Usuku lwePearl Harbor namhlanje lufana neColumbus Day iminyaka eyi-50 edlulileyo. Oko kukuthi: abaninzi abantu basakholelwa ukuhlaselwa. Iingcamango zihlala zigcinwa kwiimeko zabo ezingenakunxulunyaniswa. "Iiflebhu ezintsha zePearl" zifunwa ngabantu abenza imfazwe, bathiwa, kwaye baxhaphazwa. Nangona kunjalo i-Pearl Harbour yasekuqaleni ihlala ingxowankulu eyaziwayo e-United States yezinto zonke zempi, kuquka ukulungiswa kwexesha elide laseJapan - kungabikho ukukhankanywa kwe-WWII yamaJapan aseMerika njengomzekelo wokujolisa amanye amaqela namhlanje. Amakholwa ePearl Harbour acingisisa ngemicimbi yabo engqungquthela, ngokuchaseneyo nanamhlanje, unobungqina obuninzi base-US, ubundlobongela obuqhelekileyo, ukuchasana okulungileyo nokubi, kunye nesimo esiphezulu sokwenza imfazwe.
Iinyani azixhasi imfundiso. Urhulumente waseUnited States akafunekanga enza IJapan umlingane omncinci kwimperiyali, akufuneki ukuba aqhube umkhosi weengalo, ayifuni inkxaso I-Nazism kunye ne-fascism (njengokuba ezinye zeenkampani ezinkulu zase-US zenza ngokufanelekileyo kwimfazwe), kwakungadingeki ukuba iqhube iJapan, ayifuni ukujoyina imfazwe e-Asia okanye eYurophu, kwaye ayizange imangaliswe ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor. Ukuxhaswa nganye kwezi nkcazo, qhubeka ufunda.
Kule veki ndinikela ubungqina kwi KwiNkundla yeAraq malunga neNgcaciso yoMgaqo weSitalato. E-US becinga ukuba ixesha lika-2003-2008 lemfazwe edlulileyo e-Iraq ngandlel 'ithile iyimbi kuneMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Kodwa xa kufikwa kubuxoki, izigqibo ezimbi, kunye namanqanaba okufa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa, akukho nto ithelekiswayo: Imfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yeHlabathi ime ngaphandle kokucelwa umngeni njengeyona nto imbi ebantwini ngokubanzi kwaye urhulumente wase-US ngakumbi (kunye nabanye oorhulumente) yenziwe. Kukho ukufana ukuya kwiiNgcaciso zeZitrato eziCothayo.
Ngo-Agasti 18, i-1941, uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill wadibana nekhabhinethi yakhe kwi-10 Downing Street. Intlanganiso yayifana nokufana noJulayi 23, i-2002, intlanganiso kwidilesi enye, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Downing Street Minutes. Zintlanganiso zombini zityhila iimfihlo ze-US zokuya kwimfazwe. Kwintlanganiso ye-1941, uChurchill watshela iikhabhinethi yakhe, ngokwemizuzu: "UMongameli wayethe uya kulwa kodwa akayi kuchaza." Ngaphezu koko, "Yonke into yayingenziwa ukunyanzelisa isiganeko."
Enyanisweni, yonke into yenziwe ukunyanzelisa isiganeko, kwaye eso siganeko yayiyiPearl Harbor.
Imemori ezayo
Ngomhla we-Meyi 2005 nabanye abahlobo kunye ndiqalise EmvaDowningStreet.org (ngoku kuthiwa ImfazweIiCrime.org) ukukhuthaza ulwazi malunga Minutes Street Street okanye i-Downing Street Memo kunye namaxwebhu anxulumene.
Le yayisiyimpawu ebalulekileyo ekhutshwe ngomzuzwana xa ingaba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo.
Njengayo yonke imfazwe eyakha yasungulwa nangubani na ngaphambili okanye ukusukela (ubuncinci kude kube lixesha lokuphambuka elubala "bebe ioyile yabo" kwaye "babulale iintsapho zabo"), inqanaba lika-2003 kwimfazwe yase-Iraq lalisungulwe ngesiseko sobuxoki kwaye bekukho kwaye kusaqhubekeka ngesiseko sobunye ubuxoki.
Akufanele sifune naluphi na ubungqina. Akukho mthethweni ukuhlasela elinye ilizwe phantsi kwe-Charter ye-UN kunye ne-Kellogg Briand Pact (kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo phantsi kwe-Hague Convention ye-1899). Kwaye kule meko, njengase-Afghanistan iminyaka emibini ngaphambili, i-UN yayibambelele imfazwe. Ukuqalisa imfazwe engekho mthethweni kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezinokuthi zihlaselwe luhlanga kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba luphi ulwaphulo mthetho olu luhlanga. Ukuqalisa ukuhlaselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwintlanga ngokubhekiseleleko kunye nokwesaba kubo akungekho mthethweni nangokuqondwa kwamagqwetha abangayibaphulaphula umthetho wokulwa nomthetho. Ukuziphatha ngokukodwa yinto eyona nto ibona yenzeke. Ngokuqhelekileyo akakaze asebenze.
Nokuba samkele ukuba izixhobo e-Iraq okanye e-Iraq zingaxhasa imfazwe, ubungqina bucacile ukuba obu bubuxoki. Urhulumente wase-Iraq wayechasene neqela ekwakusithiwa usebenzisana nalo. Ngo-1995 umkhwenyana kaSaddam Hussein wayexelele i-US ne-Bhritane ukuba zonke izixhobo zebhayoloji, imichiza, imijukujelwa kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya zitshatyalalisiwe phantsi kweliso lakhe ngqo. Emva kokuba abahloli be-UN bemkile e-Iraq e-1998, umhloli okhokelayo uthe bazokufikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo. Ngo-1999 kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuqala eNew Hampshire, uBush wathi uzakukhupha uSaddam Hussein. "Ndiyamangaliswa ukuba usekhona," utshilo. Ngo-2001, uCondoleezza Rice, uColin Powell, kunye nabanye kuLawulo lwe-Bush babexelela amajelo eendaba ukuba uSaddam Hussein wayengenazixhobo. Batshintshe ngokucacileyo izimvo zabo ngomyalelo.
Ke, ukuphuma kweMizuzu ye-Downing Street ngoMeyi 1, 2005, sayitsibela, kungengolwazi olutsha kodwa njengobungqina esinokubusebenzisa, ukucenga abanye nokwenza ityala enkundleni okanye kwiCongress. Le yayiyimizuzu yentlanganiso kwi-ofisi yeNkulumbuso u-Tony Blair ngoJulayi 23, 2002, apho intloko yakhe ebizwa ngokuba yingqondi, isandula ukubuya eWashington, yabika (njengoko kushwankathelwe kwimizuzu):
"Umsebenzi wezomkhosi ngoku wawubonwa ungenakuphepheka. UBush wayefuna ukususa uSaddam, ngokuthatha amanyathelo omkhosi, ulungisiwe ngokudibana kobunqolobi kunye ne-WMD. Kodwa ezobuntlola kunye nenyani bezilungiswa kumgaqo-nkqubo. ”
Kwaye ke babenjalo, njengoko kubhaliwe kwiinkcukacha ezibanzi. Abacebi bemfazwe e-White House kunye nabasebenzisana nabo benza amaxwebhu, bacela amabango afunwayo enqatshelwe ziingcali zabo, bathembela kumangqina angenakuthenjwa, banika ubungqina obungeyonyani bokunyanzelisa ababizwa ngokuba ziintatheli, kwaye batyhola iingxelo ezinqwenelekayo kumaxhoba abawabambayo. U-Bush waqamba amacebo e-harebrained ukuba aqalise imfazwe awathi esidlangalaleni wayezama ukuyiphepha. Jonga, umzekelo, ifayile ye- IMemo yeNdlu yeMhlophe.
Kodwa ke inyani yokuba i-Bhritane yayixelelwe ukuba imfazwe ayinakuphepheka ngoJulayi 23, 2002, bekufanele ukuba yayilibali elikhulu ngoMeyi ka-2005. Sisebenze nzima ukuyenza loo nto, sinyanzelisa amajelo eendaba anganyangekiyo esithi angakwazi 'Qinisekisa imemo ebichanekile kwaye ingenakuphikiswa, okanye uphikisa ukuba oko ikutyhilileyo "ziindaba ezindala," nangona ibintsha kraca kuye nabani na owaziswe ngala masiko eendaba.
Senze iindaba ezinkulu ngeembambano zomphakathi, ukulandelelanisa kwiindawo zokubakho ezithengiswayo, izikhukula zeencwadi eziya kubahleli, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokwenza izinto. Kodwa sazuza. Iidemokhrasi kwiNgqungquthela yayingumncinci kwaye abaninzi babo babethi babeza kuthatha inyathelo ukuphelisa imfazwe xa kunikwa uninzi. Amalungu eNgqungquthela abalulekileyo axhasa zethu iinzame. Ndiyakholwa ukuba saphendulela amaninzi amabango abo okukhuthaza ekukhohliseni kunokunyuka nokunyusa ukuhamba kwethu ngoJanuwari 2007.
