kokuzayo ngamanani olwaphulo-mthetho oluchanekileyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi ukuba bangaphi abahlali ababuleweyo kwiwotshi yakhe.

Iidrones zihamba ngaphezulu kweedolophu kangangeeyure, zikhupha isandi esibhakayo Yoyikisa uluntu, ngakumbi abantwana. Bayazi ukuba idrone ingaphosa ibhombu kubo nangawuphi na umzuzu. I-CIA iphehlelela “itephu kabini,” ithumela idrone ukubulala abo bazama ukuhlangula abo benzakeleyo. Kwaye kwinto ekumele ibizwa ngokuba "yimpompo kathathu," bahlala bejolisa abantu kwimingcwabo belilela abo babathandayo babulawa kuhlaselo lweedrone. Endaweni yokusenza sengozini kubunqolobi, oku kubulala kwenza abantu kwamanye amazwe bayicaphukele ngakumbi i-United States.

I-Drone Strike Ngexesha "leMfazwe yoBugorha" Akukho Mthethweni

Uhlaselo lwe-Drone olwenziwe ngexesha "lemfazwe yoyikiso" akukho semthethweni. Nangona uBiden wathembisa kwintetho yakhe yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba "asebenzise kwaye omeleze uMgaqo-siseko we-UN" kwaye wathembisa "ukuthobela imithetho kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe aphesheya," uqhankqalazo lwedrone yakhe, kunye naleyo yabandulelayo, yaphula iMvumelwano kunye ne-Geneva Convention.

Uhlaselo lomkhosi wase-US kunye ne-CIA drone babulale ukuqikelelwa kwe-9,000 ukuya kwi-17,000 yabantu ukusukela ngo-2004, kubandakanya abantwana abangama-2,200 kunye nabemi baseMelika.

Umnqophiso we-UN uyakwalela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kwelinye ilizwe ngaphandle kwaxa uzikhusela phantsi kweSiqendu 51. Nge-29 ka-Agasti, emva kokuba idrone yase-US ibulale abantu abali-10 eKabul, i-US Central Command yathi "ukuzikhusela okungagcinwanga kwi-airstrike engaphezulu. ” I-Central Command ibanga ukuba ugwayimbo lwaluyimfuneko ukuthintela uhlaselo olusondeleyo kwisikhululo senqwelomoya i-Kabul yi-ISIS.

Kodwa iNkundla yezoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe ibambe ukuba amazwe awanakubhenela Isiqendu 51 ngokuchasene nokuhlaselwa ngokuxhobileyo ngabalingisi abasebenza kurhulumente abangabekelwanga kwelinye ilizwe. I-ISIS iphikisana neTaliban. Ukuhlaselwa yi-ISIS akunakubekwa ityala kwiTaliban, ephinda ilawule iAfghanistan.

Ngaphandle kweendawo zokulwa, "ukusetyenziswa kweedrones okanye ezinye iindlela zokubulala ekujoliswe kuzo akunakwenzeka ukuba kusemthethweni," u-Agnès Callamard, umlobi okhethekileyo we-UN ngokugweba, isishwankathelo okanye ukubulala, tweeted. Ubhale wathi, "ukubulala ngenjongo okanye ngokubulala umntu kunokusetyenziswa kuphela xa kukho imfuneko yokuzikhusela kwizisongelo zobomi."

Abahlali abanakuze babe semthethweni ekujoliswe kuko emkhosini. Ukujolisa ekujoliswe kuko okanye kwezopolitiko, okwabizwa ngokuba kukugwetywa okungaphaya komthetho, kwaphula umthetho wamazwe aphesheya. Ukubulala ngabom kukwaphula umthetho omkhulu weNgqungquthela yaseGeneva ekohlwaywa njengolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe phantsi komthetho we-US War Crimes Act. Ukubulala ekujoliswe kuko kusemthethweni kuphela xa kubonakala kufanelekile ukukhusela ubomi, kwaye akukho ndlela yimbi- kubandakanya ukubanjwa okanye ukungakwazi ukubulala - ekhoyo ukukhusela ubomi.

Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu ufuna ukuba xa kusetyenziswa umkhosi wamajoni, kufuneka uthobele zombini iimeko umahluko kwaye ulungelelwaniso. Umahluko ugunyazisa ukuba uhlaselo kufuneka luhlale luhlula phakathi kwamajoni nabantu. Ukulingana kuthetha ukuba uhlaselo alunakuba ngaphezulu kakhulu kuncedo lomkhosi olufunwayo.

Ngapha koko, uPhilip Alston, owayesakuba ngunopapatheop okhethekileyo kwi-UN ngokungakhathali, isishwankathelo okanye ukubulawa ngokungekho sikweni, umbiko, "Ukuchaneka, ukuchaneka nokuba semthethweni kwesitrayikhi sedrone kuxhomekeke kubukrelekrele bomntu ekusekwe kwisigqibo sokujolisa."

Abahlali abanakuze babe semthethweni ekujoliswe kuko emkhosini. Ukugwetywa ekujoliswe kuko okanye kwezopolitiko, okwabizwa ngokuba kukugwetywa okungaphaya komthetho, kwaphula umthetho wamazwe aphesheya.

