Amaxesha angama-89 abantu babenoKhetho lweMfazwe okanye akukho nto kwaye bakhetha enye into endaweni

"Kutheni, ngamanye amaxesha ndiye ndikholelwe izinto ezintandathu ezingenakwenzeka phambi kwesidlo sakusasa." —ULewis Carroll

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Novemba 9, 2022

Ifanele ukuba ayikho. Enye indlela yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi.

Kwiimeko ezibiza imfazwe, ezinye iindlela azinakuqwalaselwa. Kungenjalo, ubani ebeya kuzithethelela njani iimfazwe?

Ke, kunokwenzeka njani ukuba ndidwelise ngezantsi amaxesha angama-89 apho abantu banyanzelwa ukuba bakhethe imfazwe okanye "Bangenzi Nto," kwaye bakhethe enye into ngokupheleleyo?

Studies ukufumana ukungabikho kobundlobongela kunokwenzeka ukuba uphumelele, kwaye ezo mpumelelo zihlala ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo sixelelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ubundlobongela kuphela kwendlela.

Ukuba ugonyamelo ibikuphela kwesixhobo esakha sasetyenziswa, ngokuqinisekileyo besingazama into entsha. Kodwa akukho ngqiqweni enjalo okanye ukusungula izinto ezintsha ezifunekayo. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu olukhulayo lwamaphulo aphumeleleyo angenabundlobongela asele esetyenziswa kwiimeko apho sihlala sixelelwa ukuba imfazwe iyafuneka: uhlaselo, imisebenzi, ubhukuqo-mbuso, kunye nobuzwilakhe.

Ukuba besiya kubandakanya zonke iintlobo zezenzo ezingekho bundlobongela, ezifana nediplomacy, ulamlo, uthethathethwano, kunye nomthetho, kakhulu elide uluhlu inokwenzeka. Ukuba sinokubandakanya imikhankaso yobundlobongela obuxubeneyo kunye nokungabikho kobundlobongela sinokuba noluhlu olude kakhulu. Ukuba besiya kubandakanya amaphulo angenabugorha azuze impumelelo encinci okanye engekhoyo sinokuba noluhlu olude kakhulu.

Sigxile apha kwisenzo esithandwayo esithandwayo, ukhuselo loluntu olungaxhomekanga, ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela - kwaye kusetyenziswe ngempumelelo - endaweni yongquzulwano olunobundlobongela.

Asikhange sifune ukuhluza uluhlu ngexesha okanye ukulunga kwempumelelo okanye ukungabikho kweempembelelo ezimbi zangaphandle. Njengobundlobongela, isenzo esingenabundlobongela singasetyenziselwa izizathu ezilungileyo, ezimbi, okanye zokungakhathali, kwaye ngokubanzi indibaniselwano yezo. Inqaku apha kukuba isenzo esingenabugorha sikhona njengenye indlela yemfazwe. Ukhetho aluphelelanga “ekungenzini nto” okanye imfazwe.

Kambe ke, le nyaniso ayisixeleli ukuba ubani umele enze ntoni na kuyo nayiphi na imeko; isixelela ukuba naluphi na uluntu olukhululekile ukuba luzame.

Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba kukangaphi na ubukho besenzo esingenabundlobongela njengento enokwenzeka bukhanyelwa ngokuthe ngqo, ubude bolu luhlu lungezantsi buyamangalisa. Mhlawumbi ukukhanyela kwemozulu kunye nezinye iindlela zokuchaswa kobungqina obuchasene nesayensi kufuneka kudityaniswe nokukhanyela okungahambi kakuhle, njengoko oku kugqibela ngokucacileyo kuyintlekele.

Ewe, isibakala sokuba kusoloko kukho ezinye iindlela zokulwa imfazwe nokuba sele iqalile imfazwe ayisosizathu sokungadali uhlobo lwehlabathi apho iimfazwe zingadalwanga, kwaye akukho sizathu sokungasebenzeli ukuthintela iimfazwe ezicwangciswa ngabanye kunye namaqhinga. ukudala ixesha elide phambi kokuba bafikelele kwinqanaba lempixano yokwenyani.