Xa uDiane Sawyer wabuza uBush ukuba kwakutheni ukuze enze amabango malunga nezixhobo ekuthiwa zizixhobo zokutshabalalisa e-Iraq, waphendula wathi: “Uyintoni umahluko?
Mhlawumbi kuncinci kakhulu ngoku, njengoko besineminyaka esibhozo nomongameli oqala iimfazwe ngaphandle kokukhathaza ukuxoka kwiCongress. Okanye mhlawumbi kakhulu ngoku, njengoko sabonisa amandla ethu okumelana nobuxoki malunga neSyria kwi-2013 njengeminyaka elishumi yokulwa ngokuchasene nemfazwe e-Iraq ixhasa iCongress kude nokuxhasa imfazwe entsha.
Kuya kufuneka impendulo siyenze. Kuya kufuneka silibalise ngokufanelekileyo ibali, njengoko isiqingatha se-United States singayazi. Obu buxoki bukhulu ngoku, obukholelwa ngabantu abaninzi baseMelika, kukuba i-Iraq yaxhamla kwaye i-US yabandezeleka (elo candelo lesibini liyinyani) kwimfazwe eyatshabalalisa i-Iraq.
Ukulungiswa kweenkolelo ezingamanga ndingenise ubungqina kwiphepha endiyibhale iminyaka emithathu edlulileyo Imfazwe yase-Iraq phakathi kwezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu kwihlabathi.
Uloyiko lwam olukhulu kukuba iimfazwe zedrone kunye neemfazwe ezizimeleyo kunye neemfazwe eziyimfihlo ziya kuqhubeka ukumiliselwa ngaphandle kokukhokelwa yimikhankaso yoluntu yokuxoka. Okona kubi: iimfazwe ziya kuqaliswa ngesibhengezo esinyanisekileyo sokuba ioyile yomntu kufuneka ibiwe okanye abanye abantu kufuneka baxhelwe- kwaye asizukumelana okanye siphumelele ekumiseni olu lwaphulo-mthetho. Esinye sezixhobo ezilungileyo esinazo kulo mzabalazo kukwazisa bonke ubuxoki obusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa yonke imfazwe eyadlulayo. Kuya kufuneka sonyuse olo lwazi ngalo lonke ithuba.
Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kufuneka siqhekeze iintlekele zePearl Harbor.
Ukungabonakali
Abantu abaninzi baseJapan banakho ukubuqonda ubundlobongela bakarhulumente, ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphambi nasemva kwePearl Harbour, kunye nolwaphulo mthetho lwePearl Harbour. I-United States iphantse yangaboni kakuhle ngendima yayo. Ukusuka kwicala laseMelika, iPearl Harbour yayineengcambu eJamani.
IJamani yamaNazi, sithanda ukungazihoyi ngamanye amaxesha, ngekhe ibekhona okanye ilwe imfazwe ngaphandle kwenkxaso kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye iqhubeka ngemfazwe yeenkampani zase-US ezinje ngeGM, iFord, IBM, kunye ne-ITT. Imidla yaseMelika ikhethe amaJamani amaNazi kunamaKomanisi eSoviet Union, bonwabile kukubona ezo zizwe zimbini zixhelana, zaza zathanda iMelika ukuba ingene kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi eyayisaziwa kakhulu-kwaye-iyimfuneko kwicala laseNgilani kuphela. nje ukuba urhulumente wase-US ayenze loo nto ibe nengeniso kakhulu. I-US yalibazisa iD-Day kangangeminyaka ngelixa iJamani yopha iRussia yomile, kwaye kungaphelanga neeyure ezininzi emva kokoyiswa kweJamani, uChurchill wacebisa ngemfazwe entsha eRussia esebenzisa imikhosi yaseJamani.
Ithemba likaChurchill elinamandla iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-US ingene emfazweni kukuba iJapan yayihlasela i-United States. Oku kuyakuvumela i-United States (hayi ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kwezopolitiko) ukuba ingene ngokupheleleyo kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) ye-Yurophu, njengoko umongameli wayo wayefuna ukwenza, ngokuchasene nokubonelela ngezixhobo kunye nokuncedisa ekujoliseni koomatiloshe njengoko ibisenza njalo.
NgoDisemba 7, 1941, uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wenza isimemezelo semfazwe eJapan naseJamani, kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba ayizukusebenza kwaye yahamba neJapan yodwa. IJamani yakhawuleza yabhengeza imfazwe e-United States, mhlawumbi ngethemba lokuba i-Japan izakubhengeza imfazwe kwi-Soviet Union.
Ukungena kwimfazwe kwakungeyona ingcinga entsha kwiRosevelt White House. I-FDR yayizame ukulala ebantwini base-US malunga neenqwelo zase-US kubandakanywa Greerkwaye i Kerny, eyayikunceda iinqwelo zaseBrithani zilandele i-German submarines, kodwa yiyiphi iRovelvelt eyenza ngathi yayihlaselwa ngokungasesikweni. URovelvelt waqamba amanga ukuba wayephethe iplani yeNazi eyimfihlelo yokunqoba iNingizimu Melika, kunye nesicwangciso seNazi esifihlakeleyo sokutshintsha zonke iinkonzo ngeNazism. Imephu yayiyimpawu zobungqina bokuba uKarl Rove "ubungqina" ukuba i-Iraq yayithenga i-uranium eNiger.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseUnited States abazange bathenge ingcamango yokuya kwenye imfazwe kude kube yiPearl Harbor, apho iRovelvelt yayisisungule isiqulunqo, senze i-National Guard, yenza i-Navy enkulu emanzini amabini. eNgilani ngokutshintshiselana nokuqeshiswa kweziseko zayo kwiCaribbean naseBermuda, kwaye - nje iintsuku ezingama-11 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa "okungalindelekanga," kunye neentsuku ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuba i-FDR ilindeleke - wayibeke ngasese indalo (ngu-Henry Field) kwoluhlu wonke umntu waseJapan noJapan waseMerika eUnited States.
Ngo-Apreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala umyalelo wecala kwikhabhinethi yakhe yemfazwe:
"Kungathathwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukungena kweJapan kwimfazwe kuya kulandelwa ngokungena kwangoku e-United States ecaleni lethu."
NgoMeyi 11, i-1941, uRobert Menzies, unkulumbuso we-Australia, wadibana noRoosevelt waza wamfumana "unomona omncinane" wendawo kaChurchill phakathi kwezemfazwe. Ngoxa ikhabhinethi yaseRoosevelt yayifuna ukuba iUnited States ingene kwimfazwe, uMenzies wathola ukuba uRoosevelt,
”. . . oqeqeshwe phantsi kukaWoodrow Wilson kwimfazwe yokugqibela, ulindele isiganeko, esiya kuthi ngephanyazo sibangele i-USA iye emfazweni ize ikhuphe uR. kwizithembiso zakhe zobudenge zonyulo zokuba 'ndiza kukugcina emfazweni.' ”
Ngomhla ka-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wayephethe intlanganiso kunye nekhabhinethi yakhe kwi-10 Downing Street.
Kwenzeke isiganeko.
IJapan ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeke ihlasele ukuhlasela abanye kwaye yayixakeke ekudaleni umbuso waseAsia. Kwaye iUnited States neJapan ngokuqinisekileyo yayingahlali kumhlobo ohambelanayo. Kodwa yintoni ebenokubangela ukuba amaJapan ahlasele?
Xa uMongameli uFranlin Roosevelt watyelela iPearl Harbor ngoJulayi 28, i-1934, iminyaka eyisixhenxe ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan, umkhosi waseJapan wabonisa ukhathazeka. Ngokubanzi Kunishiga Tanaka wabhala kule Umkhangisi waseJapan, ukuchasana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMerika kunye nokudalwa kweziseko ezongezelelweyo e-Alaska naseAleutian Islands:
Ukuziphatha okunjalo okuhlambalazayo kusenza sikhankanywe. Kusenza sicinge ukuba ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngenjongo ePacific. Kuzisola kakhulu. "
Ingaba ngokuqinisekileyo wayezisola okanye akunjalo umbuzo ohlukeneyo nokuba ngaba le nto yayiyimpendulo eqhelekileyo neyengqiqweni ekunyuseni kwezempi, nangona xa kwenziwa egameni elithi "ukukhusela." Into engaphelelekanga (njengokuba siza kubiza namhlanje) umlobi weendaba uGeorge Seldes krokra. Ngo-Oktobha 1934 wabhala kuyo Umagazini kaHarper: "Yiyo i-axiom ukuba iintlanga azikhange imfazwe kodwa imfazwe." USeldes wabuza igosa e-Navy League:
"Ngaba uyamkela i-axiom yeenqanawa ozilungiselelayo ukulwa ne-navy ethile?"
Indoda yaphendula yathi "Ewe."
"Ngaba ucinga ngokulwa ne-British navy?"
"Akunjalo, hayi."
"Ngaba ucinga imfazwe neJapan?"
