NguHaig Hovaness, World BEYOND War, NgoMeyi 7, 2023
Yaziswe ngoMeyi 4, 2023, iVietnam ukuya eUkraine: Izifundo ze-US Peace Movement Ukukhumbula iKent State kunye neJackson State! I-Webinar isingathwe yiKomiti ye-Green Party yokuSebenza ngoXolo; Uthungelwano lwaBantu lwePlanethi, ubulungisa noXolo; kunye neGreen Party yaseOhio
Namhlanje ndiza kunika imbeko kuDaniel Ellsberg, indoda ebizwe ngokuba yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika. Wancama umsebenzi wakhe kwaye wabeka inkululeko yakhe emngciphekweni ukuze abonise inyaniso ngeMfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye wachitha iminyaka eyalandelayo esebenzela uxolo. NgoMatshi uDan wathumela kwi-intanethi ileta ebhengeza ukuba ufunyaniswe enomhlaza obulalayo kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba asweleke kulo nyaka. Eli lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuxabisa umsebenzi wakhe wobomi.
UDaniel Ellsberg wazalwa ngo-1931 eChicago, e-Illinois. Ufunde kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, apho wathweswa isidanga sesumma cum laude kwaye kamva wafumana isidanga sePhD kwezoqoqosho. Emva kokushiya iHarvard, wasebenzela iRAND Corporation, itanki yokucinga eyayibandakanyeka kakhulu kuphando lwasemkhosini. Kwakungexesha lakhe e-RAND apho u-Ellsberg wabandakanyeka kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Ekuqaleni, uEllsberg wayixhasa imfazwe. Kodwa njengoko waqalisa ukuhlolisisa ngakumbi ungquzulwano, yaye emva kokuthetha nabaxhathisi bemfazwe, waphoxeka ngakumbi. Wafumanisa ukuba urhulumente wayebaxokisa abantu baseMerika ngenkqubela yemfazwe, yaye waqiniseka ukuba imfazwe ayinakoyiswa.
Ngo-1969, u-Ellsberg wenza isigqibo sokuvuza iPentagon Papers, isifundo esiyimfihlo ephezulu yeMfazwe yaseVietnam eyayigunyaziswe liSebe lezoKhuselo. Olu hlolisiso lwabonisa ukuba urhulumente wayexokise abantu baseMerika ngenkqubela yemfazwe, yaye lwatyhila ukuba urhulumente wayebandakanyeke kumaphulo afihlakeleyo eLaos naseKhambodiya.
Emva kwemizamo engenaziqhamo yokuthakazelisa amalungu eCongress kule ngxelo, wanikezela ngamaxwebhu kwiNew York Times, eyapapasha izicatshulwa ngo-1971. Izityhilelo emaphepheni zazibalulekile kwaye zonakalisa urhulumente wase-US, njengoko zityhila ukuba ulawulo olulandelelanayo lwalunenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. uxoke abantu baseMelika malunga nenkqubela phambili kunye neenjongo zemfazwe.
Amaphepha ePentagon abonise ukuba urhulumente wase-US uye wandisa ngokufihlakeleyo ukubandakanyeka kwakhe emkhosini eVietnam ngaphandle kwesicwangciso esicacileyo soloyiso. La maphepha akwatyhila ukuba amagosa karhulumente aye alahlekisa uluntu ngabom malunga nohlobo longquzulwano, ubungakanani bokubandakanyeka komkhosi waseUnited States, kunye nethemba lokuphumelela.
Ukupapashwa kwamaPhepha ePentagon kwaba lutshintsho kwimbali yaseMelika. Iveze ubuxoki bukarhulumente malunga nemfazwe kwaye yashukumisa ukholo lwabantu baseMelika kwiinkokeli zabo. Kwakhona yakhokelela kwisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo esasixhasa ilungelo loonondaba lokupapasha inkcazelo eyimfihlo.
Izenzo zikaEllsberg zaba nemiphumo emibi. Wabekwa ityala lobusela nobuntlola, yaye wayejamelene nethuba lokuchitha ubomi bakhe bonke entolongweni. Kodwa kwimeko eyothusayo, izityholo awayetyatyelwe zona zachithwa xa kwafunyaniswa ukuba urhulumente wayebandakanyeke ekuchwethezweni ngocingo ngokungekho mthethweni nezinye iindlela zokumcupha. Ukurhoxiswa kwezityholo ezichasene ne-Ellsberg kwaba luloyiso olubonakalayo lwabahlebi kunye nenkululeko yamajelo eendaba, kwaye kwagxininisa ukubaluleka kokwenza izinto elubala kukarhulumente kunye nokuphendula.
