Umculo kaMadison: Ekufundeni isiHlomelo sokuqala, Incwadi entsha kaBurt Neuborne, ekuqaleni ibonakala ingumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka ukuba ufeze injongo enkulu namhlanje. Ngubani ofuna ukubhiyozela imbono yomnini-khoboka uJames Madison ngenkululeko njengoko iqulethwe kuMgaqo-siseko ophelelwe lixesha kwimfuno engxamisekileyo yokuhlaziywa okanye ukubhalwa kwakhona? Kwaye ngubani ofuna ukuyiva kulowo owayesakuba ngumlawuli wezomthetho we-ACLU osandul 'ukutyikitya isicelo esixhasa ukuqeshwa kukaHarold Koh, umkhuseli wokubulala iinqwelomoya kunye neemfazwe zobumongameli zobundlobongela, ukuba afundise umthetho wamalungelo oluntu kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York, uxwebhu lwezikhalazo. iqela loonjingalwazi abonakeleyo bechasa indlela yokuziphatha ethathwa ngabafundi?
Kodwa ithisisi ephambili kaNeuborne ayilonqulo lukaJames Madison, kwaye unengxaki efanayo yokumfamekisa imfazwe njengoluntu lonke, ekholelwa, njengoko ebhala, ukuba umhlaba "uxhomekeke kwi-ankile yamandla aseMelika" (nokuba ngaba ihlabathi liyayifuna okanye ayifuni). Nangona ukwenza ngokusemthethweni ukubulala kungabi yingxaki kwimbono kaNeuborne yoMgaqo-siseko, ukunyotywa ngokusemthethweni kusemthethweni. Kwaye kulapho Umculo kaMadison iba luncedo. Ngalo lonke ixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US ithatha isigqibo malunga ne-plutocracy igweba ngokuchasene neziganeko, ingqiqo, isiseko sokuziphatha, kunye nokufundwa okuhambelanayo nokuvakalayo koMqulu wamaLungelo ofunda izilungiso ezahlukeneyo njengoko kujoliswe kukomeleza idemokhrasi.
Ikwawisa isigwebo esichasene noMgaqo-siseko engazange inike naphi na, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, naliphi na ilungelo lokugweba kuzo naziphi na izinto ezinjalo. Ngelixa kukho, ngokudabukisayo, akukho ndlela yokufunda iNkundla ePhakamileyo kuMgaqo-siseko, inokuqondwa ngokulula njengephantsi kwemithetho yeCongress kunokuba iguqulwe. Ayikuko ukuba iNkongolo yanamhlanje isisondeza kwidemokhrasi kuneNkundla ePhakamileyo yanamhlanje, kodwa xa inkcubeko yethu ilungele uhlaziyo, iindlela ezikhoyo ziya kuba zininzi kwaye iziko ngalinye lixhomekeke kuhlaziyo okanye ukupheliswa.
Isihlomelo sokuqala sifundeka ngolu hlobo: “ICongress ayisayi kwenza mthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo, okanye ukwalela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukucutha inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokusasaza; okanye ngelungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo zabo.”
U-Neuborne, kwikhredithi yakhe, akakhethi ukufunda oku njengoko i-ACLU yenza, okubandakanya ukukhuselwa kokunyotywa kunye nenkcitho yonyulo lwangasese.
Idrafti yokuqala kaMadison, ehlelwe kakhulu yiSenethi - enye yamaziko afanele ukubhangiswa, kwaye enye uMadison ngokwakhe wayenetyala layo - yaqala ngokukhuselwa kwesazela senkolo kunye nehlabathi. Uyilo lokugqibela luqala ngokwalela urhulumente ekunyanzeliseni inkolo, aze angavumi ukuba athintele inkolo yakhe nabani na. Ingongoma kukuseka, ngendlela yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, inkululeko yokucinga. Ukusuka kwingcinga, umntu uqhubela phambili kwintetho, kwaye ukusuka kwintetho eqhelekileyo uqhubela phambili ukuya kumaphephandaba. Nganye kwezi iqinisekisiwe inkululeko. Ngaphaya kwentetho noshicilelo, umkhondo wembono kwidemokhrasi uqhubela phambili kwintshukumo yesininzi: ilungelo lokuhlanganisana; kwaye ngaphaya koko kusekho ilungelo lokufaka uxwebhu lwezikhalazo kurhulumente.