"Ewe."
Kwi-1935 i-Marine ye-US ehamba phambili kwimbali ngexesha layo, uBrigadier General Smedley D. Butler, epapashwe kwimpumelelo enkulu incwadi encinci ebizwa ngokuba Imfazwe yiRacket. Wabona ngokucacileyo oko kwakuza kwaye walumkisa isizwe:
"Ngeseshoni nganye yeCongress umbuzo wohlahlo lwabiwo lwezemikhosi luya phezulu. Ama-admirals ahleliyo angasamemeza athi 'Sifuna iimfazwe ezininzi ukulwa nalo hlanga okanye olo hlanga.' Oh hayi. Okokuqala, bazisa ukuba iMelika ixhatshazwa ngamandla amakhulu amakhulu. Phantse nawuphi na usuku, la ma-admirals aya kukuxelela, inqwelo enkulu yeli lizwi eliza kuthiwa liza kubetha ngokukhawuleza kwaye libhubhise abantu bethu be-125,000,000. Nje kanjalo. Emva koko baqala ukulila i-navy enkulu. Yantoni? Ukulwa notshaba? O wam, hayi. Oh hayi. Ngeenjongo zokukhusela kuphela. Emva koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, bavakalisa ukuhamba kwiPacific. Ukukhusela. Uh, hah.
"IPacific iyilwandle elikhulu. Sinommandla omkhulu kunxweme ePacific. Ngaba iindawo zokuhamba ziya kuba kude nommandla wonxweme, amabini amabini okanye amawaka eekhilomitha? Oh hayi. Ukuhamba kuya kuba ngamawaka amabini, ewe, mhlawumbi ngamashumi amathathu anamanci amawaka eekhilomitha, ukusuka kummandla wonxweme.
"Abantu baseJapan, abantu abazidlayo, baya kuvuyisa ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukubona i-United States iinqanawa ezikufuphi kakhulu kumanxweme aseNippon. Nangona kunjengeyokuba ngabahlali baseCalifornia babengaziqondi kakuhle, ngentshontshi yasekuseni, iinqanawa zaseJapan ezidlala kwimidlalo yemfazwe yaseLos Angeles. "
Ngo-Matshi i-1935, uRoosevelt wanika iWake Island kwi-US Navy wamnika iPam Am Airways imvume yokwakha i-Wake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abalawuli bezempi baseJapan babhengeza ukuba baphazamiseka kwaye bajonge le mijelo njengengozi. Kwakhona nabalandeli bezoxolo eMelika. Ngenyanga ezayo, uRoosevelt wayecebise imidlalo yemfazwe kunye nohambo olukufutshane neAleutian Islands kunye neMidway Island. Ngenyanga elandelayo, ababhikishi bezoxolo babehamba eNew York bexela ubuhlobo kunye neJapan. UNorman Thomas wabhala kwi1935:
"Umntu waseMars oye wabona indlela abantu abandezeleka ngayo kwimfazwe yokugqibela kunye nendlela abayilungiselela ngayo imfazwe eyalandelayo, eyazi ukuba iya kuba yimbi, iya kufika kwisigqibo sokuthi wayejonge abantu abanokukhosela kwindlala."
Umkhosi waselwandle wase-US uchithe iminyaka embalwa elandelayo esenza izicwangciso zokulwa neJapan, nge-8 ka-Matshi, 1939, inguqulelo yayo echaza "ngemfazwe ehlaselayo yexesha elide" eya kutshabalalisa umkhosi kunye nokuphazamisa ubomi bezoqoqosho eJapan. NgoJanuwari 1941, kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinanye ngaphambi kohlaselo, Umkhangisi waseJapan wabonisa ukuthukuthela kwayo phezu kwePearl Harbour kwi-editorial, kunye nommeli wase-US eJapan wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yedayari:
"Kukho intetho eninzi malunga nedolophu ukuya kwiphumo lokuba amaJapane, xa kwenzeka ikhefu kunye neUnited States, uceba ukuphuma konke ukuhlaselwa kwamangalisa kwiPearl Harbor. Kakade ndixelele urhulumente wam. "
NgoFebhuwari 5, i-1941, i-Admiral yangaphambili uRicmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise malunga nokuhlaselwa ngokumangalisa ePearl Harbour.
Ngaphambi kokuba i-1932 yaseUnited States beyathetha neChina malunga nokubonelela ngeenqwelo, ii-pilot, kunye nokuqeqesha imfazwe yaseJapan. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt wahlawulisa iChina iiligidi ezili-dollar zeemfazwe ukulwa neJapan, kwaye emva kokubonisana noBrithani, uNobhala waseMelika weNondyebo uHenry Morgenthau wenza izicwangciso zokuthumela ama-bombers aseShayina kunye nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ibhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolophu aseJapan. NgoDisemba i-21, i-1940, iiveki ezimbini zintloni zonyaka ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan kwiPearl Harbor, uMphathiswa wezeMali we-TV uSongong no-Colonel Claire Chennault, owayengumhlalaphantsi wase-US owayesebenza aseTshayina waza wababongoza ukuba basebenzise iMelika abaqhubi bebhola eBoby kusukela ubuncinci be-1937, badibana kwigumbi lokudlela likaHenry Morgenthau ukucwangcisa ukutshabalalisa umlilo eJapan. UMorgenthau uthe unokufumana amadoda akhululwe emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps ukuba amaShayina angabahlawula i-$ 1,000 ngenyanga. USoong wavuma.
NgoMeyi 24, 1941, i ENew York Times ingxelo malunga nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi baseShayina, kunye nokubonelelwa "kweendiza ezininzi kunye nokuqhuma kweebhomu" eChina nge-United States. "Ukubethelwa kwamabhomu aseJapan kulindelwe" funda intloko. NgoJulayi, iBhodi yamaQumrhu oLwandle-i-Joint Army-Navy avumile icebo elibizwa ngokuthi yiJB 355 kwisibhamu saseJapan. Inkampani yangaphambili yayiza kuthengisa iindiza ze-Amerika ukuba ziqhutywe ngamavolontiya aseMerika aqeqeshwe nguChennault kwaye ahlawulwe elinye iqela eliphambili. URovelvelt uvunyiwe, kunye neChina uchwepheshe waseLunch Lauchlin Currie, ngamazwi kaNicholson Baker, "wathinjwa uMadame Chaing Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi eyacela ukuba ikhethwe yiintlola zaseJapan. ileta:
"Ndiyonwabile kakhulu ukuba ndiyakwazi ukubika namhlanje uMongameli wathi i-bombers ibe ngamashumi mathandathu anesithandathu afikeleleke kwiChina kulo nyaka kunye namashumi mabini anesine okuza kuziswa ngokukhawuleza. Wavunyelwa kwakhona inkqubo yoqeqesho lomqhubi waseTshayina apha. Iinkcukacha ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Ngokuhle okuphuma entlizweni eshushu."
I-ambassador yase-United States yathi "kwimeko yokuphuka kunye ne-United States" amaJapane aya kubetha iBearl Harbor. Ndiyabuza ukuba le nto ifanelekile!
I-1st yase-American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-China Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers, yaqhubela phambili ngokuqashwa kunye nokuqeqesha ngokukhawuleza, yanikelwa iChina phambi kwePearl Harbor, kwaye yabona kuqala ukulwa ngoDisemba 20, 1941, iintsuku ezilishumi elinambini (ixesha langoku) emva kokuba amaJapan ahlasela iPearl Harbor.
NgoMeyi 31, i-1941, kwi-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikela ngelumkiso osisilumkiso: "Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezoqoqosho eJapan, ukuyeka ukuthunyelwa kweoli ngokukodwa, kwakuza kususa iJapan kwiingalo zeAxis. Imfazwe yoqoqosho iya kuba yintlupheko yemfazwe yempi yempi kunye nempi. "Into ebaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ekuxhaseni uxolo yindlela ephindwa ngayo ukuba ilungile.
NgoJulayi 24, i-1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, "Ukuba sasiyinqumbile ioli, [aseJapane] mhlawumbi yayiya kwiiNtshonalanga zaseDutch East ngonyaka odlulileyo, kwaye ubuya kuba nemfazwe. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwiinjongo zethu zobugovu malunga nokukhusela ukukhusela imfazwe ukususela kwiSouth Pacific. Ngoko umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wasemzini wawuzama ukumisa imfazwe ekuphumeni apho. "
Abathathi bamaphephandaba baqaphela ukuba uRoosevelt uthe "wayekho" kunokuba "nguwe." Ngomso olandelayo, uRovelvelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo ophazamisayo impahla yaseJapan. IUnited States neBrithani banqamle ioli kunye neensimbi zesebe eJapan. URadhabinod Pal, ummeli waseNdiya oye wakhonza kwi-tribal crime tribunal emva kwemfazwe, ebizwa ngokuba yimibhogo "esichengeni esicacileyo neyona nto ebangela ukuba iJapan ibe khona," yaye yagqiba iUnited States yayichukumise iJapan.