● 2022 Ukungabi nabundlobongela e-Ukraine kuthintele iitanki, amajoni athethe ukuba aphume ekulweni, akhuphe amajoni kwiindawo. Abantu batshintsha iimpawu zendlela, baxhoma iibhodi zezaziso, bema phambi kwezithuthi, kwaye banconywa ngendlela engaqhelekanga nguMongameli wase-US kwintetho yeState of the Union. Ingxelo malunga nala manyathelo Apha kwaye Apha.

● Ngo-2020 e-Colombia, uluntu lubanga umhlaba walo kwaye ubukhulu becala luzisusile emfazweni. 'Yabona Apha, Apha, yaye Apha.

● Ngowama-2020 eMexico, uluntu luye lwenjenjalo. 'Yabona Apha, Apha, yaye Apha.

● Ngo-2020 eKhanada, abantu bomthonyama basebenzise isenzo esingenabundlobongela ukuthintela ukufakwa okuxhobileyo kwemibhobho kwimihlaba yabo.

● Ngo-2020, 2009, 1991, iintshukumo ezingezizo ezomkhosi zithintele ukwenziwa kwendawo yoqeqesho lomkhosi we-NATO eMontenegro, kwaye zasusa iziseko zomkhosi zase-US e-Ecuador nasePhilippines.

● 2018 Armenians uqhanqalazo ngempumelelo ngokurhoxa kwiNkulumbuso uSerzh Sargsyan.

● 2015 Guatemalans nyanzela Umongameli okhohlakeleyo makarhoxe.

● 2014-15 EBurkina Faso, abantu abangenalugonyamelo thintelwe ubhukuqo-mbuso. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiCandelo loku-1 le “Ukuchasa Ubhukuqo-mbuso” nguStephen Zunes.

● 2011 eYiputa Zisa phantsi ulawulo lobuzwilakhe Hosni Mubarak.

● Ngo-2010-11 abantu baseTunisia ku bhukuqa uzwilakhe kwaye bafuna uhlaziyo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho (Jasmine Revolution).

● 2011-12 Yemenis ukukhupha Ulawulo lweSaleh.

● 2011 Kwiminyaka emininzi, eyakhokelela kwi-2011, amaqela alwela amalungelo angenabundlobongela kwingingqi yaseBasque yaseSpain adlale indima ephambili ekupheliseni uhlaselo lwabanqolobi be-Basque separatists - ngokukodwa ngemfazwe yobunqolobi. Jonga "Intshukumo yoLuntu ngokuchasene nobunqolobi be-ETA kwiLizwe laseBasque" nguJavier Argomaniz, esiSahluko se-9 Isenzo soLuntu kunye neDynamics zoBundlobongela ihlelwe nguDeborah Avant et alia. Kusenokufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nge-11 kaMatshi ka-2004, iibhombu ze-Al Qaeda zabulala abantu abayi-191 eMadrid ngaphambi nje konyulo apho iqela elinye lalikhankasela ukuthatha inxaxheba kweSpain kwimfazwe eyayikhokelwa yi-US e-Iraq. Abantu baseSpain bavotelwe amaSoshiyali angena emandleni, kwaye ayisusa yonke imikhosi yaseSpain eIraq ngoMeyi. Zazingasekho iibhombu zabanqolobi bamanye amazwe eSpeyin. Le mbali ihluke kakhulu kuleyo yaseBritani, e-United States, kunye nezinye izizwe eziye zasabela kwi-blowback ngemfazwe eyongezelelekileyo, ngokubanzi zivelisa i-blowback engakumbi.

● Ngowama-2011 abantu baseSenegal baphumelele mbhikisho isindululo sotshintsho kuMgaqo-siseko.

