NguTad Daley, ngoJulayi 16, 2020
ukusuka Ijenali Yomgaqo-nkqubo weHlabathi
Ngalomhla ingama-75 eminyaka eyadlulayo iminyaka ye-atomic yazalwa, kunye nokhuselo lokuqala lwenyukliya kufutshane neAlamogordo, eNew Mexico nge-16 kaJulayi, ngo-1945. Zingama-20 iintsuku ngaphambili, nge-26 kaJuni, i-United Nations yayisekiwe ngokusayinwa kwe-UN Charter eSan Francisco. Ngaba le bhombu yenza ukuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zaphelelwa kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokuzalwa kwayo?
Oyena mntu ubaluleke kakhulu kwezi ziganeko, uMongameli wase-US uHarry S. Truman, ngokuqinisekileyo wabonakala ecinga njalo. Cinga isikhundla esikhethekileyo sendoda kunye nomzuzu. Nangona uAlamogordo wayeseleeveki ezintathu engekho, abacebisi bakaTruman bamqinisekisa ngeloxesha ukuba “impumelelo” yayiqinisekile. Kwaye wayesazi ukuba wayengumntu umntu apho idyokhwe yesigqibo yayiza kuwa kungekudala-ngokubhekisele kuphela ukuba angasisebenzisa njani isixhobo esitsha ngokuchasene ne-Imperial Japan, kodwa ukuba enze ntoni emva koko malunga noqikelelo lwe-apocalyptic oluza kuhlela phezu kwabo bonke ubuntu.
Ke yena uthini Ukutyikitya uxwebhu eSan Francisco?
Eli linyathelo lokuqala kuphela elinoxolo oluhlala luhleli… Amehlo ethu ahlala ejonge injongo yokugqibela masiqhubele phambili… Le Tshata, efana noMgaqo-siseko wethu, iyakwandiswa kwaye iphuculwe njengoko ixesha lihamba. Akukho mntu ubanga ukuba ngoku sisixhobo sokugqibela okanye esigqibeleleyo. Ukutshintsha kweemeko zehlabathi kuya kufuna uhlengahlengiso ... ukufumana indlela yokuphelisa iimfazwe.
Kwakunomdla woku, ukutsho nje okuncinci, ukugxininisa ngokungagungqiyo ukusilela koxwebhu olungaphantsi kweyure enye.
Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva, emva kokundwendwela eSan Francisco ngololiwe ukuya kufumana isidanga sembeko kwiYunivesithi yaseKansas City kwidolophu yakhe, Iingcinga zikaMongameli Truman zaphendukela kwimithwalo yakhe nakwinjongo zokugqibela. "Ndinomsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu, ekungafuneki ndijongisise." Akukho namnye umntu kwaba baphulaphuli, ngokuqinisekileyo, owayesazi ukuba wayebhekisa phi na. Kodwa sinokwenza into entle yokuqikelela ukuba inento yokwenza "nokutshintsha kweemeko zehlabathi" awayeyazi ukuba ziza kuza kungekudala:
Siphila, kweli lizwe ubuncinci, kubudala bomthetho. Ngoku kufuneka sikwenze oko kwilizwe liphela. Kuya kuba lula ngokulula ukuba amazwe ahambelane kwiriphabliki yehlabathi njengoko kunjalo kuthi ukuvana kwiriphabliki yaseUnited States. Ngoku, ukuba i-Kansas kunye neColorado banengxabano kwindawo enamanzi ababizi uMgcini weSizwe kwilizwe ngalinye kwaye baye emfazweni. Bazisa isimangalo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye bathobele isigqibo sayo. Akukho sizathu emhlabeni sokuba kutheni singenakukwenza oko kwilizwe liphela.
Lo mahluko-phakathi komthetho oxhaphakileyo kuluntu lwabemi kunye nokungabikho kwawo phakathi koluntu lweentlanga-wawungeyonto yokuqala kuHarry S. Truman. Bekubonisiwe ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezininzi ziiNgcinga eziMangalisayo njengoDante, uRousseau, uKant, uBha'u'llah, uCharlotte Bronte, uVictor Hugo, kunye noHG Wells. Ngenene, xa uTruman evusayo eyethu iNkundla ePhakamileyo njengomfuziselo wayechaza eyakhe, uMongameli u-Ulysses S. Grant, owathi kwi 1869"Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngelinye ixesha elizayo izizwe zomhlaba ziya kuvumelana ngohlobo oluthile lwenkongolo… ezizigqibo ezibophelelayo njengoko izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zisithi."