Ngo-Agasti 7th, ezine inyanga ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, Umkhangisi waseJapan Times Wabhala: "Okokuqala kwakukho ukudalwa kweSingapore, eyomelezwa kakhulu yimikhosi yaseBrithani kunye noBukumkani. Ukusuka kule ndawo, ivili elikhulu layakheka kwaye lidibaniswa neenqwelo zaseMerika ukwenza isandi esikhulu esahla kwindawo esezantsi nangasentshona ukusuka kwiiPhilippines ngeMalaya naseBurma, kunye nekhonkco ephukile kuphela kwi-peninsula yaseThailand. Ngoku kuhlongozwa ukuba kufake iincinci kwiindawo ezijikelezayo, eziya eRangoon. "
Omnye akanakunceda ukukhunjuzwa apha nguHillary Clinton izimvo kwiBhanman Sachs ibhanki. UClinton wathi uxelele isiTshayina ukuba iUnited States inokuthi ithathe umnikazi wePasifike yonke ngenxa yokuba "uyikhululile." Waqhubeka wathi kubatshilo ukuthi "Sifumene iJapan ngezulu." Yaye: " Sinobufakazi bokuthenga [iHawaii]. "
NgoSeptemba 1941 umshicileli waseJapan wachazela ukuba iUnited States iqalile ukuthumela ioli kwiJapan ekude ifike eRashiya. IJapan, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa ngokukhawuleza "kwimfazwe yezoqoqosho."
Yintoni i-United States enokuyithemba ukuyifumana ngokuthumela ioli kwixesha elidlulileyo kwisizwe ekudinga kakhulu?
Ngasekupheleni kukaOktobha, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower wayesebenza kuColonel William Donovan oye wahlola uRoosevelt. Umlambo uthetha nomntu waseManla ogama lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishoni yaseMaritime, owathi wayekulindele ukuba "IJaps iya kuthatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ndiphume." Xa uMower wathetha ngokumangaliswa, uJohnson waphendula wathi "Ngaba awuzange ukwazi iJapan iinqanawa ziye zafudukela empumalanga, mhlawumbi zihlasele iinqwelo zethu ePearl Harbor? "
NgoNovemba 3, i-1941, ummeli wase-United States uzame kwakhona ukuba athole into ethile ngurhaqa wegoki lakhe, ukuthumela i-telegram edeleyo kwiSebe le-State elixwayisa ukuba izigwebo zezoqoqosho zinganyanzelela iJapan ukuba zenze "i-hara-kiri kazwelonke." Wabhala: " Ukuxabana okuxhatshazwe neUnited States kunokufika ngokukhawuleza kwingozi. "
Kutheni ndihlala ndikhumbula isikhokelo somxholo osinikwe uMongameli George W. Bush ngaphambi kweSeptemba 11, 2001, ukuhlaselwa? "UBin Laden Uzimisele Ukubetha e-US" Kubonakala ukuba akekho eWashington wayefuna ukuyiva kwi1941 nokuba.
Ngomhla kaNovemba 15th, uMphathiswa oyiNtloko weBasebenzi uGeorge Marshall uxelele abezindaba malunga nento esingayikhumbuliyo ngokuthi "iSicwangciso seMarshall." Enyanisweni asiyikukhumbuli konke. UMarshall wathi, "Silungiselela imfazwe ecaphukisayo neJapan," kucela ukuba intatheli zihlale ziyimfihlelo, njengoko ndingazi ukuba babenomdla.
Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yokudibanisa ukuba wayedibene kwi-Oval Office kunye noMarshall, uMongameli uRoosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark kunye noNobhala welizwe uCordell Hull. URovelvelt wayebaxelele ukuba amaJapane aya kuhlasela kungekudala, mhlawumbi ngoMvulo ozayo. Kuye kwacaciswa kakuhle ukuba iUnited States yaphule iikhowudi zaseJapane kwaye uRovelvelt wayenokufikelela kuzo. Kwakungenxa yokunqumla umyalezo wekhowudi we-Purple uRovelvelt wayefumene izicwangciso zaseJamani zokuhlasela iRashiya. KwakuyiHull eyabamba iJapane iyancipha kumshicileli, okubangelwa ngoNovemba 30, 1941, isihloko esithi "iMeyi yaseJapan ibetha ngeveki."
Lo Mvulo ozayo wawuza kuba nguDisemba 1st, iintsuku ezintandathu phambi kokuhlaselwa kwenene. "Umbuzo," u-Stimson wabhala, "bekufuneka sibaqhube njani ekuqhubeni ukudubula kuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kithi. Kwakuyisiluleko esinzima. "Ngaba kunjalo? Impendulo enye ecacileyo yayikugcina i-Pearl Harbor kwaye igcine abaqhubi beemoto behleli apho ebumnyameni ngelixa bexhalabisa ngamaofisi e-Washington, DC Enyanisweni, eso siyisisombululo sahamba kunye namaqhawe ethu.
Ngomhla emva kokuhlaselwa, iCongress yavotela imfazwe. I-Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Umfazi wokuqala okhe wanyulwa kwiCongress, kwaye ngubani ovotelwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, wayemi yedwa echasayo iMfazwe Yehlabathi II (njengokuba iCongresswoman Barbara Lee [D., Calif] yedwa ukulwa ne-Afghanistan 60 iminyaka kamva).
Ngunyaka owodwa emva kokuvota, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, u-Rankin wongezelela ingxelo kwiCrowressional Record ekuchazeni inkcaso yakhe. Wachaza umsebenzi we-propagandist waseBrithani owayephikisana ne-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuzisa i-United States kwimfazwe. Wacacisa u-Henry Luce ubomi Ngo-Julayi 20, i-1942, "kwiiTshayina amaShayina awayebuyisele kuyo i-Pearl Harbor." Wazisa ubungqina bokuba kwiNgqungquthela yaseAtlantic ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, Roosevelt wayeqinisekisile uChurchill ukuba iUnited States yayiza kuzisa uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho ukuphatha eJapan. "Ndikhankanyile," u-Rankin kamva wabhala, "iSebe likaRhulumente kwiSebe likaDisemba i-20, i-1941, eyabonisa ukuba ngoSeptemba 3 unxibelelwano luye luthunyelwa eJapan ludinga ukuba lwamkele umgaqo 'wokungahambisani nendawo yePacific, 'oye wafuna ukuqinisekiswa kokungabikho kwemibuso emhlophe eMpuma. "
I-Rankin ifumene ukuba iBhodi yoKhuselo loQoqosho ifumene izigwebo zezoqoqosho ngaphantsi kweveki emva kweNkomfa ye-Atlantic. NgoDisemba 2, 1941, i ENew York Times Eqinisweni, iJapane "yayinqunywe kwi-75 yepesenti yayo yorhwebo ngokuqhelekileyo yi-Allied blockade." U-Rankin wachaza nenqaku likaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, NgeMigqibelo yoMgqibelo Oktobha 10, 1942, ukuba ngoNovemba 28, 1941, iintsuku ezisi-9 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, i-Vice Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Jr., (yena kwisiqubulo esithi "Bulala iJaps! Bulala iJaps!") wayinike imiyalelo kuye abanye "badonsa phantsi nantoni na esiyibonayo esibhakabhakeni size sibhome nantoni na esiyibonayo elwandle."
Jikelele uGeorge Marshall uvumelekile kwiCongress kwi-1945: ukuba iikhowudi ziye zaphulwa, ukuba iUnited States yaqalisa izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-Amamerika ezinyathelo elihlangeneyo malunga neJapane kwaye zisebenzise phambi kwePearl Harbor, kwaye ukuba iUnited States unikezelwa ngamagosa omkhosi wakhe eChina ngenjongo yokulwa phambi kwePearl Harbor. Ayikho imfihlo ukuba ithatha amagunya amabini eemfazwe ukulwa nemfazwe (ngokungafaniyo xa kulwa nomnye umkhosi wempuphu ungabandakanyekanga) okanye ukuba le meko yayingekho ngaphandle kwalo mgaqo.
Imemorandam ka-Oktobha ye-1940 nguLieutenant Commander u-Arthur H. McCollum wenziwa nguMongameli Roosevelt kunye nabaphathi bakhe abaziintloko. Yabiza ukuba iziganeko ezisibhozo uMcCollum ezithe zaza kubangela ukuba amaJapan ahlasele, kuquka ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kweziseko zaseBrithani eSingapore kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziseko zaseDutch kwizinto ezikhoyo ngoku i-Indonesia, ekuncedeni urhulumente waseTshayina, ukuthumela ukwahlula kwexesha elide abafudukayo baya ePhilippines naseSingapore, bathumela amaqela amabini ahamba ngeenqanawa "kwiiMpuma," egcina amandla amakhulu e-Hawaii, egxininisa ukuba amaDatshi ayenqaba ioli yamaJapane, kwaye ihlaseleyo yonke intengiso kunye neJapan ngokusebenzisana neBritish Empire .