● 2011 Maldivians imfuneko ukurhoxa kukamongameli.

● I-2010s Nonviolence iphelile imisebenzi yeedolophu zaseDonbass phakathi kwe-2014 kunye ne-2022.

● Ngowama-2008 e-Ecuador, abantu basekuhlaleni baye basebenzisa iindlela zokunganyangeki nonxibelelwano ukuze bayeke ukuhlutha umhlaba ngezixhobo yinkampani yemigodi, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso. Phantsi Komhlaba Otyebileyo.

● I-2007 Ukuchasana nokungabikho kobundlobongela eNtshona Sahara kuye kwanyanzela iMorocco ukuba inike isiphakamiso sokuzimela.

● 2006 Thais ku bhukuqa Inkulumbuso uThaksin.

● Ngo-2006 ugwayimbo lwaseNepal imicu amandla okumkani.

● Ngowama-2005 ELebhanon, iminyaka engama-30 yolawulo lwamaSiriya yapheliswa ngenxa yoqhankqalazo olungenalugonyamelo ngowama-2005.

● Abantu base-Ecuador bowama-2005 ukukhupha UMongameli Gutiérrez.

● 2005 abemi baseKyrgyz ku bhukuqa Umongameli uAyakev (Tulip Revolution).

● 2003 Umzekelo ovela eLiberia: Ifilimu: Thandaza uMtyholi abuyele esihogweni. Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseLiberia ye-1999-2003 yayi iphele ngesenzo esingenabundlobongela, kuquka uqhankqalazo lokwabelana ngesondo, ukuphembelela iingxoxo zoxolo, kunye nokwenziwa kwetyathanga labantu elijikeleze ezo ntetho de zigqitywe.

● AmaGeorgia owama-2003 ku bhukuqa uzwilakhe (Rose Revolution).

● Ugwayimbo lwaseMadagascar lowama-2002 gxotha umlawuli ongekho mthethweni.

● I-1987-2002 i-East Timorese ama-activists akhankasela ukuzimela ukusuka eIndonesia.

● Ngo-2001 iphulo elithi “People Power Two” gxotha Umongameli wasePhilippines u-Estrada ekuqaleni kuka-2001. imvelaphi.

● 2000s: iinzame zoluntu eBudrus ukuxhathisa ukwakhiwa komqobo wokwahlula kwaSirayeli kwi-West Bank ngokusebenzisa imihlaba yabo. Jonga ifilimu Budrus.

● 2000 iphulo Peruvians ukuba ku bhukuqa Uzwilakhe uAlberto Fujimori.

● 1999 waseSurinamese mbhikisho ngokuchasene nomongameli udala unyulo olumgxothayo.

● Abemi baseIndonesia bowe-1998 ku bhukuqa UMongameli Suharto.

● 1997-98 abemi baseSierra Leone ukulwela idemokrasi.

● Ngowe-1997 aBagcini Boxolo baseNew Zealand ababephethe iziginkci endaweni yemipu baphumelela apho abagcini boxolo abaxhobileyo baye basilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuphelisa imfazwe eBougainville, njengoko kubonisiwe kwifilimu. Amajoni angenayo imipu.

● 1992-93 abantu baseMalawi Zisa phantsi Uzwilakhe oneminyaka engama-30.

● Ngowe-1992 eThailand umbutho ongenabundlobongela azange ubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiCandelo 1 le “Ukuchasa Ubhukuqo-mbuso” nguStephen Zunes.

● Abantu baseBrazil bowe-1992 gxotha ngaphandle Umongameli okhohlakeleyo.

● Abemi baseMadagascar ngowe-1992 win unyulo olukhululekileyo.