Kananjalo yayingesosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba yenzeke kuHarry S. Truman. Owayesakuba nguMongameli weZiko le-Brookings kunye noSekela-Mongameli wase-US Stack Talbott, kwincwadi yakhe engaqhelekanga ka-2008 ethi Uvavanyo olukhulu (isiqingatha sesikhumbuzo kunye nembali yesiqingatha seengcinga zeriphabliki yehlabathi), isixelela ukuba umongameli wama-33 waseMelika wayephethe kwisipaji sakhe iivesi zika-Alfred Lord Tennyson wowe-1835: Bebelusizi, ePalamente yabantu, uManyano lweHlabathi. ” UTalbott uthi xa ikopi yakhe yesipaji iqhekeka, uTruman wawafumana kwakhona la magama ngesandla amaxesha angama-40 ahlukeneyo ebomini bakhe.
Kunzima ukugqiba kwelokuba ngeli xesha lenyaniso lixakileyo, ngokungafaniyo naphina kwimbali yoluntu, uMongameli Harry S. Truman woyika umlo wemfazwe yeatom, wagqiba kwelokuba ekuphela kwesisombululo yayikukuphelisa imfazwe, kwaye wayeqonda ukuba iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ayikwazanga, njengoko uMgaqo-nkqubo wakhe uvakalisayo, ukuba ungasindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo kwisibetho semfazwe.
I-Flash phambili kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. I-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki yayifikile, i-WWII eyoyikisayo yayifikelele esiphelweni, kodwa uloyiko olungenakuphela lwe-WWIII ye-cataclysmic engapheliyo yayisele iqalile nje. Kwaye kanye kwiiveki ezimbini phambi kokuba uMgaqo-siseko we-UN uqalise ukusebenza nge-24 ka-Okthobha, ngo-1945, ileta engaqhelekanga yavela kwiNew York Times. USenator Charter wase-US uJohn Fulbright, u-Owen J. Roberts, no-Albert Einstein, wabhala: "Ngokugcina ubukhosi obugqibeleleyo bezizwe eziziimbangi, (kuthintela) ukudalwa komthetho obalaseleyo kubudlelwane behlabathi ... Kufuneka sijonge kumgaqo-siseko wehlabathi jikelele, umthetho osebenzayo wezomthetho wehlabathi, ukuba sinethemba lokuthintela imfazwe ye-atomic . "
Ababhali kamva bayandisa le leta, bongeza ngaphezulu kweshumi elinye labatyikityo abadumileyo, bayincamathisela kwibhokisi yencwadi ka-1945 yeAnatomy of Peace kaEmery Reves. Le manifesto yengcinga yelizwe leRiphabhlikhi yaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezingama-25, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ithengise ngaphezulu kwesigidi. (U-Reves wakhonza njenge-arhente yoncwadi ka-Winston Churchill, kwaye waba negalelo Ukuzithethelela kukaChurchill "I-United States yaseYurophu" kunye "nombutho wehlabathi ongenamandla angenakuthintelwa kunye negunya elingashukumiyo.") USenator wase-United Kingdom kunye nomsebenzi we-JFK White House, u-Harris Wofford, nongumntu onobubele ozinzileyo waseka "abafundi beFederalists" ngo-1942, undixelele ukuba i-cadre yakhe eyodwa yeLizwe eliSha elinenzondelelo liqwalasele incwadi kaRever bible yentshukumo yabo.