Ngomhla emva kweMemo kaMcCollum, iSebe likaRhulumente lixelele amaMerika ukuba aphume kwiimpuma zasempumalanga, kwaye uRoosevelt wayala i-fleet egcinwe eHawaii ngenxa yokuchasana nokunyaniseka kuka-Admiral James O. Richardson owathetha uMongameli esithi "Kungekudala emva koko amaJapane aya kwenza i-United States iya kulungele ukungena kwimfazwe. "Isigidimi esichazwe ngu-Admiral Husband Kimmel ngoNovemba 28, 1941, sifunde," UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUVUMA UKUBA AKUKHUMBULWA KWE-UNITED STATES IJAPAN IQOLELE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA WOKUQALA. "UJoseph Rochefort, umgcini weCandelo loLwazi loNxibelelwano lweNavy, owayengumsebenzi wokuhluleka ukuthetha nePearl Harbor, uza kuthi kamva:" Kwakungumgangatho ongezantsi kakhulu ukuhlawula ukuhlanganisa umhlaba . "
Ngobusuku obulandelayo emva kohlaselo, uMongameli Roosevelt wayenee-CBS News zika-Edward R. Murrow kunye noMququzeleli wezoLwazi u-Roosevelt uWilliam Donovan kwisidlo sangokuhlwa e-White House, kwaye wonke uMongameli wayefuna ukwazi ukuba ingaba abantu baseMelika bazakuyamkela na imfazwe. UDonovan noMurrow bamqinisekisile ukuba abantu bazakuyamkela imfazwe ngoku. Emva koko uDonovan uxelele umncedisi wakhe ukuba ukumangaliswa kukaRoosevelt yayingekuko kwabanye abantu ababemngqongile, kwaye yena, uRoosevelt, walwamkela uhlaselo. UMurrow akazange akwazi ukulala ngobo busuku kwaye wayehlutshwa ubomi bakhe bonke ngento awayeyibiza ngokuba "lelona bali likhulu ebomini bam" angazange alithethe, kodwa ebengadingi nto. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uMongameli wathetha ngemini yehlazo, i-United States Congress yabhengeza imfazwe yokugqibela yoMgaqo-siseko kwimbali ye-republic, kwaye uMongameli we-Federal Council of Churches, uGqirha George A. Buttrick, waba lilungu Ubambiswano loXolelwaniso luzinikele ekuchaseni imfazwe.
Kutheni kubalulekile? Ngenxa yokuba umlando wePearl Harbour, usetyenziswe kwakhona kwi-9-11, awuxanduva malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulwa nempi ye-1920 kunye ne-1930 eyayilethe iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ibe yinto, kodwa ixanduva lokulwa ngokusisigxina kwe-75 yangaphambili iminyaka, kwakunye nendlela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II eyanda ngayo, ixesha elide, kwaye igqityiwe.
U-Lawrence S. Wittner wabhala wathi: "Waphazamiseka ngo-1942, ngamarhe ezicwangciso zokubulala amaNazi, uJessie Wallace Hughan wayekhathazekile ukuba loo nkqubo, eyabonakala 'iyindalo, ngokwembono yabo,' inokuqhutywa ukuba iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. yaqhubeka. Wabhala, 'Kubonakala ngathi ekuphela kwendlela yokusindisa amawaka kwaye mhlawumbi izigidi zamaJuda aseYurophu kwintshabalalo,' kukuba urhulumente wethu asasaze isithembiso '' somkhosi phantsi kwemeko yokuba iincinci zaseYurophu zingaphazanyiswa. . . . Kuya kuba kubi kakhulu ukuba kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukusukela ngoku sinokufumanisa ukuba esi sisongelo senzekile ngaphandle kokuba senze isenzo sokuthintela. ' Xa iingqikelelo zakhe zazaliseka kuphela ngo-1943, wabhalela iSebe likaRhulumente kunye ENew York Times, begxeka isibakala sokuba 'izigidi ezibini [zamaYuda] sele zafa' kwaye 'izigidi ezibini ezingakumbi ziya kubulawa ekupheleni kwemfazwe.' Waphinda wacela ukuba ipheliswe intiyo, esithi amajoni awoyiswa ngamajoni aza kuziphindezela ngqo kwimbuzi yamaJuda. 'Uloyiso alunakubasindisa,' wanyanzelisa, 'kuba abantu abafileyo abanakukhululwa.' ”
U-Hitler wabulala izigidi zamaJamani, kodwa ama-allies abulala abaninzi okanye ngaphezulu, amaJamani ayalela ekulweni nguHitler okanye amaJamani kwindawo engafanelekanga xa iibhomu zidibene. Kwaye, njengoko uHughan wabonisa ngelo xesha, imfazwe yaxosha intshabalalo, njengokuba ukuhlawulela impindiselo yemfazwe eyadlulayo kwikota yekota ngaphambi kokuba kubangele ubundlobongela, ukuxhamla kunye nokunyuka kwamaHitler.
Ngenxa yokuchasana nemfazwe yi-United States inqaba ukuya ekugqibeleni, ekugqibeleni, ukuphuhliswa kobambiswano lwezobuhlanga kwiintolongo zase-US ezasasaza kwintlanga ngaphandle kweentolongo njengoko abavukeli bezamazama ukuphinda bahlule ukunqoba kwabo kwizinga elikhulu. Kodwa nakwizinto ezimbi kakhulu ezithe zenzeke zona ngokwazo, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yayiza kubakho isicatshulwa sogxina. Siya kwandisa igunya lokuvota kumaMelika amaninzi ngeli xesha, kwiindawo ezihlaseleyo, ukuguqula ukuvota ibe yoshishini elingenasiphina. Sinokuyipopera ingubo entsha yokubamba intlonelo kwidemokhrasi yethu ngelixa ilukhupha ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, ngokuyitshintsha ngemishini yemfazwe into eyenziwa yilo iplanethi ayengayiboni kwaye ayinakukwazi ukusinda.
Ukusasaza iNgqungquthela
I-United States ngokungathandabuzekiyo yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwaye ibanzi kwimfazwe enobundlongondlongo, oyena mntu uhlala kumazwe angaphandle, kunye nomthengisi omkhulu wezixhobo kwihlabathi. Kodwa xa iUnited States ikhupha phantsi kweengubo apho ilala ingcangcazela luloyiko, izibona njengexhoba elimsulwa. Akukho holide ukugcina naluphi na uloyiso engqondweni yomntu wonke. Ineeholide yokukhumbula uhlaselo lwaseJapan ePearl Harbour- kwaye ngoku enye, mhlawumbi ingcwele ngakumbi, ukukhumbula, hayi "ukothuka kunye noloyiko" ukutshatyalaliswa kweBaghdad, kodwa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001, "iPearl Harbour entsha . ”
Efana ne-Israyeli, kodwa ngokuhlukahluka, iUnited States ixhamle kakhulu ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ekhankanywe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Southern Breasting ne-US Civil War. Uthando lwaseMzantsi-Afrika lweMfazwe yoLuntu uluthando lwemfazwe elahlekileyo, kodwa kunye nexhoba kunye nobulungisa beempindezelo ezonakaliswa ngonyaka wehlabathi ngempi yase-US.
Uthando lwaseMelika ngeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, nayo, ngokusisiseko, luthando ngemfazwe elahlekileyo. Oko kunokubonakala kungaqhelekanga ukuthetha, kuba kwangaxeshanye uthando olukhulu emfazweni luphumelele. Imfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ihlala iyimodeli yase-US yosuku olunokuthi luphumelele emfazweni kwakhona, njengoko ibilahlekile kwihlabathi liphela kwiminyaka engama-71 ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Kodwa umbono wase-US we-WWII ukwamangalisa ngendlela efanayo nombono waseRussia.
IRashiya yahlaselwa ngokungenalusini ngamaNazi, kodwa yanyamezela yaza yaphumelela imfazwe. I-United States ikholelwa ekubeni ihlaselwe ngamaNazi "ngokukhawuleza". Emva kwayo yonke loo nto yayiyipropaganda ethathe i-United States emfazweni. Kwakungekho nelinye igama malunga nokuhlangula amaJuda okanye nantoni na enesiqingatha. Endaweni yoko, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt ubanga ukuba unemephu yezicwangciso zamaNazi zokudweba amazwe aseMelika.
IHollywood yenze iimuvi ezimbalwa kunye nemidlalo kamabonwakude ngazo zonke ezinye iimfazwe zidityanisiwe, xa kuthelekiswa nemidlalo malunga neMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, enokuthi ke ibe sisihloko sayo esidumileyo. Ngokwenyani asizukuntywila kwimiboniso bhanyabhanya ezukisa ubusela benyakatho yeMexico okanye ukuhlala kwiiPhilippines. Imfazwe yaseKorea ifumana umdlalo omncinci. Nokuba iMfazwe yaseVietnam nazo zonke iimfazwe zamva nje ziyasilela ukukhuthaza ababalisi bamabali baseMelika njengeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, kwaye ezinye iipesenti ezingama-90 zala mabali zinxulumene nemfazwe yase-Europe, hayi e-Asiya.