Njengoko uNeuborne echaza, isihlomelo sokuqala sibonisa idemokhrasi esebenzayo; ayidwelisi nje amalungelo anganxulumananga. Kwaye inkululeko yokuthetha ayilolungelo lokwenene elidwelisayo, namanye amalungelo ayimizekelo nje ethile yalo. Endaweni yoko, inkululeko yokucinga nokushicilela kunye nokuhlanganisana kunye nezikhalazo ngamalungelo awodwa aneenjongo zawo. Kodwa akukho nanye kuzo iziphelo ngokwayo. Injongo yalo lonke uluhlu lwamalungelo kukubumba urhulumente kunye noluntu apho ingcinga eyaziwayo (ngexesha elithile lamadoda amhlophe azizityebi, kamva eyandisiweyo) inefuthe elithile elibalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu. Okwangoku, ngokuqinisekileyo, akunjalo, kwaye uNeuborne ubeka ityala elininzi ngaloo nto kukhetho lweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiinkulungwane, intsingiselo kakuhle kwaye ngenye indlela, kwindlela yokufunda isilungiso sokuqala.
Njengoko uNeuborne ecebisa, ilungelo lokufaka isikhalazo kurhulumente alihoywanga. Akukho nto iya kuvotwa kwiNdlu ebizwa ngokuba ngabaMeli ngaphandle kokuba kuvunywe yinkokeli yeqela elikhulu. Amalungu eSenethi angamashumi amane ananye amele igcuntswana labemi angamisa phantse naliphi na ityala kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ukuqonda ngokwedemokhrasi ilungelo lesikhalazo kunokuvumela uluntu ukuba lunyanzelise iivoti kwiNkongolo kwimiba enomdla woluntu. Enyanisweni, ndicinga ukuba oku kuqonda akuyi kuba yinto entsha. Incwadi kaJefferson, eyinxalenye yemithetho yeNdlu, ivumela izicelo kunye nezikhumbuzo, ezihlala zithunyelwa kwiCongress ngoorhulumente basekhaya kunye norhulumente kunye namaqela. Kwaye ubuncinci kwimeko yeenkqubo zokumangalela, idwelisa uxwebhu lwezikhalazo kunye nesikhumbuzo (ingxelo ebhaliweyo yeenyani ezihamba noxwebhu lwezikhalazo) njengenye yeendlela zokuqalisa inkqubo yokubekwa ityala. Ndiyazi ngenxa yokuba amawaka ethu aqokelele izigidi zeesiginitsha kwizibongozo zokuqalisa ukumangalelwa kukaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, ukunqweneleka okuye kwafikelela kuninzi kuvoto lwezimvo zoluntu nangona kungekho nyathelo okanye ingxoxo eWashington. Uluntu alukwazanga nokunyanzela ukuba kuvotwe. Izikhalazo zethu azikhange zilungiswe.
Ilungelo lokuhlanganisana liye lavalelwa kwiikheji zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ilungelo lokushicilela ngokukhululekileyo liye laba yinkampani-i-monopolized, kwaye ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekile liye lancipha kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo kwaye landiswa kwiindawo ezingafanelekanga.
Andiqinisekanga ngabo baphikisana nayo yonke imida kwintetho. Intetho, ngokufanelekileyo, ayijongwa njengekhululekileyo xa kufikwa kwizisongelo, ukutyhola, ubuqhetseba, iingxelo zobuxoki ezibangela umonakalo, amanyala, “amazwi okulwa,” intetho yorhwebo ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho mthethweni, okanye intetho yorhwebo yobuxoki eyingozi nelahlekisayo. Phantsi koMnqophiso weZizwe ngeZizwe wamaLungelo oLuntu nawePolitiko, apho i-United States iyinxalenye yayo, “nakuphi na ukusasazwa kwemfazwe” kufuneka kuthintelwe, umgangatho oya kuthi, ukuba uye wanyanzeliswa, uphelise i-chunk enkulu yokubukela umabonwakude wase-US.