● Ngowe-1991 eSoviet Union ngowe-1991, uGorbachev wabanjwa, iitanki zathunyelwa kwizixeko ezikhulu, avalwa amajelo eendaba, noqhankqalazo lwavalwa. Kodwa uqhanqalazo olungenabundlobongela lwaluphelisa ubhukuqo-mbuso ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiCandelo 1 le “Ukuchasa Ubhukuqo-mbuso” nguStephen Zunes.

● 1991 Malians koyisa zwilakhe, zuza unyulo olukhululekileyo (iRevolution kaMatshi).

● Abafundi baseUkraine be-1990 ukuphelisa ngokungenabundlobongela Ulawulo lweSoviet eUkraine.

● 1989-90 abantu baseMongolia win idemokhrasi yamaqela amaninzi.

● 2000 (kunye noo-1990) Ukubhukuqwa eSerbia ngeminyaka yee-1990. AmaSerbia ku bhukuqa Milosevic (Bulldozer Revolution).

● Abemi baseCzechoslovakia ngowe-1989 iphulo ngempumelelo kwidemokhrasi (Velvet Revolution).

● 1988-89 Solidarność (Solidarity) yehlisa urhulumente wamakomanisi ePoland.

● 1983-88 abantu baseChile ku bhukuqa Ulawulo lwePinochet.

● Abantu baseBangladesh ngowe-1987-90 Zisa phantsi Ulawulo luka-Ershad.

● Ngowe-1987 Kwi-intifada yokuqala yasePalestina ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980 ukuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, uninzi lwabantu ababecinezelekile baba ngamaqumrhu azilawulayo ngenxa yentsebenziswano engenabundlobongela. Kwincwadi kaRashid Khalidi Imfazwe Yeminyaka Elikhulu ePalestine, uthi le nzame engalungelelananga, ezenzekelayo, ephantsi, kwaye ubukhulu becala ingenalo ubundlobongela yenza okulungileyo kunokuba i-PLO yenze amashumi eminyaka, ukuba idibanise intshukumo yokuchasana kunye nokutshintsha kwembono yehlabathi, nangona kukho ukhetho, ukuchaswa kunye nokulahlwa yi-PLO engaboniyo. kwimfuno yokuphembelela uluvo lwehlabathi kunye nokungaqondi ngokupheleleyo malunga nesidingo sokusebenzisa uxinzelelo ku-Israel kunye ne-United States. Oku kuchasene kakhulu nobundlobongela kunye neziphumo ezichasene ne-Intifada yesiBini kwi-2000, ngokombono kaKhalidi nabanye abaninzi.

● 1987-91 Lithuwaniya, Lathviya, yaye Estoniya bazikhulula kulawulo lweSoviet ngokuxhathisa ngokungekho bundlobongela ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-USSR. Jonga ifilimu Ukucula Revolution.

● Ngowe-1987 abantu baseArgentina baluthintela ngokungenagonyamelo ubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiCandelo loku-1 le “Ukuchasa Ubhukuqo-mbuso” nguStephen Zunes.

● 1986-87 abemi baseMzantsi Korea win iphulo elikhulu ledemokhrasi.

● 1983-86 IiPhilippines intlangano “yegunya labantu” yehliswa ubuzwilakhe obucinezelayo bukaMarcos. imvelaphi.

● Ngowe-1986-94 amatshantliziyo aseUnited States akuchasa ukufuduswa ngenkani kwabantu abangamaNavajo abangaphezu kwe-10,000 XNUMX abahlala kuMntla-mpuma weArizona, besebenzisa iMidizo yokuBulawa Kohlanga, apho bathi mabatshutshiswe bonke abo babekek’ ityala ngokufuduswa kwabantu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulala.

● Abafundi baseSudan be-1985, abasebenzi Zisa phantsi Ubuzwilakhe beNumeiri.

● Ugwayimbo lwabemi baseUruguay ngowe-1984 eziphelweni urhulumente womkhosi.

● Ngeminyaka yee-1980 EMzantsi Afrika, izenzo zokungabikho kogonyamelo zaba nendima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni ucalucalulo.