Ibali laseYurophu lithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yobubi obuthile botshaba lwaseJamani. Ukuba i-US ithintele uxolo ngaphandle koloyiso kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ngokutyumza iJamani, emva koko yohlwaya ngokuqatha, emva koko yanceda amaNazi- konke oko kuyalityalwa ngokulula kuneebhombu zenyukliya ezaphoswa yi-United States eJapan. Kodwa kukuhlaselwa kweJapan kwe-7 kaDisemba ngo-1941, kunye nohlaselo lwamaNazi oluchukumisayo, olweyisela abantu base-US ukuba balwe eYurophu. Ke imbali yase-United States iqeqesha iJapan kwi-impiriyalizim kwaye emva koko iphikisana kwaye icaphukise iJapan kufuneka ilibaleke nayo.
Amazon.com, iqumrhu elinenkontileka enkulu yeCIA, kunye nomnini wayo onayo Washington Post, uqalise uchungechunge lwethelevishini olubizwa leMan e High Castle. Ibali lisetyenziswe kwi-1960 kunye namaNazi ahlala kwiikota ezintathu ze-United States kunye namaJapan onke. Kule ndawo yendalo, ukuhlawulelwa ngokugqithisileyo kufumaneka kwiJamani ukuba luhlanga luye lwahlahla izibhamu zenyukliya.
Abaphumeleleyo kwi-Axis, kunye neenkokheli zabo ezigugileyo, benze kwaye babugcina ubukumkani obudala-hayi njengeziseko zase-US kwilizwe lommeleli, kodwa umsebenzi opheleleyo, njenge-United States e-Iraq. Ayisiyongxaki ukuba ayivakali kangakanani le nto. Yeyona meko ichanekileyo enokubandakanya umbono waseMelika womnye umntu owenza kuwo oko ukwenzayo kwabanye. Yiyo loo nto ulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US apha kwii-2000s zokwenyani luziba "luyazikhusela," njengoko lusenza kwabanye ngaphambi kokuba benze njalo.
Ukuchasana okungafunekiyo akukho kwiXesha lokuQala lesiQendu sokuqala sale adventure yexhoba, kwaye kubonakala ngathi ayinayo iminyaka ngelo xesha. Kodwa yayinokwenzeka njani? Amandla anqunyanyiswayo ngenxa yokungabi nabundlobongela- nokuba kukucinga - awunakho ukuxhasa ubundlobongela bomkhosi wase-US. Abahlali baseJamani nabaseJapan kuye kufuneke bajongane nobundlobongela kuphela, nkqu nangokwexesha apho iindlela zobundlobongela zazisaziwa, apho umbutho wamalungelo oluntu wawuchasene nefascism yaseMelika.
“Phambi kwemfazwe… wonke umntu wayekhululekile,” utshilo omnye wabaselula abamhlophe abanomtsalane abenza onke amaqhawe kunye nabanye abakhohlakeleyo kule drama. Endaweni yoqhushululu lomdyarho, iMcCarthyism, iVietnam, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokuzama ukungabi namandla okwenzekileyo, le United States ibandakanya ukutshiswa kwamaJuda, abakhubazekileyo, kunye nabagulela ukufa. Umahluko kwixesha langaphambili leNazi elalicinga ukuba "wonke umntu [kodwa hayi umfazi?] Wayekhululekile". Omnye uphantse wanqwenela ukwenza iMelika ukuba ibe nkulu kwakhona.
IAmazon ikwabonisa ukuba amaNazi aziphatha ngendlela eyiyo i-United States yokuziphatha ngayo: ukungcungcuthekisa nokubulala iintshaba. Isiqithi iRikers yintolongo ekhohlakeleyo kulo mboniso weTV kwaye ngokwenyani. Kule fantasy, iisimboli ze-US kunye nokuthanda ilizwe lamaNazi kudityaniswe ngaphandle komthungo. Ngokwenyani, umkhosi wase-US ubandakanye iingcinga ezininzi zamaNazi kunye namaNazi amaninzi awayewaqesha nge-Operation Paperclip- enye indlela apho i-US yaphulukana ne-WWII ukuba sicinga uloyiso njengedemokhrasi yoyisa uhlobo loluntu apho umntu onje ngoDonald Trump anokuchuma khona.
I-United States namhlanje iyakwazi ukujonga ababaleki kwiimfazwe abazilwela kumazwe akude njengeentshaba eziyingozi, njengamaNazi amatsha, kanye njengezopolitiko eziphambili zase-US zibhekisa kwiinkokheli zangaphandle njengabaHitler abatsha. Abemi base-US badubula kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke phantse yonke imihla, xa ukubulawa okunjalo kusithiwa kwenziwe ngamaSilamsi, ngakumbi amaSilamsi onovelwano ngabalwi bamanye amazwe, ke ayisiyonto yokudubula nje leyo. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-United States ihlaselwe. Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba nantoni na eyenzayo "iyazikhusela."
Ngaba iVenezuela inyula iinkokheli i-US engayamkeliyo? Esi sisongelo "kukhuseleko lwesizwe" - isoyikiso somlingo sokuhlasela kwaye sihlale eMelika kwaye sinyanzele ukuba singcungcuthekise kwaye sibulale sinxibe iflegi eyahlukileyo. Le paranoia ayiveli ndawo. Ivela kwiinkqubo ezinje Indoda eNgqongquthela ePhakamileyo.
Iintsomi zasePearl Harbour ayisiyondawo nje kuphela yolonwabo. Nantsi nqaku lephephandaba:
“IPearl Harbour kunye neMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi zisidibanise sisisizwe. Sikholelwa ukuba asinakubethwa. Kwaye siphumelele. Kodwa kutheni iCongress ngoku inenjongo yokutshabalalisa iimvakalelo zethu zokuthanda izwe kunye nokutshabalalisa ukhuseleko lwethu lwesizwe? Amalungu amaninzi eCongress afuna ukunciphisa inkcitho yethu kukhuseleko kuzwelonke kwiinzame zokuhlawulela ukungabinakho, ngokungazalisekisi uxanduva lwabo njengabameli bethu kunye nokutya amanye amaqela kunye nabezopolitiko ngenxa yeeprojekthi zabo zasekhaya (inyama yehagu) kunye nolonyulo olulandelayo. Bayalibala (okanye abayazi) ukuba eyona nto iphambili kwindawo yokuqala kukukhusela ilizwe lethu, kwaye inxulumene noko, ukukhuselwa kwezibonelelo zamagqala ethu. . . .
"Ngaba inyani yokuba iMelika ilibale malunga nento eyenzekileyo ePearl Harbour kwaye yehlisa unogada yayo iye yanceda ukuvumela uhlaselo lwango-9/11 ukuba lwenzeke? Kwaye oku kulibala kunye nokungazi kuya kugcina iinjongo zabanqolobi zokwandisa uhlaselo lwabo? Kungenxa yokuba iCongress 'supercommittee' isilele ukuhlangabezana nomhla obekiweyo kwinyanga ephelileyo yokuchonga i-1.2 yezigidigidi zeedola kulondolozo, inkcitho yokuncitshiswa kwezinto ngoku isetelwe ukuba isebenze ngo-2013, kubandakanya ne-600 yezigidigidi zokukhusela. Ukuba iCongress ivunyelwe ukusika uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi, olunye uhlaselo luya kubakho.
"Kufuneka sibize umongameli, iinkokheli zethu zebandla, abameli bethu bobabini kunye nabameli bethu kwiNdlu ukuba sibaxelele ukuba bayeke ubudenge babo, bahlaziye uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwezempi kunye ne-Veterans, kwaye bade bandise ukuze siqinise iinkqubo zethu. uphando kunye nophuhliso ukuze sihlale sesona sixhobo sikhulu kwaye sixhotyiswe kakhulu kwihlabathi kunye nokuhlonipha nokuhlonipha amaqhawe ethu adlulileyo.
"Ukuba siyabavumela ukuba benze ukhuselo lokusika konke egameni lokuphuma e-Iraq, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-Afghanistan (ekunokwenzeka ukuba yimpazamo, kodwa le ngxoxo iya kuba lolunye usuku), akusayi kubakho mali yophando ukuze ihlale i-No. 1, akukho kuphuculwa, akukho matanki amatsha, iinqwelomoya, iinqanawa kunye needroni, kungabikho zixhobo zomzimba zingcono kunye nezithuthi. ”
Nokuba uyakholelwa kwilivo lePearl Harbour, kunzima kakhulu ukukhanyela ukuba eli lizwe lahlukile. I-United States ayinayo nje imikhosi ebiza kakhulu kwihlabathi, kodwa inye ubukhulu belizwe lonke lihlanganisiwe. I-United States ineziseko okanye imikhosi kuninzi lwamanye amazwe ehlabathi. I-United States ilawula iilwandle kunye nendawo yangaphandle. I-United States iye yasika iplanethi yaya kwimimandla yomyalelo. ICongress ilahla ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkcitho yokuzikhethela emkhosini. Ngelixa beyiphindaphinde kabini le nkcitho, kokubini kwiidola zokwenyani kunye nepesenti yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomanyano ukusukela nge-9, inyani yeyokuba izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nobukhosi beziseko kunye nayo yonke inkcitho engapheliyo ayinanto yakwenza ne-11- 9 ngaphandle kokukhonza ukuyicaphukisa. Iphephandaba lakho likucela ukuba uphile kwihlabathi lamaphupha, kwaye ulitshabalalise kule nkqubo.