Ke, kufuneka sikhethe ukuba singayivumela phi intetho kunye nalapho singayivumeli khona, kwaye njengamaxwebhu e-Neuborne, oku kwenziwa ngoku ngentlonipho yengqiqo. Ukuchitha imali yokunyula umgqatswa onobuhlobo kwi- plutocratic kuthathwa ngokuba “yintetho enyulu,” efanelwe lukhuseleko oluphezulu, kodwa ukunikela ngemali kwiphulo laloo mgqatswa “yintetho engathanga ngqo,” efanelwe kukukhuselwa kancinci kwaye ke ngoko ixhomekeke kwimida. Ngeli xesha ukutshisa idrafti yekhadi “kukuziphatha nje konxibelelwano” kwaye xa umvoti ebhala egameni njengevoti yoqhanqalazo engafumani khuseleko kwaphela kwaye inokuvalwa. AbaPhakamileyo ababavumeli abagwebi ukuba bachophele amatyala apho ummangali omnye engoyena mxhamli wejaji, ukanti avumele amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba alawule abantu ababathengela izihlalo zabo. Amaqumrhu afumana amalungelo olungiso lokuqala nangona engenasidima somntu ukuze afanelekele ilungelo lesilungiso lesihlanu lokuhlala athule; kufuneka senze ngathi amaqumrhu angabantu okanye akunjalo? INkundla yasixhasa imfuno yesazisi somvoti wase-Indiana nangona iqonda ukuba iyakwenzakalisa ngokungafanelekanga abantu abahluphekayo kwaye nangona kungekho nalinye ityala lobuqhophololo labavoti elifunyenweyo naphi na e-Indiana. Ukuba ilungelo lokukhupha omnye umntu kwaye ngokufanelekileyo uthenge umgqatswa ukhetho lolona hlobo luphezulu lwentetho ekhuselweyo, kutheni ilungelo lokuvota liphantsi? Kutheni kuvunyelwa imigca emide yokuvota kwiindawo ezihluphekayo? Kutheni le nto izithili zinokubanjwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe unyulo lomgqatswa okanye iqela? Kutheni ukuba isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho sihluthe ilungelo lokuvota? Kutheni le nto unyulo lungenziwa ukuze kuxhamle amaqela amabini amabini kunokuba abavoti?
UNeuborne ubhala athi, “inkcubeko eyomeleleyo yeqela lesithathu yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yayixhomekeke ekufikeleleni lula ekuvoteni nasekukwazini ukuphumela ngaphandle kwemvume. INkundla ePhakamileyo izicimile zombini, ishiya i-republicrat cartel ethintela imibono emitsha enokusongela imeko. ”
I-Neuborne icebisa ezininzi zesiqhelo, kwaye zilungile kakhulu, izisombululo: ukudala imidiya yasimahla kumaza ethu omoya, ukubonelela ngeekhredithi zerhafu ukunika wonke umntu imali yokuchitha kunyulo, ukuthelekisa iminikelo emincinci njengoko sisenza isiXeko saseNew York, ukwenza ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo njengeOregon nje. wenza, ukudala iholide yosuku lonyulo. U-Neuborne uphakamisa umsebenzi wokuvota, evumela ukuphuma - kungcono ndongeze inketho yokuvotela "akukho nanye kwezingasentla." Kodwa isisombululo sokwenyani yintshukumo ethandwayo enyanzelisa isebe elinye okanye angaphezulu kurhulumente wethu ukuba ajonge injongo yawo njengokuxhasa idemokhrasi, hayi nje ukuqhushumba kwamanye amazwe egameni lawo.
Oku kusizisa kweyona nto iphambili urhulumente wethu ayenzayo, abathi nabachasi bakhe phakathi koonjingalwazi bezomthetho bayayivuma, eyimfazwe. Okona kulungileyo kukuba, uNeuborne uthanda ilungelo lokungavumi ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela sakhe, kwakunye nelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo lamaqela okanye abantu ngabanye lokufundisa iindlela zokwenza izinto ezingenabundlobongela kumaqela abhalwe “abanqolobi.” Nangona kunjalo uyakuxhasa ukuqeshwa njengomfundisi-ntsapho obizwa ngokuba ngumthetho wamalungelo oluntu indoda eyasebenzisa imvelaphi yayo yomthetho ukuxelela iCongress ukuba ayinawo amandla emfazwe, ukwenza ngokusemthethweni uhlaselo olubi kunye nolungekho mthethweni olungekho mthethweni eLibya olushiye ngasemva intlekele enokwenzeka abantu abangakwaziyo ukuzinceda babaleka ngesikhephe, kwanokuvumela umkhwa wokubulawa kwamadoda, abafazi nabantwana abaninzi ngemijukujelwa evela kwinqwelo-moya.
Ndingathanda ukubona ingcaciso evela kuNjingalwazi Neuborne malunga nokuba lingaba lilungelo likarhulumente njani ukumbulala (naye nabani na okufutshane naye) ngomjukujelwa wesihogo, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ililungelo lakhe ukukhuseleka kubuntu bakhe ngokuchasene nokukhangela okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuhlutha. , ilungelo lakhe lokungabanjwa ukuze aphendule ngetyala elikhulu okanye ngolunye uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho olubi ngaphandle kokuba ethe wanikezela okanye wamangalelwa kwiNkundla yamaTyala eNkulu, ilungelo lakhe lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elikhawulezileyo noluntu, ilungelo lakhe lokwaziswa ngesityholo kunye nokujongana nenkundla. amangqina, ilungelo lakhe lokumangalela amangqina, ilungelo lakhe lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngabagwebi, nelungelo lakhe lokungohlwaywa ngenkohlakalo okanye esingaqhelekanga.