Ubukroti nokuzinikela kukaEllsberg enyanisweni kwamenza waba ligorha kumatshantliziyo oxolo kunye nelizwi elibalaseleyo kuluntu oluchasene nemfazwe. Kangangamashumi eminyaka ebeqhubeka ethetha ngokuphandle ngemiba yemfazwe, uxolo, kunye nokufihlakala kukarhulumente. Wayengumgxeki ovakalayo weemfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kwaye uhlala egxeka umgaqo-nkqubo wezomkhosi wangaphandle wase-US ophembelela kunye nokugcina ungquzulwano oluxhobileyo kwimimandla emininzi namhlanje.
Ukukhutshwa kwamaPhepha ePentagon kwagquma iinzame ezifanayo zika-Ellsberg zokubhentsisa iziphumo ezinobungozi zokucwangciswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya zaseMelika. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, iinzame zakhe zokukhulula izinto eziyimfihlo ezingengozi yemfazwe yenyukliya zaphazanyiswa kukulahlekelwa ngempazamo kwamaxwebhu ahleliweyo anxulumene nesisongelo senyukliya. Ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukudibanisa olu lwazi kwaye alupapashe ngo-2017 kwincwadi ethi, "Umatshini weDoomsday."
“IDoomsday Machine,” yinkcazo eneenkcukacha yomgaqo-nkqubo wemfazwe yenyukliya karhulumente waseUnited States ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo. U-Ellsberg utyhila ukuba i-US yayinomgaqo-nkqubo wokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kwangaphambili, kubandakanywa namazwe angeyiyo inyukliya, kwaye lo mgaqo-nkqubo wahlala usebenza nasemva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo. Ukwaveze ukuba i-US ibisoloko isoyikisa abachasi ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. U-Ellsberg ubhentsise inkcubeko eyingozi yokufihla kunye nokungabikho koxanduva olujikeleze umgaqo-nkqubo wenyukliya wase-US, Udize ukuba i-US iphuhlise izicwangciso "zokubetha okokuqala" uhlaselo lwenyukliya kwiSoviet Union, nangona lungekho uhlaselo lweSoviet, aphikisana ngalo. ziye zakhokelela ekufeni kwezigidi zabantu. U-Ellsberg waphinda watyhila ukuba urhulumente wase-US unikezele igunya lokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kakhulu kunokuba zaziwa eluntwini, enyusa kakhulu ingozi yemfazwe yenyukliya ngengozi. Waxoxa ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ezilawulwa kakubi e-United States zenza "umatshini womhla wentshabalalo" omele isoyikiso esikhoyo eluntwini. Le ncwadi inika isilumkiso esibukhali malunga neengozi zezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nesidingo sokungafihlisi ngakumbi kunye nokuphendula kumgaqo-nkqubo wenyukliya ukuthintela intlekele yehlabathi jikelele.
Umsebenzi athe uDan Ellsberg wanikela kuwo ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe awukagqitywa. Kuncinci okutshintshileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle we-United States ukusukela ngexesha leVietnam. Ingozi yemfazwe yenyukliya inkulu kunangaphambili; Imfazwe yommeli we-NATO iyagquba eYurophu; kwaye iWashington ibandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezijolise ekuqaliseni imfazwe neTshayina phezu kweTaiwan. Njengakwixesha laseVietnam, urhulumente wethu uxoka malunga nezenzo zakhe kwaye ufihla imisebenzi eyingozi emva kweendonga zemfihlo kunye ne-propaganda yemithombo yeendaba.
Namhlanje, urhulumente wase-US usaqhubeka nokutshutshisa abo batyanda impepha ngokungqongqo. Uninzi luvalelwe kwaye abanye, njengo-Edward Snowden, babalekile ukunqanda amatyala. UJulian Assange usaqhubeka nokungcungcutheka entolongweni elindele ukuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni ubomi bakhe bonke. Kodwa, ngamazwi ka-Assange, inkalipho iyosulela, kwaye ukuvuza kuya kuqhubeka njengoko izenzo ezigwenxa zikarhulumente zibhentsiswa ngabantu abanemigaqo. Ulwazi oluninzi olukhutshelwe nguEllsberg kwiiyure ezininzi lunokukhutshelwa namhlanje ngemizuzu kwaye lusasazwe kwihlabathi jikelele ngokukhawuleza kwi-Intanethi. Sele sikubonile ukuvuza okunjalo ngendlela yolwazi lwase-US oluhleliweyo ngemfazwe yaseUkraine ephikisana namabango oluntu ase-US anethemba. Izenzo ezingumzekelo zikaDan Ellsberg ziyakukhuthaza izenzo ezingenakubalwa zenkalipho kwinjongo yoxolo.