Akukho matanki matsha? Azikho iinqwelomoya ezintsha? I-600 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ivakala ngathi inkulu, kodwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-10 yi- $ 60 yezigidigidi kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lonyaka "lokhuseleko" lweetriliyoni- oko kuthetha ukuba yi-6%. Yonke into efunekayo ukuyiguqula ibe kukunyuka endaweni yokusika kukususa kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali "oluqikelelweyo" olonyuka ngaphezulu kwe-6%. Ukuba kukho nakuphi na ukusika okwenyani okwenzekayo, unokuqiniseka ukuba abameli bethu abangafanelekanga baya kwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukukhupha imali kwiindawo ezingezizo ezomkhosi, okanye ubuncinci ukusika izibonelelo zomkhosi endaweni yeetanki kunye neenqwelomoya kunye nenzala, njl. into leyo enento yokwenza nokuzikhusela.
Ukuchasana neNtsomi
Njengoko sifunda Ulysses Ngomhla we Bloomsday rhoqo nge-16 kaJuni (okanye kufanele ukuba asiyenzi) ndicinga ukuba nge-7 kaDisemba akufuneki kukhunjulwa kuphela Umthetho Omkhulu we-1682 owawunqande imfazwe ePennsylvania kodwa uphawule nePearl Harbour, hayi ngokubhiyozela imeko ye-permawar ibikhona iminyaka engama-75, kodwa ngokufunda Golden Age Gore Vidal kunye nokumakisha nge-Joyce ethile irony i-golden age of anti-isolationist ekubulaweni kwamandla omhlaba oye wabandakanya ubomi babo bonke abemi base-US phantsi kweminyaka ye-75.
Usuku lwe-Golden Age kufuneka lubandakanye ukufundwa esidlangalaleni kwinoveli kaVidal kunye nokuvunywa kwayo okuqaqambileyo ngu IWashington Post, iNew York Times Book Review, kunye nawo onke amanye amaphepha adibeneyo ngonyaka we-2000, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngunyaka 1 BWT (ngaphambi kwemfazwe kwi-terra). Akukho nelinye kula maphephandaba elakhe lathi, ngokolwazi lwam, lashicilela uhlalutyo olungqalileyo lwendlela uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt aqhuba ngayo iMelika kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ukanti inoveli kaVidal-eboniswe njengeyintsomi, kodwa ephumle ngokupheleleyo kubungqina obubhaliweyo-ubalisa ibali ngokunyaniseka okupheleleyo, kwaye ngandlela thile uhlobo olusetyenzisiweyo okanye inzala yombhali okanye ubuchule bokubhala okanye ubude bencwadi (amaphepha amaninzi kubahleli abakhulu ukuba ukhathazekile) umnika ilayisensi yokuthetha inyani.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, abanye abantu baye bafunda Golden Age kwaye wabhikisha ukungalunganga kwayo, kodwa ihlala ihloniphekile. Ndingazilimaza isizathu ngokubhala ngokucacileyo malunga nomxholo wayo. Iqhinga, endikucebisa kakhulu kubo bonke, kukunika okanye ukucebisa abanye incwadi ngaphandle ndibaxelela into ekuyo.
Ngaphandle kokuba umenzi wefilimu engoyena mntu uphambili kule ncwadi, ayenzelwanga ukuba ibe yifilimu, ngokokwazi kwam - kodwa imeko exhaphakileyo kufundo lwasesidlangalaleni inokuthi yenzeke loo nto.
In Golden Age, esilandelayo phakathi kwayo yonke ingcango evaliweyo, njengoko iBritish ishukumisela ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiMfazwe yehlabathi II, njengoko uMongameli Roosevelt enza ukuzinikela kuNdunankulu uWinston Churchill, njengokuba abafudumalayo basebenzisana nentlanganiso yaseRiphabhulikhi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini amaqela akhetha abaviwa kwi-1940 belungele ukukhankasela uxolo ngexesha belungiselela imfazwe, njengoko i-FDR inqwenela ukuqhuba ixesha elinesithathu elingenakuze libonwe njengomongameli wexesha lemfazwe kodwa kufuneka azithobele ngokuqala ulungelelaniso kunye nokukhankanya njengomongameli we-drafttime ngexesha elijongene neengozi zelizwe, kwaye njengoko i-FDR isebenza ukuba iqhube iJapan ukuba ihlasele ishedyuli efunwayo.
I-echoes iyothusa. Imikhankaso kaRoosevelt yoxolo ("ngaphandle kokuba kuhlaselwa"), njengoWilson, njengoJohnson, njengoNixon, njengo-Obama. URoosevelt, unyulo lwangaphambi kwexesha, ubeka uHenry Stimson njengoNobhala Wezomkhosi onqwenela imfazwe ongafaniyo nomphakanyiswa kaDonald Trump.
Imfazwe Yebini Yeyona Yayiyiyo Imfazwe Yodwa
Imfazwe Yehlabathi II ibedla ngokuba yi "imfazwe efanelekileyo," kwaye sele isuka kwimfazwe yase-United States eVietnam apho yayihluke khona. Imfazwe Yehlabathi II ilawula iUnited States kwaye ngoko ke ukuzonwabisa kunye nemfundo yeNtshona, ukuba "entle" ngokuqhelekileyo ithetha into engaphezu kwe "nje."
Umninimzi we-2016 "U-Italy wase-Italy" ubuhle bobuhle beziqhwala wazingca ngokumemezela ukuba uya kuthanda ukuhlala kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngoxa wayehlekisiwe, wayengekho yedwa. Abaninzi banqwenela ukuba yinxalenye yento eboniswe ngokugqithiseleyo, inqabileyo, kwaye inomdla. Ukuba ngaba ngokwenene bafumana umatshini wexesha, ndincoma ukuba bafunde iingxelo zabathile be-WWII zangaphambili kunye nabasindileyo ngaphambi kokuba babuyele ukujoyina ukuzonwabisa.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iminyaka emininzi ibhala iincwadi, i-interviews, ipapasha iikholomu, kwaye iyathetha kwimimangaliso, ihlala ingenakwenzeka ukuyenza umnyango wesiganeko e-United States apho ukhuthaze ukuphelisa imfazwe ngaphandle kokuba umntu akubethe umbuzo onjani-on-good-war. Le nkolelo yokuba kwakukho imfazwe efanelekileyo Iminyaka eyi-75 eyadlulayo inxalenye enkulu yento eyenza abantu base-US bakwazi ukunyamezela ukulahla iidola ezigidigidi zamawaka ngonyaka ukulungiselela xa kukho imfazwe emihle kunyaka ozayo, nangona kukho imfazwe emininzi kwiminyaka eyi-71 edlulileyo apho kuvumelana ngokubanzi ukuba bekungalungile. Ngaphandle kweentlanzi ezicebileyo, ezisekelwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iindaba ezikhoyo ngokuphathelele iRashiya okanye iSiriya okanye iIraq okanye iChina ziyavakala njengento ephosakeleyo kubantu abaninzi njengento evakalayo kum. Kwaye ke inkxaso-mali eyakhiwe yiNtshumayelo yeMfazwe emihle ikhokelela kwiimfazwe ezimbi, kunokuba zithintele. Ndibhalile kwesi sihloko ngokude kumanqaku amaninzi kunye neencwadi, ngokukodwa Imfazwe Lixoki. Kodwa ndiya kunika apha amanqaku amancinci ambalwa okumele ukuba ncinane abeke imbewu encinci yokungaqiniseki kwingqondo yabaninzi abasekeli be-WWII njengeMfazwe Yobulungisa.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayengenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngaphandle kobudenge bokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye nokuba yinkinga yokuphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyabangela abaninzi abantu abazilumko ukuba baxelele iMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwindawo okanye ngaphandle kwe-Wall Street. yamaJamani amaNazi iminyaka emininzi (njengenqununu kumakhomanisi), okanye ngaphandle kohlanga lwengalo kunye nezigqibo ezininzi ezimbi ezingafuneki ukuphindaphinda kwixesha elizayo.
Imfazwe yayingekho yoluntu kwaye yayingathengiswa ngolu hlobo de emva kokuba iphelile. Kwakungabikho poster ekucela ukuba uncede uMalume Sam ugcine amaYuda. Inqanawa yababaleki bamaYuda esuka eJamani yaxoshwa eMiami ngabaLondolozi baseNxweme. I-US kunye nezinye iintlanga zenqwenela ukuwamkela ababaleki bamaYuda, kwaye uninzi lwabantu base-US beluxhaswa eso sikhundla. Amaqela oxolo ababuza uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill kunye nobhala wakhe wangaphandle malunga nokuthumela amaYuda avela eJamani ukuba bawasindise baxelelwa ukuba, ngoxa uHitler angavumelana kakhulu nesicwangciso, kuya kuba yinkathazo enkulu kwaye ifuna iinqanawa ezininzi. I-US ayifumananga nomsebenzi wamapolisa okanye umkhosi ukugcina amaxhoba kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi. U-Anne Frank wayenqatshelwe i-visa yase-US.