● 1977-83 EArgentina, Oomama bePlaza de Mayo iphulo ngempumelelo kwidemokhrasi kunye nokubuya kwamalungu osapho "alahlekileyo".

● 1977-79 E-Iran, abantu ubhukuqe uShah.

● Ngowe-1978-82 EBolivia, abantu babengenalugonyamelo Thintela ubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiCandelo 1 le “Ukuchasa Ubhukuqo-mbuso” nguStephen Zunes.

● Abafundi baseThailand be-1973 ku bhukuqa yomkhosi Thanom ulawulo.

● 1970-71 abasebenzi basePoland bakwindawo yeenqanawa qalisa ukubhukuqa.

● Ngowe-1968-69 abafundi basePakistan, abasebenzi nabalimi Zisa phantsi uzwilakhe.

● Ngowe-1968 Xa umkhosi waseSoviet wahlasela iCzechoslovakia ngowe-1968, kwabakho uqhankqalazo, ugwayimbo, ukwala ukusebenzisana, ukususwa kwemiqondiso yasesitratweni, ukucenga amajoni. Nangona iinkokeli ezingaqondiyo ziye zavuma, ukuthathwa kolawulo kwacotha, kwaye ukuthembeka kweQela lamaKomanisi eSoviet konakala. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiSahluko 1 seGene Sharp, Ukhuselo Olusekelwe kuLuntu.

● 1959-60 Japanese mbhikisho Isivumelwano sokhuseleko kunye ne-US kunye neNkulumbuso engahlali phantsi.

● Abemi baseKholombiya bowe-1957 ku bhukuqa uzwilakhe.

● 1944-64 abemi baseZambia iphulo ngempumelelo yenkululeko.

● 1962 abemi baseAlgeria ngenelela ngokungenabundlobongela ukuthintela imfazwe yamakhaya.

● Ngowe-1961 eAlgeria ngowe-1961, iinjengele ezine zaseFransi zabhukuqa. Ukuchasana nokungabikho kobundlobongela kuye kwayisusa ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiSahluko 1 seGene Sharp, Ukhuselo Olusekelwe kuLuntu. Kwakhona Jonga i-akhawunti kwiCandelo loku-1 le “Ukuchasa Ubhukuqo-mbuso” nguStephen Zunes.

● Abafundi baseMzantsi Korea be-1960 nyanzela uzwilakhe ukuba arhoxe, unyulo olutsha.

● 1959-60 baseCongo win ukuzimela geqe kuBukhosi baseBelgium.

● 1947 iinzame zikaGandhi ukususela ngowe-1930 ukuya phambili zaba ngundoqo ekususeni iBritani eIndiya.

● 1947 Abemi baseMysore winile ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwiIndiya esandula ukuzimela.

● 1946 abemi baseHaiti ku bhukuqa uzwilakhe.

● Ngowe-1944 oozwilakhe ababini bakuMbindi Merika, uMaximiliano Hernandez Martinez (El Salvado ) kunye noJorge Ubico (Guatemale), bagxothwa ngenxa yemvukelo yabantu abangenalugonyamelo. imvelaphi. Ukubhukuqwa kolawulo lomkhosi e-El Salvador ngowe-1944 kubaliswa kwakhona Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi.

● Abantu base-Ecuador bowama-1944 ku bhukuqa uzwilakhe.

● Ngeminyaka yee-1940 Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yolawulo lwamaJamani eDenmark naseNorway ebudeni beWWII, amaNazi ayengasenakulawula abemi.

● Ngowe-1940-45 Isenzo esingenagonyamelo sokusindisa amaYuda ekuBulaweni Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo eBerlin, eBulgaria, eDenmark, eLe Chambon, eFransi nakwezinye iindawo. imvelaphi.

● Ngowe-1933-45 Ukutyhubela IMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwakukho uthotho lwamaqela amancinane awayedla ngokukwanti awayesebenzisa iindlela zokungabonisi gonyamelo nxamnye namaNazi. La maqela aquka iWhite Rose kunye neRosenstrasse Resistance. imvelaphi.