Ndingathanda ukuqukumbela ngokufunda inxalenye yeleta apho uDan wayebhengeza isigulo sakhe kunye nokuxilongwa kwakhe.
Bahlobo abathandekayo nabaxhasi,
Ndineendaba ezinzima ukuzisa. Ngomhla we-17 kaFebruwari, ngaphandle kwesilumkiso esikhulu, ndafunyaniswa ukuba ndinomhlaza we-pancreatic ongasebenziyo ngokusekelwe kwi-CT scan kunye ne-MRI. (Njengesiqhelo kumhlaza wepancreatic-ongenazo iimpawu zakuqala-ufunyenwe ngelixa ukhangela enye into, encinci kakhulu). Ndiyaxolisa ukunichazela ukuba oogqirha bam bandinike iinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu ukuba ndiphile. Kakade ke, bagxininisa ukuba imeko yomntu ngamnye ixhomekeke kumntu ngamnye; inokuba ngaphezulu, okanye ngaphantsi.
Ndiziva ndinethamsanqa kwaye ndinombulelo ngokuba ndibe nobomi obumangalisayo kude ngaphaya kweminyaka engama-amanqaku amathathu kunye neshumi. ( Ndiya kuba ngamashumi asithoba anesibini ngoAprili 7.) Ndivakalelwa ngendlela efanayo ngokuba neenyanga ezimbalwa ezingakumbi ukuze ndinandiphe ubomi nomfazi wam nentsapho yam, nokuqhubeka ndisukela usukelo olungxamisekileyo lokusebenza nabanye ukuze ndiphephe. imfazwe yenyukliya eUkraine okanye eTaiwan (okanye naphi na).
Xa ndakhuphela amaphepha ePentagon ngowe-1969, ndandinesizathu sokucinga ukuba ndiza kuchitha ubomi bam bonke ndivalelwe. Yayilishwa endiya kuyamkela ngovuyo ukuba oko kwakuthetha ukukhawulezisa isiphelo seMfazwe yaseVietnam, kungenzeki oko kwakubonakala (kwaye kwakunjalo). Nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni, eso senzo-ngeendlela endingazange ndizibone kwangaphambili, ngenxa yeempendulo ezingekho mthethweni zikaNixon-siba nefuthe ekunciphiseni imfazwe. Ukongeza, ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lukaNixon, andizange ndivalelwe entolongweni endandiyilindele, kwaye ndakwazi ukuchitha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo kunye noPatricia kunye nosapho lwam, kunye nani, bahlobo bam.
Ngaphezu koko, ndiye ndakwazi ukunikela loo minyaka ndisenza yonke into endiyicingayo ukuze ndilumkise ihlabathi ngeengozi zemfazwe yenyukliya kunye nongenelelo olungafanelekanga: ukuphembelela, ukufundisa, ukubhala kunye nokuzibandakanya nabanye kwizenzo zoqhanqalazo kunye nokuchasana nobundlobongela.
Kuyandivuyisa ukwazi ukuba izigidi zabantu-kuquka bonke abo bahlobo kunye namaqabane endibhekisa kubo lo myalezo!-banobulumko, ukuzinikela kunye nenkalipho yokuziphatha yokuqhubeka nezi zizathu, nokusebenza ngokungapheziyo ukuze baphile. iplanethi yethu nezidalwa ezikuyo.
Ndinombulelo ongazenzisiyo ngokuba nenyhweba yokwazi nokusebenza nabantu abanjalo, kwixesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo. Leyo yenye yezona zinto zixatyiswe kakhulu kubomi bam obunethamsanqa kakhulu. Ndifuna ukunibulela nonke ngothando nangenkxaso enindinike yona ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukuzinikela kwakho, inkalipho, kunye nokuzimisela kwakho ukwenza izinto zikhuthaze kwaye zizigcine ezam iinzame.
Umnqweno wam kuwe kukuba ekupheleni kweentsuku zakho uzive uvuyo kunye nombulelo ongaka njengam ngoku.
Isayinwe, uDaniel Ellsberg
Ngaphambi kwelinye lamadabi eMfazwe yamakhaya, igosa loManyano labuza amajoni alo, “Ukuba le ndoda ingawa, ngubani oza kuphakamisa iflegi aqhubeke?” UDaniel Ellsberg ngenkalipho wayithwala iflegi yoxolo. Ndiyanicela nonke ukuba nindithelele ekuphakamiseni iflegi niqhubeke.