Nangona le ngongoma ayinanto enxulumene nesiganeko esibalulekileyo sengxelo ye-WWII njengemfazwe eyiyo nje, yinto ephambili kwiintetho ze-US ukuba ndiya kubandakanya apha isicatshulwa esivela kuNicholson Baker:
"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala ongaphandle waseBrithani, owayesetyenzwe nguChurchill ngokuphendula imibuzo malunga nababaleki, wathandana ngokugqithiseleyo ngenye yeendwendwe ezibalulekileyo, esithi yonke into eyenza ukukhululwa kwamaYuda esuka eHitler yayingenakwenzeka. Uhambo oluya eUnited States, i-Eden yatsho ngokucacileyo ukuba uCordell Hull, unobhala wombuso, ukuba ubunzima bokubuza uHitler kumaYuda kukuba 'uHitler unokusithatha naluphi na umnikelo, kwaye akukho nje kunye neendlela zokuthutha ehlabathini ukuze ziphathe. ' Churchill wavuma. Wabhala ngokuphendula kwincwadi enye ecela ukuba, 'Nangona sasifumana imvume yokurhoxisa onke amaYuda,' izithuthi zodwa zibonisa ingxaki eyoba nzima ukuyicombulula. ' Ukuthunyelwa okwaneleyo nokuthutha? Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, iBritish yayishiye amadoda angama-340,000 ukusuka kumabhantshi aseDunkirk ngeentsuku ezilisithoba. I-Air Air yase-US yayineenkulungwane ezininzi zeeplani ezintsha. Ngethuba nakwi-armistice emfutshane, ii-Allies zange zenze i-airlift kwaye zithumele ababaleki kumanani amaninzi ukusuka kwiJamani. "
Icala "elungileyo" lemfazwe lalingakhange linike umonakalo malunga nokuba yintoni eya kuba ngumzekelo oyintloko wobubi beli "ngendawo" emfazweni.
Imfazwe yayingazikhuseli. Kwimeko enokuthi yenziwe ukuba i-US ifunekayo ukungena kwimfazwe eYurophu ukukhusela ezinye iintlanga, ezazingenayo ukukhusela ezinye iintlanga, kodwa iimeko ezinokuthi zenziwe ukuba i-US ikhulise ukujoliswa kwabahlali, yandisa imfazwe, kwaye yenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba kwenzeke, ukuba i-US ayenzi nto, ezama ukudibanisa, okanye utyalomali ekungabikho komthetho. Ukubiza ukuba ubukhosi bamaNazi bube bukhule kancinci ngenye imini kubandakanya umsebenzi waseUnited States ulandelelwa ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye awunakuzaliswa yiphina imimiselo yangaphambili okanye emva kweminye imfazwe.
Ngoku siyazi ngokubanzi kwaye kunye nedatha eninzi yokuba ukunganyaniseki kokusebenza kunye nokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabi nabulungisa kusenokwenzeka ukuba uphumelele-kwaye loo mpu melelo iyakwazi ukuhlala-ngaphezu kokuchasana nobudlova. Ngale lwazi, sinokubukela emva kweempumelelo ezintle zezenzo ezingabonakaliyo ezinxamnye namaNazi ezingazange zihlelwe kakuhle okanye zakhiwe ngaphaya kwempumelelo yazo yokuqala.
Imfazwe Elilungileyo yayingalungele impi. Ukungabikho koqeqesho olunzulu lwangoku kunye nesimo sengqondo sokulungiselela amajoni ukuba ahlanganyele kwisenzo esingavumelekile sokubulala, iipesenti ze-80 ze-US kunye neminye impi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayizange ifake izixhobo zabo "kwiintshaba." Inyaniso yokuba amaqhawe aseWWII ayaphathwa bhetele emva kwemfazwe kunamanye amasosha ngaphambi okanye ukususela, kwaba ngumphumo woxinzelelo owenziwe yiBhonus Army emva kwemfazwe yangaphambili. Aoovulindlela banikwe iikholeji yamahhala, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kunye neempesheni kwakungekho ngenxa yokufaneleka kwemfazwe okanye ngenye indlela ngenxa yemfazwe. Ngaphandle kwemfazwe, wonke umntu unikwe iikholeji yamahhala iminyaka emininzi. Ukuba sinike iikholeji yamahhala kuwo wonke umntu namhlanje, kuya kufuna ukuba kuninzi i-Hollywoodized World War II yamabali ukufumana abantu abaninzi kwizikhululo zokuqeshisa ezempi.
Amaxesha amaninzi inani labantu babulawa kwiikampu zaseJamani babulawa ngaphandle kwabo kwimfazwe. Uninzi lwabantu babengabantu abahlali. Isikali sokubulala, ukulimaza, nokutshabalalisa kwenziwe iWWII into eyona nto eyona nto yenzeke kuyo ngokwayo ngexesha elifutshane. Siyicinga ukuba ama-allies "aphikisana" nokubulawa kwabantu abangaphantsi kweenkampu. Kodwa oko akunako ukuthethelela ukuba unyango olubi ngaphezu kwesifo.
Ukunyuka kweemfazwe ukubandakanya ukutshabalalisa konke abantu kunye nezixeko, ekugqibeleni kwi-nuking engenakulungelekiyo yezixeko bathatha iWWII ngaphandle kwiprojekti ekhuselekileyo yabaninzi ababekhusele ukuqaliswa kwayo. Ukufuna ukuzinikezela ngokungenamthetho kwaye ukufuna ukwandisa ukufa nokuhlupheka kwakwenza umonakalo omkhulu kwaye washiya ilifa elibi.
Ukubulala amaninzi manani kubantu kuthiwa bavikelekile kwicala "elungileyo" kwimfazwe, kodwa kungekhona "kwicala" elibi. Ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zibini akukaze kube njengento eqhelekileyo. I-United States yayinomlando omdala njengombuso wobandlululo. Izithethe zaseMelika zokucinezela amaAfrika aseMerika, ukuhlaselwa kwabantu baseMerika baseMerika, kunye nokuqhuba amaJamani aseMerika, ngoku kwaye zanikezela iinkqubo ezithile eziphefumlele amaNazi aseJamani-ezi ziquka iinkampu zabemi baseMelika kunye neenkqubo ze-eugenics kunye nokuzama ukuzamazama kwabantu okwaye kwangaphambili, ngexesha, emva kwemfazwe.
Enye yale nkqubo yayiquka ukunika i-syphilis kubantu baseGuatemala ngelo xesha iilingo zeNuremberg zenzeka. Umkhosi waseMelika uqeshe amakhulu amaNazi aphezulu ekupheleni kwemfazwe; bafanelwe ngqo. I-US ijolise ubukhosi behlabathi obubanzi, ngaphambi kwemfazwe, ngexesha layo, kwaye ukususela ngelo xesha. AmaNazi aseJamani namhlanje, avunyelwe ukutshangisa ifulegi yamaNazi, ngamanye amaxesha agxininisa iflegi ye-Confederate States of America endaweni yoko.
Icala "elilungileyo" le "mfazwe elungileyo," iqela elabulala kakhulu lafela icala eliphumelelayo, yayiliKomanisi iSoviet Union. Ayiyenzi imfazwe ibe yimpumelelo yobukomanisi, kodwa iyangcolisa amabali aseWashington nawaseHollywood ophumelele "idemokhrasi."
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayisaphelanga. Abantu abaqhelekileyo eUnited States babengenayo imali yabo yerhafu kwada kwada kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaye ayinakuyeka. Kwafuneka ukuba yesikhashana. Iinqanaba zexesha le-WWII ezakhiwe ngeenxa zonke zehlabathi azizange zivaliwe. Amasosha ase-US akazange ashiye iJamani okanye iJapan. Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 US kunye neBritani ibhomu ehlala phantsi eJamani, isele ibulale.
Ukubuyela kwiminyaka eyi-75 kwilizwe le-nyukliya elingenasikhulu, leenkoloni zezinto ezihluke ngokupheleleyo, imithetho kunye nemikhwa yokubonisa ukuba yintoni eyona yindleko enkulu e-United States nganye kwiminyaka ukususela kuba yinto ephawulekayo yokuzikhohlisa t uzame kwi-justified of any enterprise. Kucinga ukuba ndinakho konke okungahambi kakuhle, kwaye usenokwenza uchaze ukuba isiganeko esivela kwii-1940 zakuqala sichaza ukulahla iidola eziyi-2017 kwimali yemfazwe eyayingasetyenziselwa ukondla, ukumbathisa, ukunyanga kunye nokukhusela izigidi zabantu. abantu, kunye nokukhusela umhlaba.