Amaphepha eDrone afakiwe amaxwebhu avuzayo ukutyhila "ikhonkco lokubulala" ulawulo luka-Obama lwalusetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba ngubani ojolise kuye. Abantu abangenakubalwa babulawa besebenzisa "umqondiso wobukrelekrele" - unxibelelwano lwangaphandle, iiradar kunye nezinye iinkqubo zekhompyuter- kwimimandla yemfazwe engachazwanga. Izigqibo zokujolisa zenziwe ngokulandela umkhondo kweeselfowuni ezinokuthi okanye ezingafakwanga ngabanqolobi abarhanelwa. Isiqingatha sobukrelekrele esetyenziselwa ukuchonga iithagethi ezinokubakho e-Yemen nase-Somalia zazisekwe kubuchwephesha bemiqondiso.

Oka-Obama Umgaqo-nkqubo woMongameli (I-PPG), eyayinemithetho yokujolisa, ichaza iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ngaphandle "kwemimandla esebenzayo." Ifuna ukuba into ekujoliswe kuyo ibangele ukuba isoloko isoyikisa. Kodwa iSebe lezoBulungisa elifihlakeleyo iphepha elimhlophe yabhengezwa ngo-2011 kwaye yavuza ngo-2013 yavuma ukubulawa kwabemi base-US ngaphandle "kobungqina obucacileyo bokuba uhlaselo oluthile lwabantu base-US kunye nezinto abanomdla ziya kwenzeka kungekudala." Ibha ngokuqinisekileyo yayisezantsi ekubulaleni abemi ababengengabo base-US.

I-PPG ithe kufuneka kubekho "kufutshane nokuqiniseka ukuba i-HVT [ubunqolobi obunexabiso eliphezulu] okanye enye into ekujoliswe kuyo ngokusemthethweni" ikhona phambi kokuba kubulawe. Kodwa ulawulo luka-Obama lwasungula "uqhankqalazo" olungakhange lujolise kubantu, kodwa ngakumbi kumadoda akwiminyaka yomkhosi akhoyo kwindawo ezirhanelayo. Ulawulo luka-Obama luchaze amajoni (abo bangengabo abemi) njengawo onke amadoda akwiminyaka yomkhosi akhoyo kwindawo yoqhankqalazo, "ngaphandle kokuba kubekhona ubukrelekrele obucacileyo emva kokuba efile."

"Ubukrelekrele" ekusekwe kubo ugwayimbo lwase-US aluthembekanga kakhulu. I-United States ibandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphindiweyo lwe-UN Charter kunye ne-Geneva Convention. Kwaye ukubulawa ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-US ngeedrones kunyhasha ilungelo lobomi eligcinwe kuMnqophiso wamazwe ngaMalungelo oLuntu kunye nezoPolitiko, omnye umnqophiso i-US iwamkele. ItshoWonke umntu unelungelo lokuphila. Eli lungelo liya kukhuselwa ngumthetho. Akukho namnye oya kuhluthwa ubomi bakhe. ”

Kabul Drone Strike: "Umthetho wokuqala wenqanaba elilandelayo lemfazwe yethu"

"Olu qhankqalazo lwedrone eKabul yayingengombono wokugqibela wemfazwe yethu," Mmeli Malinowski wathi Ngexesha lobungqina bendibano kaBlinken. "Ngelishwa isenzo sokuqala senqanaba elilandelayo lemfazwe yethu."

"Kufuneka kubekho ukuphendula," u-Sen. UChristopher S. Murphy (D-Connecticut), ilungu leKomiti yoBudlelwane baNgaphandle, wabhala Iposi le-Twitter. "Ukuba akukho ziphumo kugwayimbo oluyintlekele, libonisa yonke inkqubo yedrone yomyalelo wokuba ukubulawa kwabantwana kunye nabantu kuya kunyanyezelwa."

NgoJuni, imibutho eyi-113 ezinikele kumalungelo oluntu, amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko yoluntu, ubuhlanga, ubulungisa bommandla kwezentlalo kunye namalungelo amagqala wabhala ileta ku-Biden "ukubanga ukuba kupheliswe inkqubo engekho semthethweni yoqhankqalazo oluyingozi ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na indawo eyaziwayo yedabi, kubandakanya nokusetyenziswa kweedroni." UOlivia Alperstein ovela kwiZiko leMfundo yoMgaqo-nkqubo tweeted ukuba iUnited States kufuneka "ixolise ngayo yonke i-drone, kwaye iphelise imfazwe ye-drone kanye kunye.

UMarjorie Cohn

Iposiwe kunye nemvume yombhali evela Thunti

Ngexesha leveki kaSeptemba 26-Okthobha 2, amalungu e Amanqwanqwa Oxolo, I-Pink Code, Ban Umbulali weeDrones, nemibutho esebenzisana nayo ithatha amanyathelo https://www.veteransforpeace.org/take-action/shut-down-creech ngaphandle kweCreech Drone Air Force Base, emantla eLas Vegas, ngokuchasene nedrones zomkhosi. Iidrones ezilawulwa kude ezivela kwiCreech imijukujelwa yomlilo eAfghanistan, kunye neSyria, Yemen neSomalia.