I-Flash phambili kanye ukuya kwi-1953, kunye noMhlonitshwa uJohn Foster Dulles, uNobhala we-Mongameli u-Eisenhower. Enye yeengwebu ezinkulu zexesha leMfazwe ebandayo. Okuchaseneyo nomntu ophupha iphupha. Wayeyinxalenye yabathunywa baseMelika eSan Francisco njengomcebisi kaSenator waseRiphabhlikhi u-Arthur Vandenberg, kwaye wade wancedisa ekuyileni intshukumo yokuqala yeCharter. Yonke le nto yenza isigwebo sakhe seminyaka esibhozo kuko konke okumangazayo:
Xa sasiseSan Francisco ngentwasahlobo yowe-1945, Akukho namnye kuthi owayesazi ngebhombu yeatom eyayiza kuwela eHiroshima nge-6 ka-Agasti ka-1945. I-Charter ngumboniso wangaphambi kwexesha le-atomic. Ngale ngqondo ibiphelelwe lixesha ngaphambi kokuba isebenze ngokwenyani. Ndingatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba, ukuba iindwendwe ezazilapho zazazile ukuba amandla angaqondakaliyo angenakuthelekiswa nanto e-atom azakufumaneka njengendawo yokubhujiswa, uninzi lwezibonelelo zomgaqo-nkqubo ojongana nokuhlanjwa kwemikhosi kunye nokulawulwa kwengalo yomkhosi bekungangaphezulu kakhulu iyagxininisa kwaye iyinyani.
Kanjalo, kwiintsuku nje emva kokusweleka kwe-FDR nge-12 ka-Epreli ngo-1945, Unobhala Wemfazwe uHenry Stimson wayalela umongameli omtsha ukuba ayirhoxise inkomfa yaseSan Francisco- de kube semva kokuba iziphumo ezigcweleyo zebhombu yeathom ingaqwalaselwa kwaye ithathelwe ingqalelo.
IZizwe eziManyeneyo zenze okuhle kakhulu kwiminyaka yayo engama-75. Kubonelelwe ngoncedo lokutya kubantu abazizigidi ezingama-90, basasazwa ngoncedo kwiimbaleki ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-34, baqhuba imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula eyi-71, bajonga kumakhulu kunyulo lukazwelonke, banceda amakhulu ezigidi zabasetyhini ababhinqileyo kwimpilo yoomama, bagonye iipesenti ezingama-58 zabantwana emhlabeni, nokunye okuninzi.
Kodwa - ishushu thatha apha-ayiphelisi imfazwe. Kananjalo ayiphelisi imidyarho engapheliyo phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu, i I-bellum omnium contra omnes ichazwe nguThomas Hobbes kwiLeviathan yakhe yowe-1651. Izixhobo zeLaser, izixhobo zasemajukujukwini, izixhobo ze-cyber, izixhobo ze-nano, izixhobo zedrone, izixhobo zentsholongwane, izixhobo zerobhothi ezenziwe ngobuchule. Ukukhawuleza ukuya ku-2045, i-UN kwi-100, kwaye umntu akanakho nokucinga ngezichazi ezitsha phambi kwesibizo samandulo. Akukho mntu unokuthandabuza ukuba ubuntu buya kuhlala bujamelene neemeko ezothusayo zentshabalalo.
Uxolo yintoni le? Ewe, wena phaya kumqolo ongasemva, thetha up! Kwiminyaka engama-75 ngoku sasingenayo “republic yehlabathi” okanye imfazwe yenyukliya? Ke iTruman inokuba ibiphosakele? Ubuntu bunokuhlala ngokukhuselekileyo kwilizwe leentshaba zesizwe, uthi, bexhobile ngezixhobo zenyukliya kwaye uthixo kuphela owaziyo ezinye izixhobo, kwaye ulawule ukurhwaxa ngonaphakade ukuza kweapocalypse?
Eyona mpendulo inokwenzeka koku iyafana nale yanikwa iNkulumbuso yaseTshayina uZhou Enlai ngo-1971, xa yayibuzwa nguHenry Kissinger ukuba wayecinga ntoni malunga nemvukelo yaseFrance. Mnu Zhou, ibali lihamba, bawuqwalasele lo mzuzwana, emva koko waphendula: "Ndicinga ukuba kusekufutshane ukuba ndixelele."
UTad Daley, umbhali wencwadi Apocalypse Never: Ukubeka iNdlela kwiLizwe leNkululeko yeNyukliya isuka kwiRutgers University Press, nguMlawuli woHlahlelo loMgaqo-nkqubo ku- Abemi beSizwe soSombululo.