● 1935 Cubans ugwayimbo jikelele ukuya ku bhukuqa umongameli.

● 1933 Cubans ugwayimbo jikelele ukuya ku bhukuqa umongameli.

● Abemi baseChile ngowe-1931 ku bhukuqa uzwilakhe uCarlos Ibañez del Campo.

● Ngowe-1923 Xa imikhosi yaseFransi neyaseBelgium yathimba iRuhr ngowe-1923, urhulumente waseJamani wabongoza abemi balapho ukuba baxhathise ngaphandle kogonyamelo. Abantu ngokungenabundlobongela bajika iimbono zoluntu eBritane, e-US, naseBelgium naseFransi, bexhasa amaJamani. Ngesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, imikhosi yaseFransi yarhoxiswa. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiSahluko 1 seGene Sharp, Ukhuselo Olusekelwe kuLuntu.

● Ngowe-1920 eJamani ngowe-1920, ubhukuqo-mbuso lwambhukuqa lwaza lwamgxotha urhulumente, kodwa ekuphumeni kwalo urhulumente wabiza ugwayimbo. Ubhukuqo-mbuso lwapheliswa ngeentsuku ezintlanu. Jonga i-akhawunti kwiSahluko 1 seGene Sharp, Ukhuselo Olusekelwe kuLuntu.

● Ngowe-1917 IMvukelo YaseRashiya kaFebruwari 1917, phezu kwako nje ugonyamelo olulinganiselweyo, nayo yayingenalugonyamelo ubukhulu becala yaye yakhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwenkqubo yolawulo lwabalawuli.

● Ngowe-1905-1906 ERashiya, amahlwempu, abasebenzi, abafundi nezikrelemnqa zazibandakanyeke kugwayimbo olukhulu nezinye iindlela zokungabi nalugonyamelo, nto leyo eyayinyanzelela uMlawuli ukuba akwamkele ukusekwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho enyuliweyo. imvelaphi. Bona kwakho Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi.

● 1879-1898 isiMaori ukuxhathisa ngokungenabundlobongela I-colonialism yase-Bhritane yabaphambukeli ngempumelelo encinci kodwa ikhuthaza abanye kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.

● Ngowe-1850-1867 Abalandeli besizwe baseHungary, ababekhokelwa nguFrancis Deak, baluchasa ngokungenagonyamelo ulawulo lwaseOstriya, ekugqibeleni baphinda bazilawula eHungary njengenxalenye yomanyano lwaseAustria-Hungary. imvelaphi.

● 1765-1775 Amakholoni aseMerika aqhuba amaphulo amathathu amakhulu okuchasa ngokungenabundlobongela ngokuchasene nolawulo lwaseBritani (nxamnye neMithetho yeSitampu ye-1765, i-Townsend Acts of 1767, kunye ne-Coercive Acts ka-1774) eyakhokelela kwinkululeko ye-facto kwiikoloni ezisithoba ngo-1775. imvelaphi. Bona kwakhona Apha.

● Ngowama-494 BCE ERoma, amanxusa, kunokuba abe ngabameli bokubulala ngenjongo yokulungisa izikhalazo, wahamba ukusuka esixekweni ukuya endulini (kamva eyabizwa ngokuba “yiNtaba Engcwele”). Bahlala apho iintsuku ezithile, besala ukwenza iminikelo yabo yesiqhelo kubomi besixeko. Kwaye kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano esithembisa uphuculo olubonakalayo kubomi babo nakwimo yabo. Bona iGene Sharp (1996) “Ngaphaya kwemfazwe nje noxolo: umzabalazo ongenalugonyamelo osingise kokusesikweni, inkululeko noxolo.” Uphononongo lweEcumenical (Umqulu 48, ukukhutshwa kwe-2).